A bronchodilator is a substance that Wiktionary dilate Verb dilates the Bronchus bronchi and bronchiole s, decreasing resistance in the Respiratory system respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lung s. Bronchodilators may be endogenous originating naturally within the body , or they may be medication s administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties. They are most useful in obstructive lung disease s, of which asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions. Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis . They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung disease s. Bronchodilators are either short acting or long acting. Short acting medications provide quick or rescue relief from acute bronchoconstriction . Long acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are 2 agonists short and long acting , anticholinergics short acting , and theophylline long acting . Short acting 2 agonists These are quick relief or rescue medications that provide quick fast, temporary relief from asthma symptoms or flare ups. These medications usually take effect within 20 minutes or less, and can last from four to six hours. These inhaled medications are best for treating sudden and severe or new asthma symptoms. Taken 15 ... bronchodilator used in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD . Only .... Other Available in oral and injectable form, theophylline is a long acting bronchodilator that prevents ... Amphetamine.html Amphetamine is listed as having medical uses as bronchodilator. Medic8 ref methamphetamine ... Other substances with reported bronchodilator effects Amphetamine Methamphetamine Cocaine Theophylline ... Simons first3 KJ last4 Gillespie first4 CA title The bronchodilator effect and pharmacokinetics of theobromine ... first1 JP last2 Nogrady first2 SG last3 Seaton first3 A title Bronchodilator effect of delta1 tetrahydrocannabinol ... more details
unreferenced date October 2011 Adrenergic bronchodilators specifically beta2 adrenoreceptor agonists are inhaled medicines that help open up the air passages. They are used to treat asthma and chronic bronchitis . They dilate the bronchi by a direct action on the beta2 adrenoreceptors on the bronchial smooth muscle and relax the muscle. Overdose Adrenergic bronchodilator overdose occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of medications in the family of adrenergic bronchodilators. Examples Albuterol Bitolterol Ephedrine Epinephrine Isoetharine Isoproterenol Metaproterenol Pirbuterol Racepinephrine Ritodrine Terbutaline See also Adams Stokes syndrome Adrenergic bronchodilator overdose Allergy Asthma Asystole Atrioventricular block Bronchitis Bronchospasm during anesthesia Cardiac arrhythmia COPD Electromechanical dissociation Premature labor Shock circulatory Shock lung stub Category Respiratory therapy Category Bronchodilators ... more details
Ventolin may refer to Salbutamol , bronchodilator medication marketed under the brand name Ventolin amongst others. Ventolin song Ventolin song , a song and single by Richard D James Aphex Twin, named after the medicine disambig it Ventolin ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid IUPAC name 5 3 methylphenoxy pyrimidin 2 1H one image Tolimidone.svg Clinical data tradename pregnancy category legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability metabolism excretion Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite CAS number 41964 07 2 ATC suffix PubChem 39065 DrugBank ChemSpiderID 35751 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII MU3JD8E9IS KEGG D06182 synonyms Chemical data C 11 H 10 N 2 O 2 molecular weight 202.21 g mol smiles O C2 N C C Oc1cc ccc1 C C N2 Tolimidole is a compound which inhibits acid secretion in animal models and also acts as a bronchodilator in histamine challenged animals. Synthesis File Tolimidone synthesis.png 500px References Cite journal doi 10.1021 jm00183a012 title Bronchodilator and antiulcer phenoxypyrimidinones pmid 7411545 year 1980 last1 Lipinski first1 C. A. last2 Stam first2 J. G. last3 Pereira first3 J. N. last4 Ackerman first4 N. R. last5 Hess first5 H. J. journal Journal of Medicinal Chemistry volume 23 issue 9 pages 1026 31 Category Bronchodilators Category Pyrimidines Category ureas Category lactams Category Phenol ethers H2 receptor antagonist ... more details
