Taxobox color lightgrey name Bradyrhizobiaceae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae familia authority Garrity et al . 2006 subdivision ranks Genera ref cite web url http www.bacterio.cict.fr classifgenerafamilies.html Bradyrhizobiaceae title List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature accessdate 20 July 2010 ref subdivision Afipia br Agromonas br Balneimonas br Blastobacter br Bosea br Bradyrhizobium br Nitrobacter br Oligotropha carboxidovorans Oligotropha br Photorhizobium br Rhodoblastus br Rhodopseudomonas br Salinarimonas br The Bradyrhizobiaceae are a family of bacterium bacteria , with ten genera. They include plant associated bacteria such as Bradyrhizobium , a genus of rhizobia associated with some legume s. It also contains animal associated bacteria such as Afipia felis , formerly thought to cause Cat scratch fever cat scratch disease . Others are free living, such as Rhodopseudomonas , a purple bacteria purple bacterium found in marine water and soils. The strain biology strain Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX 1 can generate an electric current with no hydrogen production, a trait that is being explored in the development of the microbial fuel cell ref cite journal author Defeng Xing, Yi Zuo, Shaoan Cheng, John M. Regan, and Bruce E. Logan month year 2008 title Electricity Generation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX 1 journal Environ. Sci. Technol. volume 42 pages 4146 doi 10.1021 es800312v pmid 18589979 issue 11 ref . References reflist Category Rhizobiales Proteobacteria stub ca Bradyrhizobiaceae es Bradyrhizobiaceae ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Oligotropha carboxidovorans regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae genus Oligotropha genus authority Meyer et al. 1994 binomial Oligotropha carboxidovorans binomial authority ex Meyer and Schlegel 1978 br Meyer et al. 1994 synonyms Pseudomonas carboxydovorans small Meyer and Schlegel 1978 small Oligotropha carboxidovorans is a Gram negative soil bacterium . Fact date May 2007 It is the sole species represented by the genus Oligotropha . Category Rhizobiales Category Article Feedback 5 proteobacteria stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Taxobox color lightgrey name Rhizobiales image Bartonella.jpg image caption Bartonella regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales ordo authority Kuykendall 2006 subdivision ranks Families subdivision Aurantimonadaceae br Bartonellaceae br Beijerinckiaceae br Bradyrhizobiaceae br Brucellaceae br Cohaesibacteraceae br Hyphomicrobiaceae br Methylobacteriaceae br Methylocystaceae br Phyllobacteriaceae br Rhizobiaceae br Rhodobiaceae br Xanthobacteraceae Rhizobiales is an Order biology order of alpha proteobacteria . They are gram negative . The rhizobia , which nitrogen fixation fix nitrogen and are symbiotic with plant roots, appear in several different families here. The Bradyrhizobiaceae , Hyphomicrobiaceae , Phyllobacteriaceae , and Rhizobiaceae are the four families that contain at least six genera of Nitrogen fixation nitrogen fixing , legume nodulating microsymbiotic bacteria. Examples are the genera Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium . Species of Methylocystaceae are methanotroph , they use methanol methyl alcohol CH sub 3 sub OH or methane CH sub 4 sub as the sole energy and carbon source. Other important genera are Bartonella pathogen and Agrobacterium genetic engineering . References Kuykendall, L. D. and Dazzo, F.B. 2005. Allorhizobium. In Brenner, Krieg, Staley and Garrity Editors , The Alpha , Beta , Delta and Epsilonproteobacteria, The Proteobacteria, Part C, Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd. Ed., Vol. 2, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 345 346. Kuykendall, L. D. 2005 Genus Azorhizobium. In Brenner, Krieg, Staley and Garrity Editors , The Alpha , Beta , Delta and Epsilonproteobacteria, The Proteobacteria, Part C, Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd. Ed.,Vol. 2, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 505 506. Kuykendall, L.D. 2005. Genus Bradyrhizobium, family Bradyrhizobiaceae. In Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edition, 2 ... more details
