other uses Image Breadboard.JPG thumb A solderless breadboard with a completed circuit Image 1920s TRF ... by Signal is constructed on a wooden breadboard A breadboard protoboard is a construction base ... breadboard plugboard . Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering , it is reusable ... design. Older breadboard types did not have this property. A stripboard veroboard and similar prototyping ... small analog and digital circuits to complete central processing unit s CPUs . Image Breadboard counter.jpg thumb A binary counter wired up on a large solderless breadboard Image Breadboard scheme.svg ... Description of the term breadboard ref Sometimes a paper schematic diagram was first glued to the board ... and granted in 1964, describes a wooden plate breadboard with mounted springs and other facilities. US Patent 3,496,419, ref US patent 3496419 Printed Circuit Breadboard ref , filed in 1967 and granted in 1970, refers to a particular printed circuit board layout as a Printed Circuit Breadboard . Both examples refer to and describe other types of breadboards as prior art . The breadboard most commonly used today is usually made of white plastic and is a pluggable solderless breadboard. It was designed ... y 1973 m 08 d 14 inventor Ronald J. Portugal title breadboard for electronic components or the like ref Solderless breadboard Typical specifications A modern solderless breadboard consists of a perforated ... or contact points . The number of tie points is often given in the specification of the breadboard ... at 5 volt s and 0.333 amperes at 15 volts 5 watt s . Bus and terminal strips Image Breadboard with 4008B.jpg thumb 250px Logical 4 bits adder where sums are linked to LEDs on a typical breadboard . Image Breadboard.svg frame Example breadboard drawing. Two bus strips and one terminal strip in one block ... breadboard. An IC straddling the centerline is probed with an oscilloscope test probe probe . The solderless breadboard is mounted on a blue painted metal sheet. Red and black binding posts are present ... more details
Breadboard may refer to Cutting board , a food preparation utensil Breadboard , a construction base used in electric electronic circuit prototyping Optical breadboard , used in optics labs disambig ... more details
Summary The CD4007 used in a breadboard . Licensing GFDL self with disclaimers migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true Category Images of electronics ... more details
Summary An Atmel ATmega16 microcontroller in a 40 pin DIP package. Mounted in a solderless breadboard. Licensing Image taken by ianhopkins. No rights reserved. GFDL with disclaimers migration relicense Orphan image ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Jump Wire s, commonly used with a breadboard , are used to transfer electrical signals from on part of the breadboard to the central microcontroller . Jump wires vary in size and color to distinguish what object they are working with. Sensors, buttons, and other such things all use jump wires to communicate with the microcontroller. External links Jump wire patents http www.freepatentsonline.com 6899560.html Jump wire pictures http www.positiveoffset.com Category Electronic design ... more details
List of Wyoming companies includes notable companies that are, or once were, headquartered in Wyoming. Basin Radio Network Big Horn Radio Network Bighorn Airways Great Lakes Airlines , operates as American Connection Sierra Trading Post Taco John s Breadboard Expand list date August 2008 Lists of companies by U.S. state Category Companies based in Wyoming Category Wyoming related lists Companies Category Lists of companies of the United States Wyoming wyoming stub ... more details
There are multiple uses of the term Bright Light Bright Light CIA one of the CIA s network of clandestine interrogaton centers, in Bucuresti Bright Lights My Little Pony a character in the cartoon series My Little Pony The Bright Light a song on the album Lovesongs for underdogs Light Bright a toy where a child plugged colored lights into a breadboard Bright Light Ballads debut solo album of Howard Eliott Payne The Last Bright Light studio album from the band Mostly Autumn The Bright Light Social Hour a rock group EA Bright Light the software in game developer Electronic Arts development suite Bright light therapy a treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder disambig ... more details
A brassboard or brass board is an experimental or demonstration test model, intended for field testing outside the laboratory environment. A brassboard follows an earlier prototyping stage called a breadboard . A brassboard contains both the functionality and approximate physical configuration of the final operational product. Unlike breadboards, brassboards typically recreate geometric and dimensional constraints of the final system which are critical to its performance, as is the case in radio frequency systems. ref Mooz et al., p. 205. ref While representative of the physical layout of the production grade product, a brassboard will not necessarily incorporate all final details, nor represent the physical size and quality level of the final deliverable product. Exact definition of a brassboard depends on