wiktionary overdosage overdose Drug overdose is the ingestion or application of a medication in quantities greater than are recommended Overdose may refer to tocright Medicine Adrenergic bronchodilator overdose Vitamin overdose Water overdose Music Overdose album Overdose album , a 1994 album by Pizzicato Five Overdose song Overdose song , a song by AC DC Overdose a song by Tomcraft The Overdose , the fourth album released by rap group 11 5. Other Overdose is a 1995 animated cartoon produced by the National Film Board of Canada Overdose horse is a Hungarian racehorse born 2005 , unbeaten in 14 flat races by August 2010 Overdose program , a Yahoo Chat disambig de Overdose fr Overdose homonymie it Overdose disambigua hu Overdose egy rtelm s t lap ja pt Overdose desambigua o ... more details
Diagnostic infobox Name PAGENAME Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 MeshID OPS301 OPS301 1 714 OtherCodes A bronchial challenge test is a medical test used to assist in the diagnosis of asthma . ref cite journal author Dixon C title The bronchial challenge test a new direction in asthmatic management journal J Natl Med Assoc volume 75 issue 2 pages 199 204 year 1983 month February pmid 6827612 pmc 2561444 ref The patient breathes in nebulizer nebulized methacholine or histamine . Thus the test may also be called a methacholine challenge test or histamine challenge test respectively. Both drugs provoke bronchoconstriction , or narrowing of the airways. Whereas histamine causes nasal and bronchial mucus secretion and bronchoconstriction via the H1 receptor , methacholine utilizes the M3 receptor for bronchoconstriction. The degree of narrowing can then be quantified by spirometry . People with pre existing airway hyperreactivity, such as asthmatics, will react to lower doses of drug. Sometimes, to assess the reversibility of a particular condition, a bronchodilator is administered to counteract the effects of the bronchoconstrictor before repeating the spirometry tests. This is commonly referred to as a reversibility test , or a post bronchodilator test post BD , and may help in distinguishing asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . False positives and negatives are possible in the bronchial challenge test. In addition, asthma may be temporary due to an exposure to noxious stimuli or exercise. The bronchial challenge test is physically demanding, and the results can be affected by muscular weakness or exhaustion. The inhaled drug can stimulate the upper airway sufficiently to cause violent coughing. This can make spirometry difficult or impossible. This test is contraindicated in patients with severe airway obstruction due to the obvious worsening of the obstruction. References reflist Med diagnostic stub lung stub Respiratory system procedures Category Respiratory ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 454884071 IUPAC name 1 methyl 4 9 H thioxanthen 9 ylidene piperidine image Pimethixene.png Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international pimethixene pregnancy category legal status routes of administration Oral, nasal Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number 314 03 4 ATC prefix R06 ATC suffix AX23 PubChem 4822 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII T46J20J26F KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D07406 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 4656 SMILES S2c1ccccc1 C c3c2cccc3 C4 CCN C CC4 InChI 1 C19H19NS c1 20 12 10 14 11 13 20 19 15 6 2 4 8 17 15 21 18 9 5 3 7 16 18 19 h2 9H,10 13H2,1H3 InChIKey NZLVRVYNQYGMAB UHFFFAOYAX StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C19H19NS c1 20 12 10 14 11 13 20 19 15 6 2 4 8 17 15 21 18 9 5 3 7 16 18 19 h2 9H,10 13H2,1H3 Chemical data C 19 H 19 N 1 S 1 molecular weight 293.426 g mol Pimethixene is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the thioxanthene chemical class that is often used to treat hyperactivity , anxiety , sleep disorder s, and allergy . It is also used for anesthesia and as a bronchodilator to dilate the bronchi and bronchiole s for more airflow . See also Thioxanthene References Reflist 2 Cholinergics Histaminergics Tricyclics Category Piperidines Category Thioxanthenes respiratory system drug stub pl Pimetiksen th ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields changed UNII Ref fdacite changed FDA UNII 13G1DMN4P0 verifiedrevid 298647946 ImageFile Proxyphylline.