italictitle Taxobox color lightgrey name Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae genus Bradyrhizobium binomial Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena binomial authority ex Sanjieva and Zavarzin 1971 br Meyer et al. 1980 synonyms Seliberia carboxydohydrogena small Sanjieva and Zavarzin 1971 small Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena is a species of Gram negative proteobacteria . Following 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis, it was determined that P. carboxydohydrogena belonged in the Bradyrhizobium rRNA lineage. ref cite journal author Anzai, et al. title Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence journal Int J Syst Evol Microbiol volume 50 issue 4 pages 1563 89 year 2000, Jul pmid 10939664 last2 Kim first2 H last3 Park first3 JY last4 Wakabayashi first4 H last5 Oyaizu first5 H doi 10.1099 00207713 50 4 1563 ref It has not yet been further classified. References references Category Rhizobiales proteobacteria stub es Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Nitrobacter vulgaris regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae genus Nitrobacter species N. vulgaris binomial Nitrobacter vulgaris binomial authority Nitrobacter vulgaris is a rod shaped, Gram negative bacteria Gram negative , and a Chemotroph chemoautotrophic bacterium. It plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing nitrite into nitrate in soil. It cannot tolerate highly alkaline NH sub 4 sub conditions. NO sub 2 sub 1 2O sub 2 sub NO sub 3 sub Genomics http www.genomesonline.org search.cgi?colcol all&goldstamp ALL&gen type ALL&org name1 genus&gensp Nitrobacter&org domain ALL&org status ALL&size2 ALL&org size Kb&gen gc ALL&phylogeny2 ALL&gen institution ALL&gen funding ALL&gen data ALL&cont ALL&gen country ALL&gen pheno ALL&gen eco ALL&gen disease ALL&gen relevance ALL&gen avail ALL&selection submit search Nitrobacter Genome Projects from http www.genomesonline.org Genomes OnLine Database http img.jgi.doe.gov cgi bin pub main.cgi?section TaxonList&page lineageMicrobes&genus Nitrobacter Comparative Analysis of Nitrobacter Genomes at United States Department of Energy DOE s Integrated Microbial Genomes System IMG system Category Rhizobiales bacteria stub ca Nitrobacter de Nitrobacter et Nitrobacter it Nitrobacter pt Nitrobacter ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Nitrobacteraceae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Nitrobacteraceae familia authority Buchanan, 1917 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Nitrobacter br Nitrosomonas Nitrobacteraceae is a family of Alphaproteobacteria . They are gram negative and Aerobic organism aerobic . The bacteria of this family derive their energy from oxidizing ammonia to nitrite , or by oxidizing nitrite to nitrate . They are commonly found in freshwater and soil . See also Bradyrhizobiaceae , a family of bacteria also said to contain the genus Nitrobacter Nitrosomonadaceae , a family of bacteria also said to contain the genus Nitrosomonas External links http www.bacterio.cict.fr n nitrobacteraceae.html J.P. Euz by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature Family Nitrobacteraceae cict.fr http www.discoverlife.org 20 q?search Nitrobacteraceae Nitrobacteraceae discoverlife.org http www.itis.gov servlet SingleRpt SingleRpt?search topic TSN&search value 56 Nitrobacteraceae, Taxonomic Serial No. 56 Integrated Taxonomic Information System http www.online medical dictionary.org Nitrobacteraceae.asp?q Nitrobacteraceae Nitrobacteraceae online medical dictionary.org http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi content abstract 21 3 254 Taxonomic Considerations of the Family Nitrobacteraceae Buchanan sgmjournals.org Category Rhizobiales bacteria stub pl Nitrobacteraceae ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Agromonas domain Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae genus Agromonas binomial authority Ohta and Hattori 1985 ref name r1 type species A. oligotrophica subdivision ranks Species Agromonas is a genus in the phylum Proteobacteria Bacteria . ref lpsn classificationac.html Classification of Genera AC ref Etymology The name Agromonas derives from br Ancient Greek language Greek noun agros , a field Ancient Greek language Greek grammatical gender feminine gender noun