Unreferenced date June 2007 Funding is the act of providing resources , usually in form of money finance Financing , or other values such as effort or time sweat equity , for a project , a person, a business or any other private or public institutions. When a request for funding is made then fundraising is being attempted. Funds can be allocation allocat ed for either short term or long term purposes. Sources of funding Among the main sources of funding, there are Credit finance Credit Donation s Grant money Grants Savings Subsidy Subsidies Tax es Soft funding Donations, subsidies and grants are described as soft funding or crowd funding , i.e. funding that has no direct requirement for return of investment . See also Wiktionarypar funding Crowd funding Foundation charity Investment Mass funding Peer to peer lending Research funding Seed money Category Business terms Category Fundraising Business term stub ca Finan ament es Financiaci n fr Financement kk nl Financiering pt Financiamento ru sah h sr tr Fonlama uk zh ... more details
Image Tylerandderek.jpeg right thumb 200px Tyler Doherty & Derek Fenner, 2006 Bootstrap Productions is a nonprofit collaborative arts and literary organization based in Lowell, Massachusetts , ref name Renovation cite web url http www.renovationonline.com monthly newsletter07.php title Bootstrap Productions The Biggest Little Press in Lowell accessdate 2007 03 10 year 2006 month September format HTML work Renovation Monthly Journal language English ref ref name MassCulture cite web url http www.mass culture.org lcc public about.asp?coun enum 151 title Lowell Cultural Council accessdate 2007 03 10 year 2006 format HTML publisher Massachusetts Cultural Council language English ref which is primarily known for its publishing arm, Bootstrap Press, a small press publisher of contemporary experimental writing. ref name BootstrapAbout cite web url http www.bootstrapproductions.org about title About Bootstrap Productions accessdate 2007 03 10 year 2005 format HTML publisher Bootstrap Productions language English ref Begun in Boulder, Colorado in the winter of 1999, Bootstrap Productions originally formed as a parent organization combining Bootstrap Press, founded by Ryan Gallagher and Derek Fenner, and The tached Document , a literary arts journal begun by Jeff Chester, Derek Fenner, and Todd ... University s Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics . ref name Renovation Bootstrap Press Bootstrap Press is a project of Bootstrap Productions which has published such books as David Michalski s Cosmos ... , and the poetry collection For the Time Being The Bootstrap Book of Poetic Journal s . ref name Cervena ... Barva Interviews publisher erven Barva Press LLC language English ref Bootstrap Productions has published ... cite web url http www.bootstrapproductions.org catalog title Bootstrap Productions Catalog accessdate 2007 03 10 year 2005 format HTML publisher Bootstrap Productions language English archiveurl ... Bootstrap Productions official site Category Small press publishers Category Publishing companies ... more details
IPstack In computer networking , the Bootstrap Protocol , or BOOTP , is a network protocol used by a network client to obtain an IP address from a configuration server. The BOOTP protocol was originally defined in RFC 951. BOOTP is usually used during the booting bootstrap process when a computer is starting up. A BOOTP configuration server assigns an IP address to each client from a pool of addresses. BOOTP uses the User Datagram Protocol UDP as a transport on IPv4 networks only. Historically, BOOTP has also been used for Unix like diskless workstation s to obtain the network location of their boot image in addition to an IP address, and also by enterprises to roll out a pre configured client e.g., Microsoft Windows Windows installation to newly installed PCs. Originally requiring the use of a boot floppy disk to establish the initial network connection, manufacturers of network cards later embedded the protocol in the BIOS of the interface cards as well as system boards with on board network adapters, thus allowing direct network booting. Recently, users with an interest in diskless stand alone media center PCs have shown new interest in this method of booting a Windows operating ... html rfc951 section 6 title RFC 951 Bootstrap Protocol author Bill Croft author2 John Gilmore ..., RFC 4361, RFC 4833, RFC 5494 RFC 1542 Clarifications and Extensions for the Bootstrap Protocol Oct ... for the Bootstrap Protocol style background C0C0C0 Oct 93 style background C0C0C0 Obsoleted ... 951 Bootstrap Protocol Sep 85 Updated by RFC 1395, RFC 1497, RFC 1532, RFC 1542, RFC 5494 See also ... Network booting ca Bootstrap Protocol cs Bootstrap Protocol de Bootstrap Protocol es Bootstrap Protocol eu Bootstrap Protocol fr Bootstrap Protocol it Bootstrap Protocol hu Bootstrap Protocol nl BootP ja Bootstrap Protocol pl Bootstrap Protocol pt BOOTP ru Bootstrap Protocol fi BOOTP sv Bootstrap protocol tr BOOTP uk BOOTP vi Bootstrap Protocol zh BOOTP ... more details