the industry and has changed with time. A 1992 guide book on Request for proposal proposal preparation defined a brassboard or a breadboard as a laboratory or shop working model that may or may not look like the final product or system, but that will operate in the same way as the final system . The definition of a breadboard was further narrowed to purely electronic systems, while a brassboard was treated as a similar arrangement for hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanically interconnected components . ref Stewart and Stewart, p. 46. ref In modern system on a chip prototyping, brassboard is defined as a second prototyping stage that follows engineering validation board s EVB and precedes wingboard s and final pre production samples. Typically, the board area decreases four times with each of these steps, so a brassboard is one fourth as large as an EVB, four times larger than a wingboard and around sixteen times larger than a production device. A modern brassboard printed circuit board typically contains ten conductive layers while a considerably larger EVB typically has eighteen it needs larger and more sophisticated ground plane s to overcome the effects of larger ... more details
. ISBN 0824773195 ref Breadboard Veroboard is similar in concept and usage to breadboard , but is cheaper ... unusable. In contrast, breadboard connections are held by friction, and the breadboard can be reused many times. However, a breadboard is not very suitable for prototyping that needs to remain ... permanent prototype on a breadboard to a permanent construction on a Printed circuit board PCB . Some ... for computer bus systems. See also Point to point construction Breadboard Perfboard References ... more details
table is an optical breadboard . Some optical systems use breadboards made of solid aluminum for later ... structure reduces bending due to the breadboard s own weight, so it can be tilted and forces ... can therefore be used in mobile applications, such as on airplanes. Also, one can bolt a breadboard ... onto another table without the need to realign the components on the breadboard. Similarly ... more details
Wiktionary bread The word bread may refer to Bread , the group of staple foods BREAD, an acronym for Browse Read Edit Add Delete is a variation on CRUD Create, read, update and delete Yawning Bread , also known as Alex Au, a Singaporean gay activist A Slang terms for money slang term for money Media Bread , a poem by Patti Smith from her 1978 book Babel book Bread , the title of a 1951 skit on Cavalcade of Stars , which was the first ever appearance of The Honeymooners Bread 1924 film Bread 1924 film , a 1924 silent American film Bread 1971 film Bread 1971 film , a 1971 British film Bread TV series Bread TV series , a 1980s British sitcom Music Bread band , a 1970s rock and roll band Bread album Bread album , an album by the band Bread See also Breadboard Breadcrumb disambig ca Pa desambiguaci ja ... more details
of default connections on a solderless breadboard . However, the absence of default connectivity on perfboard ... to software aided design than stripboard or breadboard. class wikitable Image CopperCladPerfboard 2.png ... Perfboard Stripboard Veroboard Breadboard Protoboard Category Electronic design Category Electronics ... more details
were performed. 4. Component and or breadboard validation in laboratory environment Basic technological .... System concepts that have been considered and results from testing laboratory scale breadboard s . References to who did this work and when. Provide an estimate of how breadboard hardware and test results differ from the expected system goals. 5. Component and or breadboard validation in relevant environment Fidelity of breadboard technology increases significantly. The basic technological ... testing laboratory breadboard system are integrated with other supporting elements in a simulated ...? Was the breadboard system refined to more nearly match the expected system goals? 6. System subsystem ... formulated at TRL 2. 4. Component and or breadboard validation in laboratory environment Following ... and or breadboard. This validation must be devised to support the concept that was formulated earlier ... in a laboratory. 5. Component and or breadboard validation in relevant environment At this level, the fidelity of the component and or breadboard being tested has to increase significantly. The basic ... proof of concept TRL 4. Component and or breadboard validation in laboratory environment TRL 5. Component and or breadboard validation in relevant environment TRL 6. System subsystem model or prototype ... that the pieces will work together. TRL 5. Fidelity of breadboard technology improves significantly ... Level 3 Proof of Concept Demonstrated, Analytically and or Experimentally Level 4 Component and or Breadboard Laboratory Validated Level 5 Component and or Breadboard Validated in Simulated or Realspace ... more details
