wiktionary bipolarBipolar may refer to tocright Medicine Bipolar cell Bipolar cell of the retina Bipolar disorder Bipolar I disorder Bipolar II disorder Bipolar NOS Bipolar spectrum Astronomy Bipolar nebula , a two lobed, axially symmetric nebula Bipolar outflow , outflow of ejected materials from both poles of a star Engineering Bipolar electricity transmission Bipolar encoding Bipolar electric motor Bi Polar locomotive , a locomotive using a bipolar electric motor Bipolar signal Bipolar violation Transistors Bipolar junction transistor BJT Heterojunction bipolar transistor HBT Insulated gate bipolar transistor IGBT Mathematics Bipolar coordinates , a type of orthogonal coordinates based on the Apollonian circles Polar set , sometimes called a bipolar set, is the polar of a polar set Political science Polarity in international relations Bipolarity Bipolarity A situation in which two states have the majority of economic, military, and cultural influence internationally or regionally Music Bi Polar Vanilla Ice album Bipolar Up Dharma Down album Bipolar El Cuarteto de Nos album disambig ca Bipolar da Bipolaritet de Bipolar fr Bipolaire ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In telecommunication , a bipolar signal is a Signaling telecommunication signal that may assume either of two polarities, neither of which is zero. A bipolar signal may have a two state non return to zero NRZ or a three state return to zero RZ binary coding scheme. A bipolar signal is usually symmetrical with respect to zero amplitude, i.e., the absolute values of the positive and negative signal states are nominally equal. DEFAULTSORT Bipolar Signal Category Telecommunications terms Telecomm term stub ... more details
Infobox disease Name Bipolar disorder NOS ICD10 http apps.who.int classifications apps icd icd10online ?gf30.htm f31 f31.9 ICD9 ICD9 296.80 ICD9 ICD9 296.9 Bipolar disorder NOS Not Otherwise Specified is a diagnosis for bipolar disorder BD when it does not fall within the other established sub types ... types of bipolar are part of the bipolar spectrum . Bipolar NOS is described as drastic changes in mood ... symptoms during childhood. Bipolar NOS occurs in roughly 2.4 of those who have Bipolar Disorder. ref cite web first Lindsay title Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified NOS url http www.depressionforums.org articles 115 1 Bipolar Disorder NOS Page1.html accessdate 10 2 2011 ref Bipolar NOS is listed ... to affect 2.4 of the population, more than bipolar I and bipolar II combined. ref Merikangas KR, et al. Lifetime and 12 Month Prevalence of Bipolar Spectrum Disorder in the National Comorbidity .... May 2007 64 . ref Bipolar Disorder, Nos can be used as a precautionary diagnosis when an individual shows various symptoms of Bipolar disorder. A physician will document these behaviors simply ... 1 2011 ref Nomenclature Bipolar disorder is sometimes referred to as manic depression, though the former term is now more common. ref name What is bipolar disorder?? cite web title What is bipolar disorder? url http www.medicinenet.com bipolar disorder article.htm accessdate 22 November 2011 ref Bipolar disorder NOS is sometimes referred to as subthreshold bipolar disorder. ref name International Impact of Bipolar Disorder Highlights Need for Recognition and Better Treatment Availability cite web title International Impact of Bipolar Disorder Highlights Need for Recognition and Better Treatment Availability url http www.nimh.nih.gov science news 2011 international impact of bipolar disorder ... ref See also National Institute of Mental Health http www.nih.gov news pr may2007 nimh 07.htm Bipolar ... mood disorders Mental and behavioral disorders Category Bipolar disorder Category Bipolar spectrum ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Bipolar neuron Latin neuron bipolare GraySubject 183 GrayPage 722 Image Gray625.png Caption Bipolar nerve cell from the spinal ganglion of the pike. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 18 DorlandsSuf 12222719 Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 06.1.00050 A bipolar cell is a type of neuron which has two extensions. Bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions. Common examples are the bipolar cell of the retina , the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve , ref eMedicineDictionary Bipolar cell ref and the extensive use of bipolar cells to transmit Efferent nerve fiber efferent motor signals to control muscles. Bipolar cells are also found in the spinal ganglia , when the cells are in an embryo nic condition. Sometimes the extensions, also called Process anatomy processes , come off from opposite poles of the