In a toroidal fusion power device, a plasma physics plasma is confined within a donut shaped cylinder. If the gas pressure of the plasma varies across the radius of the cylinder, an electrical current will naturally arise within the plasma. This bootstrap current , and is commonly found in the tokamak reactor design. The tokamak uses a combination of external magnets and a current driven in the plasma to create a stable confinement system. One goal of advanced tokamak designs is to maximize the bootstrap current, and thereby reduce or eliminate the need for an external current driver. This could dramatically reduce the cost and complexity of the device. References https fusion.gat.com images 3 3a PolitzerAPS04.pdf Self Generated Bootstrap Current Contains Magnetic Fusion Plasma , General Atomics http www.ees.nagoya u.ac.jp web dai5 english B.html Plasma Dictionary , Nagoya University sci stub Category Fusion power ... more details
notability date April 2008 The Bootstrap Network is an organisation of entrepreneurs founded in Austin, Texas in 2003 by Bijoy Goswami . ref name BW cite news url http www.businessweek.com magazine content 06 12 b3976458.htm title A League Of His Own Entrepreneur Bijoy Goswami reinvents the schmoozefest date Spring 2006 work BusinessWeek accessdate 28 February 2010 ref The members, who are all founders of companies, give each other advice on building companies, the name referring to starting a company without outside financing, or Entrepreneurship Financial Bootstrapping bootstrapping . ref name BW ref cite news url http austin.bizjournals.com austin stories 2009 02 23 focus4.html?b 1235365200 1782258 title Bootstrapping for success last Kwon first Jean date 20 February 2009 work Austin Business Journal accessdate 28 February 2010 ref By 2006, the network had over 500 members in Austin and sister networks in 10 other cities in the US and India . ref name BW By 2009, it had 1,000 members. ref cite news url http austin.bizjournals.com austin stories 2009 03 16 story11.html title Bijoy Goswami Founder, Bootstrap Austin last Kwon first Jean date 13 March 2009 work Austin Business Journal accessdate 28 February 2010 ref Gary Hoover , founder of Hoover s and Bookstop has called Bootstrap Austin among the most effective tools for entrepreneurs that I have ever seen and I ve seen a lot. ref name BW References references External links http www.bootstrapnetwork.com blog Bootstrap Network Blog http www.bootstrapaustin.org Bootstrap Austin founding chapter cite web url http www.businessdistrictmagazine.com ?p 457 title Constraint Creates Innovation last Goswami first Bijoy date 25 May 2009 work Business District accessdate 28 February 2010 location Austin, Texas US org stub Category Organizations based in Austin, Texas Category Business and industry organizations based in the United States ... more details
Bootstrap aggregating bagging is a Ensemble learning machine learning ensemble meta algorithm to improve machine learning of statistical classification and Regression analysis regression models in terms of stability and classification accuracy. It also reduces variance and helps to avoid overfitting . Although it is usually applied to Decision tree learning decision tree models, it can be used with any type of model. Bagging is a special case of the model averaging approach. Description of the technique Given a standard training set D of size n , bagging generates m new training sets math D i math , each of size n n , by Sampling statistics sampling examples from D Probability distribution With finite support uniformly and Sampling statistics Replacement of selected units with replacement . By sampling with replacement, it is likely that some examples will be repeated in each math D i math . If n n , then for large n the set math D i math is expected to have 63.2 of the unique examples of D , the rest being duplicates. This kind of sample is known as a bootstrap statistics bootstrap sample. The m models are fitted using the above m bootstrap samples and combined by averaging the output for regression or voting for classification . Since the method averages several predictors, it is not useful for improving linear models. Similarly, bagging does not improve very stable models like k nearest neighbors. Example Ozone data This example is rather artificial, but illustrates the basic principles of bagging. Peter Rousseeuw Rousseeuw and Leroy 1986 describe a data set concerning ozone levels. The data are available via the classic data sets page. All computations were performed in R programming language R . A scatter plot reveals an apparently non linear relationship between temperature and ozone. One way to model the relationship is to use a local regression loess smoother. Such a smoother ... hundred bootstrap statistics bootstrap samples of the data were taken, and the LOESS smoother was fit ... more details