Image Fahnestock clip.png thumb A Fahnestock clip, showing how it grips a stripped wire. It can be released by pushing the tab down as shown. A Fahnestock clip is an early technology for a electrical terminal . It is still used occasionally in educational electronic kits and teaching laboratories in schools. It is designed to grip a bare wire securely, yet release it with the push of a tab. The clip was patented February 26, 1907 ref US patent reference number 0845268 y 1907 m 02 d 26 inventor John Schade title SPRING TERMINAL CLIP ref by John Schade Jr., assigned to Fahnestock Electric Co. Less than 2 weeks after the patent was issued they filed for reissue. ref US patent reference number RE12642 y 1907 m 03 d 11 inventor John Schade title SPRING TERMINAL CLIP ref It consists of a single flat piece of springy metal , bent over itself to form a clip. Pushing down on the end of the metal tab opens a hole through which a bare or stripped wire can be inserted. Releasing pressure allows the tab to spring back, closing the hole and gripping the wire to form an electrically sound mechanical connection. Pushing the tab again releases the grip on the wire so it can be withdrawn. Modern banana plugs will usually fit into a Fahnestock clip, although the fit is tight. Fahnestock clips were commonly made of phosphor bronze or spring steel and plated with tin or copper for good electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. Most Fahnestock clips seen today are nickel plated. Fahnestock clips were seen on early radio receiver breadboard construction, Rail transport modelling model train power connections, and the like. Today, they have largely been supplanted by binding post s. However, they remain in use in elementary schools especially, where their ease of use and visible connections make them a popular way for science instructors to teach the creation of simple circuits, and most university physics departments still have them on apparatus. Image Fahnestock clip designs.png ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Lectron was a modular electronic experimentation kit designed to introduce youth to basic electronic circuits and theory. It was jointly developed in Germany by model train manufacturer Egger Bahn and electronics manufacturer Braun company Braun and imported to the United States by the Macalaster Scientific subsidiary of Raytheon starting in 1967. The kit consisted of electronic components installed within individual building blocks with a clear plastic base, an opaque white top with the component s schematic symbol and permanent magnets attached to the leads of the enclosed components. Each building block was magnetically attached to a metal plate serving both as a work surface and ground electrical ground , eliminating the need for soldering , spring terminals or a breadboard . This gave the benefit of safety as well as the ability to rearrange the blocks to determine the effect on the circuit. The instruction manual gave instruction on the proper arrangement of the blocks as well as the function of each individual component s contribution to the final circuit. Experiments began with simple circuits such as a basic electric lamp circuit with switch and worked its way to a three transistor radio with loudspeaker. A standard kit consisted of 18 individual building blocks with expansion packs available to create additional circuits. The Mini Lectron starter kit retailed for US 19.99 with a full kit retailing for US 129.99. Though the kit hasn t been sold in the US for many years, it is still available in Germany. External links and references http www.decodesystems.com lectron.html Reprint of 1967 Electronics Illustrated magazine article http www.retrothing.com 2007 03 electronic domi.html Photos and information at Retrothing.com http www.lectron.de Present day Lectron website Category 1967 introductions Category Educational toys Category Raytheon products Category German inventions ... more details
Image SixthSense SteveMann 1998 image1210.jpg thumb Mann wearing the Telepointer ref name IEEE Telepointer is a neckworn Gesture recognition gestural interface system developed by MIT Media Lab student Steve Mann in 1998. ref name IEEE Mann originally referred to the device as Synthetic Synesthesia of the Sixth Sense . ref name cyborg In the 1990s and early 2000s Mann used this project as a teaching example at the University of Toronto . ref name IIP Aremac projector File SixthSense aremac in domewear.jpg thumb Closeup of dome pendant showing the aremac projector File SixthSense aremac on breadboard.jpg thumb Early breadboard prototype of the aremac Mann developed a laser based infinite depth of focus projector, called an aremac , to project onto any Three dimensional space 3D surface without focus adjustment ref name IIP The projector originally displayed vector graphics rather than raster graphics. ref name IIP A raster graphics version based on a miniature wearable micromirror projector was developed in 2001, which could project onto the wearer s hands, other objects, or the floor or ground allowing it to work with both hand or foot gestures. See also SixthSense , a similar, later, device References reflist refs ref name IEEE http www.eyetap.org papers docs telepointer.pdf Telepointer Hands Free Completely Self Contained Wearable Visual Augmented Reality without Headwear and without any Infrastructural Reliance , IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computing ISWC00 , pp. 177, 2000, Los Alamitos, CA, USA ref ref name cyborg Cyborg Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer , Steve Mann with Hal Niedzviecki, ISBN 0385658257 Hardcover , Random House Inc, 304 pages, 2001. ref ref name IIP Intelligent Image Processing, John Wiley and Sons, 2001 ref External links official http wearcam.org telepointer.htm Category Virtual reality ... more details