cell, and the cell then assumes a spindle shape in other cells both processes emerge at the same point. In some cases where two fibers are apparently connected with a cell, one of the fibers is really derived from an adjoining nerve cell and is passing to end in a ramification around the ganglion cell, or, again, it may be coiled spirally around the nerve process which is issuing from the cell. See also Interneuron Unipolar neuron Multipolar neuron Bipolar cell of the retina References Reflist External links http static.howstuffworks.com gif brain neuron types.gif Diagram at howstuffworks.com Gray s Nervous tissue DEFAULTSORT Bipolar Cell Category Neurons de Bipolare Zellen es C lula bipolar ru ... more details
Merge to Bipolar disorder date August 2010 The bipolar spectrum BS refers to a category of mood disorders that feature abnormally elevated or depressed mood. These disorders range from bipolar I disorder , featuring full blown manic episodes, to cyclothymia , featuring less prominent hypomanic episodes, to subsyndromal conditions where only some of the criteria for mania or hypomania are met. These disorders typically also involve depressive symptoms or episodes that alternate with the elevated mood states, or with mixed episodes that feature symptoms of both. ref cite book last first authorlink coauthors title Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Text Revision publisher American Psychiatric Association date location pages 2000 url doi id isbn ref The concept of the bipolar spectrum disorder spectrum is similar to that of Emil Kraepelin s original concept of manic depressive illness. ref http www.medscape.com viewarticle 441617 Across the Bipolar Spectrum From Practice to Research ref Currently, manic depressive illness is usually referred to as bipolar disorder or bipolar. Referential nomenclature A simple nomenclature system was introduced in 1978 by Angst, J., et al., to classify more easily individuals affectedness within the spectrum, following a clinical study by the Psychiatric University Clinic of Z rich . ref cite journal last1 Angst first1 J last2 Felder first2 W last3 Frey first3 R last4 Stassen first4 HH title The course of affective disorders. I. Change of diagnosis of monopolar, unipolar, and bipolar illness. journal Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten volume 226 issue 1 pages 57 64 year 1978 pmid 708227 ref Points on the spectrum ... in the first three decades of life, Katja Beesdo et al.,Bipolar Disorders Volume 11 Issue .... References Reflist Bipolar disorder DEFAULTSORT Bipolar spectrum Category Bipolar spectrum es Espectro bipolar pt Espectro bipolar ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A bipolar violation , bipolarity violation , or BPV , is a violation of the bipolar encoding rules where two Pulse signal processing pulse s of the same polarity physics polarity occur without an intervening pulse of the opposite polarity. This indicates an Error Telecommunication error in the Transmission telecommunications transmission of the signal. T carrier and E carrier signals are transmitted using a scheme called bipolar encoding, a.k.a. Alternate Mark Inversion AMI , where a ONE is represented by a pulse, and a ZERO is represented by no pulse. Pulses which represent ones always alternate in polarity, so that if, for example two positive pulses are received in succession, the receiver knows that an error occurred a violation in that one or more bits were either added or deleted from the original signal. Reliable transmission of data using this scheme requires a regular stream of pulses too many zero bits in succession can cause a loss of synchronization between transmitter and receiver. To ensure that this is always present, there exist a number of modified AMI code s which use judiciously placed bipolar violations to encode long String computer science string s of consecutive zeroes. DEFAULTSORT Bipolar Violation Category Error detection and correction Category Line codes Telecomm stub ... more details