Original research date August 2011 Cleanup laundry date August 2011 The bootstrap paradox is a physical paradox paradox of time travel in which information or objects can exist without having been created. After information or an object is sent back in time, it is recovered in the present and becomes the very object information that was initially brought back in time in the first place. Numerous science fiction stories are based on this paradox, which has also been the subject of serious physics articles. ref cite book author Matt Visser coauthors title Lorentzian wormholes year 1995 publisher page quote Bootstrap paradoxes A second class of logical paradoxes ... url http books.google.com books?id Zo vAAAAMAAJ&q Bootstrap paradox&dq Bootstrap paradox&hl en&ei aHunTrGLMqTn0QG7q5inDg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CC0Q6AEwAA isbn ref The term bootstrap paradox refers to the expression Bootstrapping pulling yourself up by your bootstraps the use of the term for the time travel paradox was popularized by Robert A. Heinlein s story By His Bootstraps see below . Definition Because of the possibility of influencing the past while time traveling, one way of explaining why history does not change is to posit that these changes already are contained self consistently in the past ... if time travel itself were possible, is not presently known. The bootstrap paradox is similar to, but distinct ... genetic material. Examples from fiction main Bootstrap paradox in fiction The term bootstrap ... older future self trying to prevent the loop from occurring. The bootstrap paradox here is in where ... from time. One of the most noted examples of the bootstrap paradox in fiction occurs in the film Somewhere ... origin. The bootstrap paradox occurs several times in the Terminator franchise , perhaps most .... The current series of Doctor Who features many examples of the bootstrap paradox, most constructed ..., so he can use it in creating the message later. The contents of the conversation form a bootstrap ... more details
For other uses, see Bootstrapping and Bootstrapping law . Operation Bootstrap Operaci n Manos a la Obra is the name given to the ambitious projects which industrialized Puerto Rico in the mid 20th century. History The island s traditional economy was based around Sugarcane sugarcane plantations . By the middle of the twentieth century it remained one of the poorest in the Caribbean never mind that the very name Puerto Rico means rich port in Spanish , and in 1948 the United States government began Operation Bootstrap, which invested millions of dollars into the Puerto Rican economy. Envisioning that a densely populated island like Puerto Rico with now over 1000 persons per square mile could not subsist on an agrarian system , the government s Departamento de Fomento Department of Economic Developement encouraged the establishment of factories. Puerto Rico enticed US companies by providing labor at costs below those on the mainland, access to US markets without import duties, and profits that could enter the country free from federal taxation. The Departamento de Fomento invited investment of external capital, importing the raw materials , and exporting the finished products to the United States. To entice participation, tax exemptions and differential rental rates were offered for industrial facilities. As a result, Puerto Rico s economy shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing and tourism . The manufacturing sector has shifted from the original labor intensive industries, such as the manufacturing of food, tobacco, leather, and apparel products, to more capital intensive ..., Operation Bootstrap was increasingly hampered by a growing unemployment problem. ref name National ... cite web url http geography.about.com library weekly aa031698.htm title Operation Bootstrap publisher ... Moscoso and Puerto Rico s Operation Bootstrap by A.W. Maldonado. Gainesville, Florida Gainesville ... Bootstrap ... more details