monas monas , nominally meaning a unit , but in effect meaning a bacterium New Latin grammatical gender feminine gender noun Agromonas , field monad. ref name main lpsn a agromonas.html Agromonas ref Members of the genus Agromonas can be referred to as agromonads viz. Bacterial taxonomy Vernacular names Trivialisation of names . Species The genus contains a single species, ref name main namely Agromonas oligotrophica A. oligotrophica ref name Ohta and Hattori cite doi 10.1099 00207713 35 2 223 noedit ref Type species of the genus . Ancient Greek language Greek adjective oligos ref LSJ o li gos ref ref , little, small, few New Latin grammatical gender feminine gender adjective trophica from Ancient Greek language Greek grammatical gender feminine gender adjective trophik ref LSJ trofiko s ref ref , nursing, tending or feeding New Latin grammatical gender feminine gender adjective oligotrophica , eating low nutrients. ref name r1 cite pmid 6651288 ref See Also Bacterial taxonomy Microbiology References reflist Category Bacteria Category Proteobacteria ... more details
Taxobox regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae genus Bradyrhizobium species B. elkanii binomial Bradyrhizobium elkanii binomial authority Kuykendall et al. , 1993 ref cite journal doi 10.1139 m92 082 author L. D. Kuykendall, B. Saxena, T. E. Devine & S. E. Udell year 1992 title Genetic diversity in Bradyrhizobium japonicum Jordan 1982 and a proposal for B. elkanii sp. nov journal Canadian Journal of Microbiology volume 38 pages 501 505 issue 6 ref ref cite journal year 1993 journal International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology volume 43 issue 2 pages 398 399 title Validation of the publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published uutside the IJSB List No. 45 author ref Bradyrhizobium elkanii is a species of legume root nodule root nodulating , symbiosis microsymbiotic nitrogen fixation nitrogen fixing bacterium originally identified as DNA homology group II strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum B. japonicum ref cite journal author A. B. Hollis, W. E. Kloos & G. E. Elkan year 1981 title DNA DNA hybridization studies of Rhizobium japonicum and related Rhizobiaceae journal Microbiology journal Journal of General Microbiology volume 123 pages 215 222 ref . In 1988, it was discovered that only DNA homology group II strains caused a destructive bleaching of leaves, termed scientifically microsymbiont induced foliar chlorosis , which was widespread in soybean production fields of the southern United States ref cite journal author T. E. Devine, L. D. Kuykendall & J. J. O Neill year 1988 title DNA homology group and the identity of bradyrhizobial strains producing rhizobitoxine induced chlorosis on soybeans journal Crop Science volume 28 pages 939 941 ref . Whole cell fatty acid content together with antibiotic resistance profiles were major phenotypic differences that helped establish DNA homology group II strains as a new species, Bradyrhizobium ... more details
Taxobox image Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 on TY agar.JPG image caption Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110 on an agar plate . regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae genus Bradyrhizobium species B. japonicum binomial Bradyrhizobium japonicum binomial authority Kirchner 1896 in science 1896 Jordan , 1982 in science 1982 synonyms Rhizobium japonicum Buchanan 1926 br Rhizobacterium japonicum Kirchner 1896 ref Transfer of Rhizobium japonicum Buchanan 1980 to Bradyrhizobium gen. nov., a genus of slow growing, root nodule bacteria from leguminous plants. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1982, 32, 136 139. ref Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a species of legume root nodulating, microsymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterium species. B. japonicum is identified as a DNA homology group group II ref cite journal author A. B. Hollis, W. E. Kloos & G. E. Elkan year 1981 title DNA DNA hybridization studies of Rhizobium japonicum and related Rhizobiaceae journal Microbiology journal Journal of General Microbiology volume 123 pages 215 222 ref . B. japonicum is able to degrade catechin with formation of phloroglucinol carboxylic acid , further