File Boomerang HST big.jpg thumb left 200px The Boomerang Nebula is an excellent example of a bipolar outflow. Image credit NASA, STScI. A bipolar outflow represents two continuous flows of gas from the poles of a star. Bipolar outflows may be associated with protostar s young, forming stars , or with evolved post AGB stars often in the form of bipolar nebula e . In the case of a young star, the bipolar outflow is driven by a dense, collimated jet. ref Reipurth The jet is narrower than the outflow and very difficult to observe directly. However, supersonic shock fronts along the jet heat the gas in and around the jet to thousands of degrees. These pockets of hot gas radiate at infrared wavelengths and thus can be detected with telescopes like the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope UKIRT . They often appear as discrete knots or arcs along the beam of the jet. They are usually called molecular bow shocks, since the knots are usually curved like the bow wave at the front of a ship. Typically, molecular bow shocks are observed in Rovibrational coupling ro vibrational emission from hot molecular hydrogen. These objects are known as molecular hydrogen emission line objects, or MHOs. Bipolar ... telescopes like the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope , though other trace molecules can be used. Bipolar ... shocks are thought to sweep up or entrain dense gas from the surrounding cloud to form the bipolar ... to be associated with bipolar outflows. The presence of a bipolar outflow shows that the central star ... never form. Bipolar outflows from evolved stars probably start out as spherically symmetric winds called ... understood. ref Kwok The bipolar outflows from post AGB stars eventually grow to form a planetary nebula . In both cases, bipolar outflows consist largely of molecular gas. They can travel at tens or possibly ... in length. Image DR 21 col.jpg thumb left 400px Infrared image of a bipolar outflow. The outflow is driven ... of Planetary Nebulae , Cambridge Astrophysics Series, Cambridge University press. See also Bipolar ... more details
Cleanup date August 2007 See also two center bipolar coordinates File Bipolar isosurfaces.png thumb right 350px Bipolar coordinate system Bipolar coordinates are a two dimensional orthogonal coordinates orthogonal coordinate system . There are two commonly defined types of bipolar coordinates. ref name bip http bbs.sachina.pku.edu.cn Stat Math World math b b233.htm Eric W. Weisstein, Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics CD ROM , Bipolar Coordinates , CD ROM edition 1.0, May 20, 1999 Bot generated title ref The other system is two center bipolar coordinates . There is also a third coordinate system ... 0 and a , 0 , respectively, on the x axis of a Cartesian coordinate system . Bipolar coordinates form the basis for several sets of three dimensional orthogonal coordinates . The bipolar cylindrical ... by rotating the bipolar coordinates about the math x math axis, i.e., the axis connecting the foci, whereas the toroidal coordinates are produced by rotating the bipolar coordinates about the y axis, i.e., the axis separating the foci. The classic applications of bipolar coordinates are in solving ... bipolar coordinates allow a separation of variables pde separation of variables . A typical example would be the electric field surrounding two parallel cylindrical conductors. The term bipolar is sometimes ... s, and Cassini oval s. However, the term bipolar coordinates is reserved for the coordinates described ... coordinates . File Bipolar coordinates.png thumb right 350px Geometric interpretation of the bipolar ... common definition of bipolar coordinates , is math x a frac sinh tau cosh tau cos sigma ... of constant and File Bipolar sigma isosurfaces.png right 280px File Bipolar tau isosurfaces.png ... factors The scale factors for the bipolar coordinates , are equal math h sigma h tau frac ... isbn 9789024728770 page 497 ref H. Bateman Spheroidal and bipolar coordinates , Duke Mathematical Journal 4 1938 , no. 1, 39 50 Lockwood, E. H. Bipolar Coordinates. Chapter 25 in A Book of Curves ... more details
File bipolar electrochemistry scheme2.jpg thumb Bipolar electrochemistry concept Bipolar electrochemistry is a phenomenon based on the polarization of conducing objects in electric field s. Indeed, this polarization generates a potential difference between the two extremities of the substrate that is equal to the electric field value multiplied by the size of the object. If this potential difference is important enough, then redox reactions can be generated at the extremities of the object, oxidations will occur at one extremity coupled simultaneously to reductions at the other extremity. ref cite journal author G. Loget, A. Kuhn journal Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry doi 10.1007 s00216 011 4862 1 title Shaping and exploring the micro and nanoworld using bipolar electrochemistry year 2011 volume 400 issue 6 pages 1691 ref ref cite journal doi 10.1021 ac101262v title Feature Bipolar Electrodes A Useful Tool for Concentration, Separation, and Detection of Analytes in Microelectrochemical Systems author F. Mavr , R. K. Anand, D. R. Laws, K. F. Chow, B. Y. Chang, J. A. Crooks, R. M. Crooks journal Anal. Chem. year 2010 volume 82 issue 21 pages 8766 ref