The NASA Standard Spacecraft Computer 1 NSSC 1 was a computer developed as a standard component for the MultiMission Modular Spacecraft at the Goddard Space Flight Center GSFC in 1974. The basic spacecraft was built of standardized components and modules, for cost reduction. The computer had 18 bits of core memory or plated wire memory up to 64 k. 18 bits was chosen because it gave more accuracy x4 for data over a 16 bit machine. Floating point was not supported. The NSSC 1 was used on the Solar Maximum Mission , Space Telescope, and Landsat D Missions, among others. The hardware was developed by Westinghouse Electric 1886 Westinghouse and GSFC. The machine used diode transistor logic , the lowest power parts available at the time on the preferred parts list initially fabricated from 1700 SSI NOR gate packages, it was later moved to 69 MSI medium scale integration chips. ref Trevathan, Charles E., Taylor, Thomas D., Hartenstein, Raymond G., Merwarth, Ann C., and Stewart, William N. Development and Application of NASA s First Standard Spacecraft Computer, CACM V27 n9, Sept 1984, pp. 902 913 ref Programming and support The NSSC 1 had an assembly language assembler loader computing loader simulator toolset hosted on Xerox XDS 930 24 bit Mainframe computer mainframe . An associated simulator ran at 1 1000 of real time. The Xerox computer was interfaced to a breadboard OBP in a rack. Which, of course, operated at room temperature ambient conditions . Later, the Software Development and Validation Facility SDVF added a Flight dynamics spacecraft flight dynamics simulator hosted on a PDP 11 70 minicomputer . ref Styles, F., Taylor, T., Tharpe, M. and Trevathan, C. A General Purpose On Board Processor for Scientific Spacecraft, NASA GSFC, X 562 67 202, July 1967. ref A purpose built NSSC 1 Flight Executive was developed and used on the Solar Maximum Mission SMM and subsequent flights. It time sliced tasks at 25 ms. It included a stored command processor that handled bo ... more details
refimprove date March 2009 Image Kaptol Zagreb.jpg 220px thumb Kaptol Image Model 3 MGZ 300109.jpg 220px thumb Breadboard of Zagreb Cathedral on Kaptol with an old bell tower Kaptol is a part of Zagreb , Croatia in the upper town and it is the seat of the Roman Catholic archbishop of Zagreb . History The existence of Kaptol, the settlement on the east slope, was confirmed in 1094 when Ladislaus I of Hungary King Ladislaus founded the Zagreb diocese. The bishop, his residence and the Cathedral had their seat in the southeast part of the Kaptol hill. VIa ka Ves was situated in the close vicinity of the Cathedral. Being under the bishop s jurisdiction, it was first mentioned in 1198. Kaptol Street ran from the south to the north across the Kaptol terrace with canons residences arranged in rows alongside. As the Latin word for a group or body of canons is capitulum kaptol , it is clear how Kaptol got its name. The canons also ruled this settlement. The Cathedral was consecrated in 1217, but later in 1242 it was badly damaged during the Mongol invasion of Europe Mongol invasion . After 1263 it was restored and rebuilt. As a settlement, Kaptol s shape was an unsymmetrical rectangle, which had a southern entrance in Baka eva Street, and ended at its north end near the present day Kaptol School Miroslav Krle a Elementary School . In the Middle Ages , Kaptol had no fortifications. It was merely enclosed with wooden fences or palisades, which were repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt. The defensive walls and towers around Kaptol were built between 1469 and 1473. The Prislin Tower near the Kaptol School is one of the best preserved from those times. In 1493 the Turks reached Sisak trying to capture it but were defeated there. Therefore, fearing the Turkish invasion, the Bishop of Zagreb had the fortifications built around the Cathedral and his residence. The defensive towers and walls built between 1512 and 1520 have been preserved until the present day except those that directly ... more details
refimprove date September 2011 An electronic kit is a package of electrical components used to build an electronics electronic machine device . Generally, kit s are composed of electronic components, a circuit diagram schematic , assembly instructions and often a printed circuit board PCB or another type of prototyping board. There are 2 distinct types of kit, those that will construct a single project, and those that can construct a range of projects. The latter are primarily aimed at children, and include a solderless construction board of some type, such as Components mounted in plastic blocks with side contacts, that are held together in a base, eg Denshi blocks Springs on a card board, the springs trap wire leads or component leads, such as Philips EE electronic experiment kits ref http ee.old.no phillips EE electronic experiment kits ref . These are a