decarboxylated to phloroglucinol , which is dehydroxylated to resorcinol and hydroxyquinol . Citation needed date June 2010 B. japonicum possess the nosRZDFYLX gene, which aides in denitrification and has two catalytic subunits Cu a and Cu z with several histidine residues . It manages an expression cascade that can sense oxygen gradients, termed FixJ FixK2 FixK1. FixJ positively regulates FixK2, which activates nitrogen respiration genes as well as FixK1. FixK1 mutants are unable to respire from nitrogen due to a defective catatylic copper subunit Cu z in nosRZDFYLX. ref cite journal author D. Nellen Anthamatten, P. Rossi, et al. year 1998 title Bradyrhizobium japonicum, FixK2, a Crucial Distributor in the FixLJ Dependent Regulatory Cascade for Control of Genes Inducible by Low O ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Nitrobacter regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae genus Nitrobacter genus authority Winogradsky 1892 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Nitrobacter alkalicus N. alkalicus br Nitrobacter hamburgensis N. hamburgensis br Nitrobacter vulgaris N. vulgaris br Nitrobacter winogradskyi N. winogradskyi Nitrobacter is genus of mostly rod shaped, gram negative , and chemoautotrophic bacteria. ref name Nitrifying Bacteria Facts http www.bioconlabs.com nitribactfacts.html ref Nitrobacter plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing nitrite into nitrate in soil. Unlike plants, where electron transfer in photosynthesis provides the energy for carbon fixation, Nitrobacter use energy from the oxidation of nitrite ions, NO sub 2 sub sup sup , into nitrate ions, NO sub 3 sub sup sup to fulfill their carbon requirements. ref name Nitrifying Bacteria Facts Nitrobacter have an optimum pH between 7.3 and 7.5, and will die in temperatures exceeding 120 F 49 C or below 32 F 0 C . ref name Nitrifying Bacteria Facts Some sources regard Nitrobacteraceae to be the family of the genus Nitrobacter . Species in the genus Nitrobacter include Nitrobacter winogradskyi , Nirobacter hamburgensis , Nitrobacter vulgaris and Nitrobacter alkalicus . ref name Holt cite book last1 Holt first1 John G. last2 Hendricks Bergey first2 David editor R.S. Breed location USA title Bergey s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology publisher Lippincott Williams and Wilkins edition 9th year 1993 isbn 0683006037 ref According to Grundmann, Nitrobacter seem to grow optimally at 38 C and at a pH of 7.9, but Holt states that Nitrobacter grow optimally at 28 C and grows within a pH range of 5.8 8.5 and has an pH optima between 7.6 and 7.8. ref name Holt ref name Grundmann Nitrobacter belongs to the subclass of the Proteobacteria. ref name Grundmann cite journal last1 Grundmann first1 GL last2 Neyra ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey status image image width domain Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Proteobacteria Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae genus Rhodopseudomonas species R. palustris binomial Rhodopseudomonas palustris binomial authority Rhodopseudomonas palustris is a gram negative purple non sulfur bacteria , notable for its ability to switch between four different modes of metabolism. R. palustris has been found to grow in swine waste lagoons, earthworm droppings, marine coastal sediments and pond water. Although purple non sulfur bacteria are normally photoheterotrophic, R. palustris has the ability to switch between the four different modes of metabolism that support life photoautotrophic , photo heterotroph ic, chemoautotroph and chemoheterotrophic. This means that this bacterium can grow with or without oxygen it can use light, inorganic compounds, or organic compounds for energy it can acquire carbo n from either carbon dioxide fixation or green plant derived compounds and it can also nitrogen fixation fix nitrogen . This metabolic versatility has raised interest in the research community and makes this bacterium suitable for potential use in biotechnology biotechnological applications. Efforts are currently being made to understand how this organism integrates the various metabolic modules in response to environmental changes. The complete genome of the strain Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 was sequenced List of sequenced bacterial genomes in the hope of getting more information about how the bacterium senses environmental changes and how it regulates its metabolic pathways accordingly. ref name Larimer Larimer et al. 2004 . Complete genome sequence of the metabolically versatile photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris . Nature Biotechnology , 22 55. doi 10.1038 nbt923 ref It was found that R. palustris has genes that encode for proteins that make up light harvesting complex es and photosynthetic reaction ce ... more details