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName 7 2 hydroxypropyl 1,3 dimethylpurine 2,6 dione OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 603 00 9 PubChem 4977 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 37390 SMILES CC CN1C NC2 C1C O N C O N2C C O ATCCode prefix R03 ATCCode suffix DA03 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 10 sub H sub 14 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 3 sub MolarMass 238.24316 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Proxyphylline is a xanthine derivative that acts as a cardiac stimulant , vasodilator and bronchodilator . ref Drugs.com http www.drugs.com international proxyphylline.html Proxyphylline ref References reflist Category Adenosine antagonists Category Xanthines respiratory system drug stub ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 444833048 IUPAC name 1 R ,2 S N ethyl N methyl 2 amino 1 phenylpropan 1 ol image Etafedrine Structural Formulae 1R,2S .png Clinical data tradename pregnancy category legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number 7681 79 0 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem 10734 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 2Y6VQU63E8 Chemical data C 12 H 19 N 1 O 1 molecular weight 193.285 g mol Etafedrine International Nonproprietary Name INN or ethylephedrine is a long acting bronchodilator and has the brand name Nethaprin . It was previously commercially available as both the Freebase chemistry free base and as the hydrochloride salt from Sanofi Aventis but is now no longer marketed. Pharmacology Unlike ephedrine and tyramine , etafedrine does not induce the release of epinephrine or norepinephrine and instead acts as a binding selectivity selective beta adrenergic receptor adrenergic receptor agonist , thereby mediating its bronchodilator effects. ref name pmid4039586 cite journal author Lindmar R, L ffelholz K, Stieh Koch U title On the mechanism of bronchodilatation by etafedrine journal Arzneimittel Forschung volume 35 issue 3 pages 602 4 year 1985 pmid 4039586 doi url ref Synthesis Although there are four possible stereoisomers of ethylephedrine, the pharmacological agent is the 1 R , 2 S form. This isomer may be synthesized by alkylating naturally occurring ephedrine with ethyl iodide . The hydrochloride may be prepared by passing hydrogen chloride through a solution of ethylephedrine in diethyl ether ref cite journal title Studies on Syntheses and Pharmacological Effects of N Alkylephedrines and their Ammonium Salt Derivatives author Takeo Ueda,Shigeshi Toyoshima,Kiyoshi Takahashi and Masako Muraoka journal Pharm. Bull. Japan volume 3 issue 6 year 1955 pages 465&ndash 468 url http www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp jnlpdf.php?cdjournal cpb1953&cdvol 3&noissue 6&startpage 4 ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 458630626 IUPAC name 4 2 amino 1 hydroxy butyl benzene 1,2 diol image Ethylnorepinephrine.png Clinical data tradename pregnancy category legal status Rx only routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite changed ?? CAS number 536 24 3 ATC prefix none ATC suffix ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 31159 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C10H15NO3 c1 2 7 11 10 14 6 3 4 8 12 9 13 5 6 h3 5,7,10,12 14H,2,11H2,1H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey LENNRXOJHWNHSD UHFFFAOYSA N PubChem 18538 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 17508 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII M6AY4VCZ0A synonyms ,3,4 trihydroxy N ethyl 2 phenylethylamine Chemical data C 10 H 15 N 1 O 3 molecular weight 197.23 g mol smiles Oc1ccc cc1O C O C N CC Ethylnorepinephrine Etanor , Bronkephrine , also known as butanefrine , is a sympathomimetic and bronchodilator related to norepinephrine . ref name isbn0 412 46630 9 cite book author David J. Triggle title Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents publisher Chapman & Hall CRC location Boca Raton year 1996 pages isbn 0 412 46630 9 oclc doi url http books.google.com books?id DeX7jgInYFMC&lpg PA91as brr 3&pg PA91 v onepage&q &f false ref ref name pmid13500349 cite journal author KORNEL L title A case of calcified ventricular aneurysm with progressive heart block observations on the effect of ethylnorepinephrine journal Cardiologia volume 32 issue 2 pages 101 9 year 1958 pmid 13500349 doi url ref ref name pmid13533786 cite journal author CHRISTENSEN JM, VALASEK FE, TAINTER ML title Ethylnorepinephrine a unique bronchodilator