In physics , the term bootstrap model is used for a class of theories that use very general consistency criteria to determine the form of a quantum theory from some assumptions on the spectrum of particles. It is a form of S matrix theory . In the 1960s and 70s, the ever growing list of strong interaction strongly interacting particles &mdash meson s and baryon s &mdash made it clear to physicists that none of these particles are elementary. Geoffrey Chew and others went so far as to question the distinction between composite particle composite and elementary particle s, advocating a nuclear democracy in which the idea that some particles were more elementary than others was discarded. Instead, they sought to derive as much information as possible about the strong interaction from plausible assumptions about the S matrix , which describes what happens when particles of any sort collide, an approach advocated by Werner Heisenberg two decades earlier. The reason the program had any hope of success was because of Crossing physics crossing , the principle that the forces between particles are determined by particle exchange. Once the spectrum of particles is known, the force law is known, and this means that the spectrum is constrained to bound states which form through the action of these forces. The simplest way to solve the consistency condition is to postulate a few elementary particles of spin less than or equal to one, and construct the scattering perturbatively through field theory, but this method does not allow for composite particles of spin greater than 1 and without the then undiscovered phenomenon of confinement , it is naively inconsistent with the observed Regge ... and decays could be thought of as a perturbation. This allowed a bootstrap model with infinitely ... from general consistency conditions and mild assumptions on the spectrum. Many in the bootstrap ..., each with their own S matrix. Without the narrow resonance approximation, the bootstrap program did ... more details
multiple issues cleanup July 2010 context July 2010 lead missing July 2010 notability July 2010 one source July 2010 refimprove July 2010 The Neurathian bootstrap is based on a metaphor Otto Neurath used to describe a philosophy of science . The metaphor is based on a quote from Willard Van Orman Quine Quine s writings in Word and Object We are like sailors who on the open sea must reconstruct their ship but are never able to start afresh from the bottom. Where a beam is taken away a new one must at once be put there, and for this the rest of the ship is used as support. In this way, by using the old beams and driftwood the ship can be shaped entirely anew, but only by gradual reconstruction. Keith Stanovich Stanovich , in his book The Robot s Rebellion , uses this metaphor as an analogy to the recursion recursive nature of revising one s beliefs. ref Stanovich, Keith E. 2004 05 15 . The Robot s Rebellion Finding Meaning in the Age of Darwin 1 ed. . University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226770893. ref A rotten plank on the ship, for instance, might refer to a meme virus or a junk meme i.e., a meme that is either maladaptive to the individual, or serves no beneficial purpose for the realization of an individual s life goals . It may be impossible to bring the ship to shore for repairs, therefore one may stand on planks that are not rotten in order to repair or replace the ones that are. At a later time, the planks previously used for support may be tested by standing on other planks that are not rotten We can conduct certain tests assuming that certain memeplexes e.g., science, logic, rationality are foundational, but at a later time we might want to bring these latter memeplexes into question too. The more comprehensively we have tested our interlocking memeplexes, the more confident we can be that we have not let a meme virus enter into our mindware... pp. 181 In this way, one might proceed to examine and revise their beliefs so as to become more rational. References ... more details
Conceptdab A funding body is an organisation that provides research funding in the form of research grant s or scholarship s. These include Arts council s Research councils for the funding of science . disambig ... more details
Funding Council may refer to Higher Education Funding Council for England , a public body of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills in the United Kingdom Higher Education Funding Council for Wales , an intermediary body in Wales Scottish Funding Council , the body in Scotland that distributes funding from the Scottish Executive to the country s colleges disambig ... more details