Taxobox image Root nodule01.jpg image width 300px image caption Cross section though a soybean Glycine max Essex root nodule. Bradyrhizobium japonicum infects the roots and establishes a nitrogen fixing symbiosis. This high magnification image shows part of a cell with single bacteroids within their symbiosomes regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae genus Bradyrhizobium genus authority Jordan 1982 type species Bradyrhizobium japonicum subdivision ranks Species ref cite web url http www.bacterio.cict.fr b bradyrhizobium.html title List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature &mdash Bradyrhizobium accessdate 20 July 2010 ref subdivision Bradyrhizobium betae B. betae small Rivas et al . 2004 small br Bradyrhizobium canariense B. canariense small Vinuesa et al . 2005 small br Bradyrhizobium elkanii B. elkanii small Kuykendall et al . 1993 small br Bradyrhizobium iriomotense B. iriomotense small Islam et al . 2010 small br Bradyrhizobium japonicum B. japonicum small Kirchner 1896 Jordan 1982 small br Bradyrhizobium jicamae B. jicamae small Ram rez Bahena et al . 2009 small br Bradyrhizobium liaoningense B. liaoningense small Xu et al . 1995 small br Bradyrhizobium pachyrhizi B. pachyrhizi small Ram rez Bahena et al . 2009 small br Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense B. yuanmingense small Yao et al . 2002 small br incertae sedis Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena ref cite journal author Anzai, et al. title Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence journal Int J Syst Evol Microbiol volume 50 pages 1563 89 year 2000, Jul pmid 10939664 last2 Kim first2 H last3 Park first3 JY last4 Wakabayashi first4 H last5 Oyaizu first5 H doi 10.1099 00207713 50 4 1563 issue 4 ref Bradyrhizobium is a genus of Gram negative soil bacteria , many of which nitrogen fixation fix nitrogen . Nitrogen fixation is an important part of the nitrogen cycle . Plants cannot us ... more details
merge Soil biology discuss Talk Soil life Merger proposal date October 2009 Soil life , soil biota , or edaphon is a collective term for all the organisms living within the soil. Overview In balanced soil, plants grow in an active and steady environment. The mineral content of the soil and its heartiful structure are important for their well being, but it is the life in the earth that powers its cycles and provides its fertility. Without the activities of soil organisms, organic material s would accumulate and litter the soil surface, and there would be no food for plants. The soil biota includes Megafauna size range 20 mm upward, e.g. mole animal moles , rabbit s, and rodent s. Macrofauna size range 2 to 20 mm, e.g. woodlouse woodlice , earthworm s, beetle s, centipede s, slug s, snail s, ant s, and harvestman harvestmen . Mesofauna size range 100 micrometre s to 2 mm, e.g. tardigrade s, mite s and springtail s. Microfauna and Microflora size range 1 to 100 micrometres, e.g. yeast s, bacteria commonly actinobacteria , fungus fungi , protozoa , roundworm s, and rotifer s. Of these, bacteria and fungi play key roles in maintaining a healthy soil. They act as decomposers that break down organic materials to produce detritus biology detritus and other breakdown products. Soil detritivore s, like earthworms, ingest detritus and decompose it. Saprotroph s, well represented by fungi and bacteria, extract soluble nutrients from delitro. Soil life table This table is a r sum of soil life ref fr Dominique Soltner, Les Bases de la Production V getal, tome I Le Sol et son am lioration, Collection Sciences et T chniques Agricoles, 2003 ref , coherent with prevalent taxonomy as used in the linked Wikipedia articles. Class wikitable Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Prokaryote Bacteria Proteobacteria Beta Proteobacteria Nitrosomonadales Nitrosomonadaceae Nitrosomonas Prokaryote Bacteria Proteobacteria Alpha Proteobacteria Rhizobiales Bradyrhizobiaceae ... more details