journal American Practitioner and Digest of Treatment volume 9 issue 6 pages 916 21 year 1958 month June pmid 13533786 doi url ref See also Norepinephrine References Reflist 2 Stimu ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 445543421 type combo component1 mometasone class1 corticosteroid component2 formoterol class2 long acting beta adrenoceptor agonist tradename Zenhale, Dulera Drugs.com http www.drugs.com dulera.html DailyMedID 48643 pregnancy US C pregnancy category legal CA Rx only legal US Rx only routes of administration Oral Inhalation Mometasone formoterol is a combination inhaler containing both an inhaled corticosteroid and long acting bronchodilator . It is indicated for the maintenance treatment of asthma in adults and children 12 years of age and older whose asthma is not well controlled on low or medium dose corticosteroids, or whose disease clearly warrants combination therapy. It is not approved for the treatment of acute bronchospasm . ref name medscape cite web last Waknine first Yael title FDA Approves Mometasone Formoterol Combo for Asthma url http www.medscape.com viewarticle 724189 work Medscape Today FDA Approvals publisher Medscape accessdate August 16th, 2011 ref To relieve acute symptoms, a rapid onset short duration inhaled bronchodilator such as salbutamol should be available to the patient for use. ref name monograph cite web title Zenhale product monograph url http www.merck.ca assets en pdf products ci Zenhale CI E.pdf publisher Merck Canada accessdate August 16th, 2011 ref Zenhale Dulera consists of two medications supplied in a single inhaler Formoterol , a long acting beta adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilator Mometasone , an Corticosteroid Inhaled steroids inhaled corticosteroid Anti inflammatory Steroids anti inflammatory The safety and efficacy of this medication in children less than 12 years of age has not been established. ref name monograph It is marketed by Merck & Co. in Canada as Zenhale ref name monograph and in the United States as Dulera ref name medscape and is supplied as a metered dose inhaler . ref name medscape ref name monograph Warnings and Precautions Long acting beta adrenoceptor agonist s LABAs are subject to ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 444222727 IUPAC name 7 1,3 dioxolan 2 ylmethyl 1,3 dimethylpurine 2,6 dione image Doxofylline.png Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international doxofylline pregnancy category legal status Rx only routes of administration Oral Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 69975 86 6 ATC prefix R03 ATC suffix DA11 PubChem 50942 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII MPM23GMO7Z KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D03898 Chemical data C 11 H 14 N 4 O 4 molecular weight 266.25 g mol smiles CN1C2 C C O N C1 O C N C N2 CC3OCCO3 Doxofylline International Nonproprietary Name INN , also known as doxophylline is a xanthine derivative drug used in the treatment of asthma . ref name pmid3245738 cite journal author Cirillo R, Barone D, Franzone JS title Doxofylline, an antiasthmatic drug lacking affinity for adenosine receptors journal Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther volume 295 issue pages 221 37 year 1988 pmid 3245738 doi url ref It has antitussive Fact date December 2008 and bronchodilator ref name pmid2791671 cite journal author Poggi R, Brandolese R, Bernasconi M, Manzin E, Rossi A title Doxofylline and respiratory mechanics. Short term effects in mechanically ventilated patients with airflow obstruction and respiratory failure journal Chest volume 96 issue 4 pages 772 8 year 1989 month October pmid 2791671 doi 10.1378 chest.96.4.772 url http www.chestjournal.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 2791671 ref effects, and acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor . ref name pmid11268710 cite journal author Dini FL, Cogo R title Doxofylline a new generation xanthine bronchodilator devoid of major cardiovascular adverse effects journal Curr Med Res Opin volume 16 issue 4 pages 258 68 year 2001 pmid 11268710 doi 10.1185 030079901750120196 url ref In animal and human studies, it has shown similar efficacy to theophylline but with significantly less side effects. ref cite journ ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB 31904 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 1353 MeshID Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia also called lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis or LIP is a syndrome secondary to autoimmune and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia applies to a disorders associated with both, monoclonal or polyclonal gammopathy . ref The Pathology of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias Carol Farver, MD ref Symptoms In patients with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, these patients may present with lymphadenopathy , enlarged liver , enlarged spleen , enlarged salivary gland , thickening and widening of the extremities of the fingers and toes clubbing , and breathing symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing. Diagnosis Arterial blood gases may reveal hypoxemia when tested in a lab. Respiratory alkalosis may also be present. ref Teirstein AS, Rosen MJ. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 1988 9 467 471 ref Peripheral lymphocytosis can be observed. ref Pitt J. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Pediatr Clin N Am 1991 38 89 95. ref A lung biopsy may also be indicated. ref Strimlan CV, Rosenow EC, Weiland LH, Brown LR. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Review of 13 cases. Ann Intern Med 1978 88 616 621 ref Causes Possible causes of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia include the Epstein Barr virus and HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus . Treatment Patients presenting with no symptoms, and not affected by the syndrome may not require treatment. However, antibiotics are usually required for bacterial pulmonary infections. Bronchodilator Bronchodilators may assist with breathing issues and resolution may occur with the use of HAART Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy . However, responses to different treatments are widely varied, and no single first line treatment represents the default treatment for l ... more details
Drugbox IUPAC name 1 2 methoxyphenyl N methylpropan 2 amine image Methoxyphenamine.svg Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international methoxyphenamine pregnancy category legal status Rx only routes of administration Mouth Oral Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number 93 30 1 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem 4117 ChemSpiderID 3974 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII J3Z5SRI26Z Chemical data C 11 H 17 N 1 O 1 molecular weight 179.26 g mol smiles CC CC1 CC CC C1OC NC Methoxyphenamine ASMI , Euspirol , Orthoxine , Ortodrinex , Proasma , also known as 2 methoxy N methylamphetamine OMMA , is a beta adrenergic receptor adrenergic receptor agonist of the substituted amphetamine amphetamine class used as a bronchodilator . ref name isbn3 88763 075 0 cite book author Swiss Pharmaceutical Society title Index Nominum 2000 International Drug Directory Book with CD ROM publisher Medpharm Scientific Publishers location Boca Raton year 2000 pages isbn 3 88763 075 0 oclc doi url http books.google.com ?id 5GpcTQD L2oC&lpg PA670&pg PA670 v onepage&q ref See also 2 Methoxyamphetamine OMA 3 Methoxymethamphetamine 3 Methoxy N methylamphetamine MMMA 4 Methoxymethamphetamine 4 Methoxy N methylamphetamine PMMA References Reflist Adrenergics Phenethylamines Category Amphetamines Category Phenol ethers ... more details
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness or other combinations with airway or hyperreactivity is a state characterised by easily triggered bronchospasm contraction of the bronchioles or small airways . Bronchial hyperresponsiveness can be assessed with a bronchial challenge test . This most often uses products like methacholine or histamine . These chemicals trigger bronchospasm in normal individuals as well, but people with bronchial hyperresponsiveness have a lower threshold. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness is a hallmark of asthma but also occurs frequently in people suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD . ref name pmid9817744 cite journal author Postma DS, Kerstjens HA title Characteristics of airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease journal Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. volume 158 issue 5 Pt 3 pages S187 92 year 1998 month November pmid 9817744 doi url http ajrccm.atsjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 9817744 ref In the Lung Heart Study, bronchial hyperresponsiveness was present in approximately two thirds of patients with non severe COPD, and this predicted lung function decline independently of other factors. ref name pmid8665038 cite journal author Tashkin DP, Altose MD, Connett JE, Kanner RE, Lee WW, Wise RA title Methacholine reactivity predicts changes in lung function over time in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Health Study Research Group journal Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. volume 153 issue 6 Pt 1 pages 1802 11 year 1996 month June pmid 8665038 doi url ref In asthma it tends to be reversible with bronchodilator therapy, while this is not the case in COPD. Footnotes references Respiratory physiology Category Bronchus disorders Category Pulmonary function testing sv Bronkiell hyperreaktivitet ... more details
Drugbox IUPAC name nowiki 4 2 2 1,3 benzodioxol 5 yl 1 methyl ethyl amino 1 hydroxy ethyl benzene 1,2 diol nowiki image Protokylol.png Clinical data tradename pregnancy category legal status Rx only routes of administration ? Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number 136 70 9 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem 4969 ChemSpiderID 4798 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 8Y5Y4EEO2V ChEMBL 1201273 Chemical data C 18 H 21 N 1 O 5 molecular weight 331.36 g mol smiles O1c2ccc cc2OC1 CC NCC O c3ccc O c O c3 C Protokylol Asmetil , Caytine , Palison , Ventaire is a beta adrenergic receptor adrenergic receptor agonist used as a bronchodilator in Europe and the United States . ref name isbn3 88763 075 0 cite book author Swiss Pharmaceutical Society title Index Nominum 2000 International Drug Directory Book with CD ROM publisher Medpharm Scientific Publishers location Boca Raton year 2000 pages isbn 3 88763 075 0 oclc doi url http books.google.com books?id 5GpcTQD L2oC&lpg PA894as brr 3&pg PA894 v onepage&q &f false ref Interestingly protokylol contains MDMA in its chemical structure , and if the 1 hydroxy ethyl benzene 1,2 diol functional group moiety could be bond cleavage cleaved , MDA would be obtained relatively easily. ref name urlNatural Phenethylamine Precursors cite web url http designer drugs.com pte 12.162.180.114 dcd chemistry yadontsay index.html title Natural Phenethylamine Precursors format HTML accessdate April 2010 ref See also Isoprenaline Salbutamol References Reflist Asthma and copd rx Adrenergics Phenethylamines Category Benzodioxoles Category Catechols Category Phenethylamines ... more details
for smooth muscle relaxant properties. This means that it is a bronchodilator and tocolytic . Clenbuterol ... Clenbuterol is approved for use in some countries via prescription only as a bronchodilator for asthma ... allergic respiratory disease in horses, as it is a bronchodilator . A common trade name is Ventipulmin ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 448962189 Combo data type combo component1 Budesonide class1 Glucocorticoids Glucocorticoid component2 Formoterol class2 Long acting beta adrenoceptor agonist Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK legal US legal status routes of administration Inhaled Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number ATC prefix R03 ATC suffix AK07 PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank Chemical data Budesonide formoterol is a combination formulation containing budesonide and formoterol used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD in the EU. Budesonide acts reducing and preventing respiratory tract inflammation, while formoterol dilates respiratory tract.The previous statement may actually be incorrect, as the opposite is stated elsewhere in this article and in other sources. Budesonide is a bronchodilator and formoterol is an anti inflammatory ref Vannair prospect. AstraZeneca. 2010 ref It is marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade names Symbicort although it is marketed as Symbicord in South Africa and Rilast in Spain ref http managementasthma.com ref and Vannair . Symbicort in the United States is a metered dose inhaler citation needed date October 2008 while in the EU, Australia, Canada, Israel, and elsewhere Symbicort is available as a dry powder inhaler . Symbicort contains two active ingredients delivered via a single inhaler budesonide Pulmicort , an anti inflammatory corticosteroid formoterol Oxis, Foradil , a rapid acting and long lasting 2 agonist bronchodilator Doses Image Symbicort.jpg thumb right 250px Unopened Symbicort Turbuhaler left and opened middle and right In Europe, Symbicort is available in doses of 80 4.5, 100 6, 200 6 160 4.5 and 400 12 320 9 , where the larger number is the dose per actuation of budesonide in microgram s a ... more details