Finance sidebar Wholesale funding is a method that banks use in addition to core demand deposits to finance operations and manage risk. Wholesale funding sources include, but are not limited to, Federal funds , public funds such as state and local municipalities , U.S. Federal Home Loan Bank advances, the U.S. Discount window Federal Reserve s primary credit program , foreign deposits, brokered deposits, and deposits obtained through the Internet or CD listing services. ref cite web url http www.fdic.gov regulations safety manual section6 1.html title Management Manual of Examination Policies Sec 6.1 Liquity and Funds Management author Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ref Rationale Although core deposits continue to be a key liability funding source, many insured depository institutions have experienced difficulty attracting core deposits and are increasingly looking to wholesale funding sources to satisfy funding and liability management needs. Liquidity risk Wholesale funding providers are generally sensitive to changes in the credit risk profile of the institutions to which they provide these funds and to the interest rate environment. For instance, such providers closely track the institution s financial condition and may be likely to curtail such funding if other investment opportunities offer more attractive interest rates. As a result, an institution may experience liquidity problems due to lack of wholesale funding availability when needed. See also Bank Interbank lending market References reflist External links http www.fdic.gov regulations safety manual section6 1.html FDIC s Risk Management Manual of Examination Policies Sec 6.1 Liquity and Funds Management http www.theotherschoolofeconomics.org ?p 984 theotherschoolofeconomics.org The Greek crisis as an illustration of the importance of wholesale funding for countries where deposits and savings are structurally low NoMoreLinks PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION ... more details
Wikify date March 2011 DISPLAYTITLE FundingCircle Funding Circle is an online portal which allows savers ... 2010 ref The portal is the first site to use the process of peer to peer lending for business funding ... peer to peer borrowing lending funding circle title Peer to peer lending and saving Making everyone ... October 2011, Funding Circle has facilitated 11.7 million in loans to small firms. ref name ... marketplace offering funding to small businesses.html title Tycoons back online marketplace offering funding to small businesses work The Telegraph accessdate 2011 10 10 author James Hurley date 10 October 2011 ref History Funding Circle is based in the UK and launched August 2010. ref name This is Money ... in funding from Index Ventures in April 2011 ref cite news url http www.telegraph.co.uk finance yourbusiness 8466335 Funding Circle expands its small business lending reach.html title Funding Circle ... that Funding Circle has underwritten and approved for lending. ref cite news url http www.bbc.co.uk ... of invention work The Economist accessdate 2011 03 11 date 30 September 2010 ref Funding Circle ... money 2010 aug 28 peer to peer borrowing lending funding circle title Peer to peer ... then the lender risks losing part of his or her return. To mitigate against this, Funding Circle ... use on businesses. ref name Patrick Collinson Funding Circle also employs the same credit checks that banks ... risk bands A , A and B . If a business defaults, Funding Circle will pursue the business owner ... money 2010 aug 28 peer to peer borrowing lending funding circle title Peer to peer lending ... 18 September 2010 ref In partnership with Zopa and RateSetter, Funding Circle launched a trade body ... to which businesses and at what rate they lend, returns for lenders using Funding Circle vary from ... finance yourbusiness 8815294 Tycoons back online marketplace offering funding to small businesses.html title Tycoons back online marketplace offering funding to small businesses work The Telegraph ... more details
Crowd funding sometimes called crowd financing , crowd sourced capital , or street performer protocol ... or organizations. Crowd funding occurs for any variety of purposes, ref Cite doi 10.1108 09564231111155079 ... journalism to artists seeking support from fans, to political campaigns, to funding a startup company or small business ref cite web title 1st paragraph Crowd funding Pbworks url http crowdfunding.pbworks.com ... free software . History The crowd funding approach has long precedents in the sphere of charity ... supporters at very low cost. One of the pioneers of crowd funding in the music industry Citation needed .... Marillion has later used crowd funding with great success as a method to fund the recording and marketing ... for Album 15 ref Crowd funding in the film industry was pioneered by French entrepreneurs and producers ... mashable.com 2011 01 17 kickstarter crowd funding infographic ref to fund their film, Demain la Veille .... It was the first structured Internet based crowd funding initiative, involving a dedicated financing ... embedded title Age of Stupid Making Of Crowd Funding launch, Dec 2004 ref Its team, headed up by Franny ... worked at very low wages but also received crowd funding shares . Under the terms of the crowd funding ... Age of Stupid loan agreement ref The Cosmonaut is another landmark example of crowd funding in the film ..., the film has raised a total sum of 300,000 by means of crowd funding, making it one of the most ambitious projects to this day. Crowd funding s earliest known citation Citation needed date July 2010 was by Michael Sullivan in fundavlog on August 12, 2006 Many things are important factors, but funding from the crowd is the base of which all else depends on and is built on. So, crowd funding is an accurate ... Some Who date July 2010 advocate that crowd funding does not include investments, and only ... a future stake or monetary reward of any kind. MediaWave debates whether or not crowd funding should be considered an investment Crowd funding definition may however be restricted to pooling ... more details