Image Soybean root nodules.jpg thumb right Soybean root nodules, each containing billions of Bradyrhizobium bacteria Rhizobia are soil bacteria that Nitrogen fixation fix nitrogen diazotrophs after becoming established inside root nodule s of legumes Fabaceae . Rhizobia require a plant Host biology host they cannot independently fix nitrogen. In general, they are Gram staining gram negative , motile , non sporogenesis sporulating rods. History The first species of rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum , was identified in 1889, and all further species were initially placed in the Rhizobium genus . However, more advanced methods of analysis have revised this Biological classification classification , and now there are many in other genera. Most research has been done on Crop agriculture crop and forage legumes such as clover , alfalfa , bean s, and soy recently, more work is occurring on North American legumes. The word rhizobia comes from the Ancient Greek Polytonic wikt , rh za , meaning root and Polytonic wikt , bios , meaning life . The word rhizobium is still sometimes used as the singular form of rhizobia Taxonomy Rhizobia are a paraphyletic group that fall into two Class biology classes of the proteobacteria &mdash the alpha and beta proteobacteria. As shown below, most belong to the order Rhizobiales , but several rhizobia occur in distinct bacterial orders of the proteobacteria. ref name The current taxonomy of rhizobia cite web url http www.rhizobia.co.nz taxonomy rhizobia.html accessdate 2006 08 07 title Current taxonomy of rhizobia ref ref cite web url http edzna.ccg.unam.mx rhizobial taxonomy node 4 accessdate 2008 11 14 title Taxonomy of legume nodule bacteria rhizobia and agrobacteria ref valign top Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria proteobacteria Rhizobiales Bradyrhizobiaceae Bradyrhizobium Bradyrhizobium canariense B. canariense Bradyrhizobium elkanii B. elkanii Bradyrhizobium japonicum B. japonicum Bradyrhizobium liaoningense B. li ... more details
Image Photoarrange.JPG right frame Electron micrograph of 2D crystals of the LH1 Reaction centre photosynthetic unit. A photosynthetic reaction center or photosynthetic reaction centre is a complex of several proteins, pigments and other co factors assembled together to execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis . Molecular excitations, either originating directly from sunlight or transferred as Fluorescence resonance energy transfer excitation energy via light harvesting complex light harvesting antenna systems , give rise to electron transfer reactions along a series of protein bound co factors. These co factors are light absorbing molecules also named chromophore s or biological pigments pigments such as chlorophyll and pheophytin phaeophytin , as well as quinones . The energy of the photon is used to promote an electron to a excited state higher molecular energy level of a pigment. The Thermodynamic free energy free energy created is then used to reduce a chain of nearby electron acceptor s, which have subsequently lowered Redox potential redox potential s. These electron transfer steps are the initial phase of a series of energy conversion reactions, ultimately resulting in the production of chemical energy during photosynthesis . Transforming light energy into charge separation Reaction centres are present in all green plant s, algae , and many bacteria . Although these species are separated by billions of years of evolution , the reaction centres are Homology biology homologous for all photosynthetic species. In contrast, a large variety in light harvesting complex es exist between the photosynthetic species. Green plants and algae have two different types of reaction centres that are part of larger supercomplexes known as photosystem I and photosystem II . The structures of these supercomplexes are large, involving multiple light harvesting complex es. The reaction centre found in Bradyrhizobiaceae Rhodopseudomonas bacteria is currentl ... more details
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