cheap and flexible option Professional type prototyping boards, breadboard s into which component leads are inserted, following documentation of the kit . The first type of kits, those for the construction of a single device, normally use a PCB on which components are soldered. They normally come with extended documentation describing which component goes where into the PCB. People primarily purchase electronic kits to have fun and learn how things work. They were once popular as a means to reduce the cost of buying goods, but there is usually no cost saving in buying a kit today. Some kits used to be quite complex devices such as color television sets, oscilloscope s, high end audio amplifier s and even computers such as the Heathkit Heathkit H 8 H 8 , and the LNW 80 . Many of the early microprocessor computers were sold as either electronic kits or assembled and tested. Heathkit sold millions of electronic kits during its 45 year history. Today, building devices from scratch for hobbyists and beginners has fallen in popularity due partly to the emerging complexity of miniature electronics and embedded software. ... more details
T mount is a standard lens mount for camera s and other optical assemblies. The T2 version is a screw mount using a male M42x0.75 metric thread on the lens with a flange focal distance of 55 mm, and a mating female thread on a camera adapter or other optical component. This thread form is referred to as T thread . This should not be confused with the M42 lens mount which is also 42mm, but has a 1mm thread pitch. The T is said to stand for Tamron , a Japanese manufacturer, who in 1957 made a line of aftermarket camera lenses all using their T2 T mount as a universal fit to 35mm SLR cameras of various manufacturers. The proprietary lens mount of each competitive manufacturer was adapted to the T mount thread with a simple adapter. Thus a retailer could stock a small number of expensive lenses that would fit a large number of camera brands using a selection of inexpensive adapters. The original T Mount slides onto a T mount lens. It is secured only by 3 set screws that match a channel on the lens mount so that the lens barrel is not deformed by the set screws, and it can therefore be removed with no problem. The T mount connection is a solely mechanical specification. Electrical or mechanical connections such as for autofocus are generally not provided, however Sigma Corporation Sigma s YS Mount featured an automatic diaphragm coupling. Besides cameras, applications include optical breadboard prototyping components, and telescope and microscope attachments. As a common mechanical interface, T mount allows components of various manufacturers to be interchanged and assembled. The T mount is the standard way to mount a camera to a microscope to photograph pathological specimen slides. It is also the standard way to mount a SLR or DSLR camera to a 1.25 telescope eyepiece. Adapters Because the T mount has a long flange distance of 55mm and most 35mm cameras have shorter flange distances, a simple mechanical adapter called T T2 Ring is needed to adapt a T mount lens to any c ... more details
File Joule thief.jpg thumb A 2N3904 in a TO 92 package on a breadboard lower left The 2N3904 is a common NPN transistor NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor bipolar junction transistor used for general purpose low power amplifier amplifying or switching applications. The type was registered by Motorola Semiconductor in the mid sixties, together with the complementary PNP type 2N3906, and represented a significant performance cost improvement, with the plastic TO 92 case replacing metal cans. It is designed for low electric current current and electric power power , medium voltage , and can operate at moderately high speeds. This transistor is low cost, widely available and sufficiently robust to be of use by experimenters. ref name silver2008 When looking at the flat side with the base pointed downward, the three wires emerging from the base are, left to right, the emitter, base and collector leads. ref name predko2004 It is a 200 milliamp , 40 volt , 625 milliwatt transistor with a transition frequency of 300 MHz , ref name fairchild sc with a Bipolar junction transistor Transistor alpha and beta beta or current gain of 100 on minimum. It is used in a variety of analog amplification and switching applications. Electrically similar devices are available in a variety of small through hole and surface mount packages including TO 92 , SOT 23 , and SOT 223 , with package dependent thermal ratings from 625 milliwatt s to 1 watt . A 2N3906 is a complementary PNP transistor PNP transistor for the 2N3904. The 2N2222 is an NPN transistor that can safely switch three times as much current as the 2N3904 but has otherwise similar characteristics. ref name dr 2N2222 Nevertheless, in many applications such as variable frequency oscillators where lower currents are used to minimize thermal heating and consequent thermal drift of the fundamental frequency, the greater current capacity of the 2N2222 gives it no advantage. The 2N3904 is used very frequently in hobby electronics circuits including ... more details
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