Refimprove date February 2007 Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific ... funding obtained through a competitive process, in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding. Such processes, which are run by government, corporations or foundations, allocate scarce funds. Total research funding in most developed country developed ... Indicators 2008 50.8 KB ref . Funding sources Most research funding comes from two major sources ... funding for medical research amounts to approximately 36 OF WHAT?? in the U.S. The government funding proportion in certain industries is higher, and it dominates research in social science and humanities ... researchers outside the government. Critics of basic research are concerned that research funding ... the scope of isolated private researchers. Privately funded research Funding of research by private ... in funding basic research by companies such as IBM high temperature supraconductivity was High ... genomics researchers that a simple efficiency comparison for such programs is not apt. Much of the funding ... allowed the sequencing of a higher percentage of the genome. Research funding process Often research funding is applied for by scientists and approved by a granting agency to financially support research ... Gonzales, Evelina Garza, External Funding and Tenure at Texas State University San Marcos 2009 . Texas ... a professional, collegial, and respected community. Funding influence on research A 2005 study ... funding source. In a contemporary study published in the New England Journal of Medicine ... List of funding opportunity databases References references Lowry, Peggy 2006 Assessing the Sponsored ... last Washburn title Science s Worst Enemy Corporate Funding url http discovermagazine.com 2007 oct sciences worst enemy private funding publisher Discover magazine DISCOVER Magazine date 2007 10 11 ... how to guides how to get funding How to get funding, from Science Careers, from the Journal Science ... more details
Notability date February 2010 File US Navy 100301 N 6999H 029 Culinary Specialist 1st Class Henry Evans, left, and Utilitiesman 1st Class Doak Walker erect thermometer sign.jpg thumb right 200px Culinary Specialist 1st Class Henry Evans, left, and Utilitiesman 1st Class Doak Walker erect the thermometer sign marking the start of the Navy and Marine Corps Relief Society fund drive at the Naval Weapons Station Charleston headquarters building. A funding thermometer is a classic type of graphic used to indicate how close a fundraising drive is to its goal. Commonscat inline Category Infographics ... more details
Equity Funding Corporation of America was a Los Angeles based U.S. financial conglomerate company conglomerate that marketed a package of mutual funds and life insurance to private individuals in the 1960s and 70s. It collapsed in scandal in 1973 after ex employee Ronald Secrist and securities analyst Ray Dirks blew the whistle on massive accounting fraud , including a computer system dedicated exclusively to creating and maintaining fictitious insurance policies. Investigation found that from 1964 onward, as many as 100 company employees had engaged in organized deception of investors, auditors, reinsurance reinsurers and regulatory authorities. An important sidelight was the filing of insider trading charges against whistleblower Dirks. The ensuing case of Raymond L. Dirks v. Securities and Exchange Commission went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court where Dirks was finally acquitted. The case has been termed historic in helping to define insider trading, as well as the treatment of whistleblowers, analysts and the press. See also History of information technology auditing References The Great Wall Street Scandal. By Raymond L. Dirks and Leonard Gross. New York McGraw Hill Book Company, 1974. The Impossible Dream The Equity Funding Story The Fraud of the Century. By Ronald L. Soble and Robert E. Dallos. New York G. P. Putnam s Sons, 1975. External links imdb title id 0074206 title Billion Dollar Bubble &mdash the Equity Funding scandal retold in the form of a movie starring James Woods in the role of the actuary Category Fraud Category Financial scandals Category Defunct financial services companies of the United States Category Corporate crime Category 1973 crimes in the United States ... more details
Infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Funding Evil How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It image Image Funding evil 1st ed.jpg 200px image caption Cover of the first edition of Funding Evil author Rachel Ehrenfeld country United States of America language English language English genre current affairs news format Current affairs publisher Bonus Books release date 23 August 2003 media type pages 267 isbn 1566251966 dewey 363.32 22 congress HV6431 .E394 2003 oclc 52757507 Funding Evil How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It is a book written by counterterrorism researcher Dr. Rachel Ehrenfeld , director of the http www.public integrity.org American Center for Democracy and the Economic Warfare Institute. It was published by Bonus Books of Los Angeles, California in August 2003. Content Ehrenfeld argues in the book that international networks are used by terrorist groups to finance terrorist activity worldwide. She describes the activities of individuals, various charities, banks, drug trafficking networks, money laundering schemes and bribed officials, documenting the involvement of specific groups, organizations and individuals of being ... that the international community should take stronger action against terrorist funding, including ..., http www.bonusbooks.com reviewpage.asp?ReviewID 61 In Review Funding Evil How Terrorism is Financed ... to the inescapable conclusion that the West is funding its own destruction, not only in allowing its ... thumb Cover of the second edition of Funding Evil , updated to reflect the libel case, saying the book ... of Mahfouz s lawsuit were also noted by the court. A second edition of Funding Evil was published ... s description of Funding Evil http www.frontpagemag.com articles Read.aspx?GUID 7B9B1C8140 5550 ... faqs 4.html Information from the bin Mahfouz family on the Funding Evil litigation http www.ny.gov governor ... First Amendment case law Category United States defamation case law Category Funding of terrorism ... more details
The terms funding bias , sponsorship bias , funding outcome bias , or funding publication bias refer to an observed tendency of the conclusion of a scientific research study to support the interests of the study s financial sponsor. This phenomenon is recognized sufficiently that researchers undertake studies to examine bias in past published studies. Funding bias is an instance of experimenter s bias . Causes Human nature The psychology text Influence Science and Practice describes the act of Reciprocity social psychology reciprocity as a trait in which a person feels obliged to return favors. This trait is embodied in all human cultures. Human nature may influence even the most ethical researchers to be affected by their sponsors, although they may genuinely deny it. ref cite book author Cialdini, Robert B title Influence Science and Practice 5th ed publisher Prentice Hall date 2008 08 08 isbn 978 0205609994 ref Misconduct main scientific misconduct Scientific malpractice involving shoddy research or data manipulation does occur in rare instances. Often, however, the quality of manufacturers studies are at least as good as studies that were not funded by a special interest. ref name washingtonpost cite news author David Michaels title It s Not the Answers That Are Biased, It s the Questions url http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2008 07 14 AR2008071402145.html newspaper The Washington Post date 2008 07 15 ref Therefore, bias usually occurs for other reasons. Predetermined conclusion Research results can be selected or discarded to support a predetermined conclusion. The tobacco industry , for example, would publish their own internal research that invariably ... bias main publication bias Scientist researcher Anders Sandberg writes that funding bias may ... Research into smoking or nicotine and human cognitive performance does the source of funding make ... title Source of Funding and Results of Studies of Health Effects of Mobile Phone Use Systematic ... more details
McGraw filed suit today against Blue Hippo Funding ref A class action lawsuit was filed against ... links http www.bluehippo.com BlueHippo Funding offline as of December 11, 2009 http www.thebostonchannel.com ... TV , Tyler, Texas DEFAULTSORT Bluehippo Funding Category Financial services companies of the United ... more details