bronchodilator and antiinflammatory effects, acting as a PDE4 inhibitor and calcium channel blocker ... J, Morcillo EJ. Bronchodilator and anti inflammatory activities of glaucine In vitro studies in human ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Bronchiole secondary tubes Latin GraySubject 240 GrayPage 1098 Image Alveoli diagram.png Caption Diagram of the alveoli with both cross section and external view. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre Bronchioles DorlandsSuf A04.411.125 Code TerminologiaHistologica 3 05 02.0.00005 The bronchioles or bronchioli are the first passageways by which the air passes through the nose or mouth to the air sacs of the lungs in which branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa . They are branches of the bronchi . The bronchioles terminate by entering the circular sacs called alveolus alveoli . Structure A pulmonary lobule is the portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole. Bronchioles are approximately 1mm or less in diameter and their walls consist of ciliated cuboidal epithelium and a layer of smooth muscle. Bronchioles divide into even smaller butt bronchioles that are 0.5mm or less in diameter. Terminal bronchioles in turn divide into respiratory bronchioles which divide into alveolar ducts. Terminal bronchioles mark the end of the conducting division of air flow in the respiratory system while respiratory bronchioles are the beginning of the respiratory division where actual gas exchange takes place. The diameter of the bronchioles plays an important role in air flow. The bronchioles change diameter to either increase or reduce air flow. An increase in diameter is called bronchodilation and is stimulated by either epinephrine or sympathetic nerves to increase air flow. A decrease in diameter is called bronchoconstriction and is stimulated by Histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air, chemical irritants and other factors to decrease air flow. Pathology Bronchospasm , a life threatening situation, occurs when the smooth muscular tissue of the bronchioles constricts, severely narrowing their diameter, the most common cause of this is asthma. Bronchospasm is commonly treated by oxygen therapy and bron ... more details
Drugbox IUPAC name 2 hydroxyethyl trimethylazanium 1,3 dimethyl 2,6 dioxo 2,3,6,7 tetrahydro 1H purin 7 ide image Choline theophyllinate skeletal.svg width 150px alt image2 width2 imagename else may use drug name drug name else may use imagename Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international choline theophyllinate licence EU EMA requires brand name licence US FDA may use generic name DailyMedID preference to licence US pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US C pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA OTC, Rx only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD Benz POM, CD Anab POM or CD Inv POM legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status dependency liability routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number CAS supplemental ATCvet ATC prefix R03 ATC suffix DA02 ATC supplemental PubChem 656652 IUPHAR ligand DrugBank ChemSpiderID UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 3K045XR58X ChEMBL 1200434 Chemical data C 12 H 21 N 5 O 3 molecular weight 283.33 g mol smiles CN1C C2C NC N2 N C1 O C O .C N C C CCO StdInChI 1S C7H8N4O2.C5H14NO c1 10 5 4 8 3 9 5 6 12 11 2 7 10 13 1 6 2,3 4 5 7 h3,12H,1 2H3 7H,4 5H2,1 3H3 q 1 p 1 StdInChIKey SOELXOBIIIBLRJ UHFFFAOYSA M synonyms Oxtriphylline, theocolin density melting point melting high melting notes boiling point boiling notes solubility specific rotation sec combustion Choline theophyllinate International Nonproprietary Name INN , also known as oxtriphylline , is a cough medicine derived from xanthine that acts as a bronchodilator to open up airways in the lung. Chemically, it is a salt of choline and theophylline . It classifies as an expectorant . fact date September 2011 The drug is available under the brand names Choledyl and Choledyl SA , among others. ref Drugs.com http www.drugs.com mtm choledyl.html Choledyl oxtri ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