Hezbollah The funding of Hezbollah partly occurs through donations. Lebanese Shias often make zakat contributions directly after prayers, leaving change in the two handed Hezbollah collection tins. Also Hezbollah receives financial and political assistance, as well as weapons and training, from the Islamic Republic of Iran . ref name irinnews52494 cite web url http www.irinnews.org report.asp?ReportID 52494&SelectRegion Middle East title LEBANON The many hands and faces of Hezbollah author UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs date 2006 03 29 accessdate 2006 08 17 ref ref name WPBestGuerrilla cite news author Edward Cody and Molly Moore date 2006 08 14 url http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2006 08 13 AR2006081300719.html?nav rss world title The Best Guerrilla Force in the World publisher The Washington Post ref The US estimates that Iran was giving Hezbollah about 60 100 million per year in financial assistance but that assistance declined as other funding was secured, primarily from South America . ref cite web url http www.meib.org articles 0201 l2.htm title Hezbollah s Global Finance Network The Triple Frontier accessdate 2006 08 07 date January, 2002 ref ref CNN, November 7, 2001 http archives.cnn.com 2001 WORLD americas 11 07 inv.terror.south index.html Sources Terrorists find haven in South America Accessed August 17, 2006 ref Some estimates of Iran s aid are as high as 200 million annually. ref name wpa12336 Washington Post, December 20 ... Hezbollah Accessed August 8, 2006 ref Monetary funding Mohammed Raad, at one time leader of Loyalty ... ref Other sources of Hezbollah funding became evident during a review of the Lebanese Mexican smuggling ... funding with the heroin trade and reportedly the smuggling of rare or precious items or materials. ref ... funding Hezbollah has also received Iranian supplied weaponry, including 11,500 missiles already ... Network The Triple Frontier DEFAULTSORT Funding Of Hezbollah Category Hezbollah es Fundaci n de ... more details
ref improve date January 2012 The bootstrap paradox is a paradox of time travel in which information ... book author Matt Visser coauthors title Lorentzian wormholes year 1995 publisher page quote Bootstrap paradoxes. A second class of logical paradoxes ... What is more disturbing is that perturbing a bootstrap paradox can give rise to a consistency paradox. ... This is a bootstrap paradox. Now perturb the bootstrap paradox It would seem that I my present self could make a determined ... url http books.google.com books?id Zo vAAAAMAAJ&q Bootstrap paradox&dq Bootstrap paradox&hl en&ei aHunTrGLMqTn0QG7q5inDg ... collection of all bootstrap paradoxes. Literature NOTE Please be careful not to include a predestination paradox as a bootstrap paradox. They are very similar, but not the same ... and the second an even older future self trying to prevent the loop from occurring. The bootstrap ... to exist. Film NOTE Please be careful not to include a predestination paradox as a bootstrap paradox ... what he s talking about. Rufus himself never tells them his name. Bootstrap paradoxes are frequently ... is in and of itself a bootstrap paradox. In the movie Terminator 3 Rise of the Machines , the Terminator ... a predestination paradox as a bootstrap paradox. They are very similar, but not the same ... the line in a future work. The true origin of these lines form a bootstrap paradox with the exception ... the message later. The contents of the conversation form a bootstrap paradox. The Doctor explains ... item bootstrap paradox twice, once when leaving his sonic screwdriver with Rory 2,000 years ... Squidward knew this from the present day version of SpongeBob and Patrick, the Jellyfishing is a bootstrap ... The wealth of billionaire David Xanatos is based on a bootstrap paradox. On his twenty first birthday ... later. While the letter itself is not a bootstrap paradox, the written text of the letter, and the information ... until then that it existed. The knowledge of the mole is thus the subject of the bootstrap paradox ... more details
The Universities Funding Council was a UK body established under the Education Reform Act 1988 replacing the University Grants Committee UK University Grants Committee . It distributed funds provided by central government to universities for the provision of education and the undertaking of research. It was wound up by the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 which replaced its function by the Higher Education Funding Council for England , the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales and the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council . Category Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom UK org stub ... more details
Summary Information Description Test logo of Skills Funding Agency Source http www.skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk Date April 2010 Author Skills Funding Agency Permission other versions Licensing PD text trademark Copy to Wikimedia Commons priority true ... more details
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