Utilisations The phenomenon of bipolar electrochemistry is known for several tenths of years and is used in industry in some electrolytic ... sized bipolar electrodes. ref cite journal doi 10.1021 j100281a065 author M. Fleischmann, J ..., A. Kuhn journal Nano Lett. title Dissymmetric Carbon Nanotubes by Bipolar Electrochemistry year 2008 ... Platform Based on Electrodissolution of a Ag Bipolar Electrode year 2010 volume 132 issue 27 pages ... bipolar electrode year 2009 volume 9 issue 13 pages 1903 ref ref cite journal doi 10.1021 ac801871c ... Density Distributions at Electrodes Intended for Bipolar Patterning year 2009 volume 81 pages ... journal Langmuir title Display of Solid State Materials Using Bipolar Electrochemistry year 2010 volume .... title Propulsion of Microobjects by Dynamic Bipolar Self Regeneration year 2010 volume 132 issue ... more details
Image Ami encoding.svg thumb right 360px An example of bipolar encoding, or AMI Alternate mark inversion . In telecommunication, bipolar encoding is a type of line code a method of encoding digital information to make it resistant to certain forms of signal loss during transmission . A duobinary signal is such an encoding. Advantages A binary 0 is encoded as zero volts as in unipolar encoding . A binary 1 is encoded alternately as a positive voltage and a negative voltage. This prevents a significant build up of Direct current DC , as the positive and negative pulses average to zero volts. Little or no DC component is considered an advantage because the cable may then be used for longer distances and to carry power for intermediate equipment such as line repeater s. ref name digitallink http www.stromcarlson.com docs basics t1svcfund.pdf T1 Fundamentals , Revision 1.0, dated 23 January 1997, by Digital Link, retrieved on 25 January 2007 ref The DC component can be easily and cheaply removed before the signal reaches the decoding circuitry. Bipolar encoding is preferable to non return to zero where signal transitions are required to maintain synchronization between the transmitter and receiver. Other systems must synchronize using some form of out of band communication, or add frame synchronization sequences that don t carry data to the signal. These alternative approaches require either an additional transmission medium for the clock signal or a loss of performance due to overhead, respectively. A bipolar encoding is an often good compromise runs of ones will not cause a lack of transitions, however long sequences of zeroes are still an issue. Long sequences of zero bits result ... ref Error detection Another benefit of bipolar encoding compared to unipolar is error detection . In the T carrier example, the bipolar signals are regenerated at regular intervals so that signals diminished ... single bit error results in a violation of the bipolar rule. Each such bipolar violation BPV is an indication ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Bipolar and Proud Type studio Artist Cledus T. Judd Cover Bipolarandproud.jpg Released Start date 2004 08 24 Genre country music Country , parody music parody Length Label Koch Entertainment LP Audium Koch Producer Cledus T. Judd Br Chris P. Cream Clark Last album The Original Dixie Hick br 2003 This album Bipolar and Proud br 2004 Next album Boogity, Boogity A Tribute to the Comedic Genius of Ray Stevens br 2007 Bipolar and Proud is a 2004 album released by country music parodist Cledus T. Judd . The album was originally slated to be named Cledus Gone Wild , but was changed at the last minute. This album also produced his highest chart single in I Love NASCAR , which charted at 48 on the Hot Country Songs charts. David Jefferies of Allmusic rated the album three and a half stars out of five, saying that most of the tracks were funny, but criticizing Is Funny . ref cite web url http www.allmusic.com album r700691 title Bipolar and Proud review last Jefferies first David work Allmusic accessdate 9 May 2011 ref It is also an enhanced CD, featuring the video for the song I Love NASCAR . Track listing Original content on parody songs written by Cledus T. Judd and Chris Clark, except Bake Me a Country Ham , parody lyrics by Corey Lee Barker and Lee Gibson. Composers of original songs as listed. I Love NASCAR 4 07 parody of I Love This Bar by Toby Keith feat. Toby Keith Hell No 4 22 parody of Hell Yeah Montgomery Gentry song Hell Yeah by Montgomery Gentry One Jack Off Judd, Clark, Paula Taylor 3 41 original song Paycheck Woman 3 21 parody of Redneck Woman by Gretchen Wilson Bake Me a Country Ham 3 44 parody of Paint Me a Birmingham by Tracy Lawrence I m Going Ugly Early Tonight Brent Burns, Bill Whyte, Pete Hourihan 3 03 original ... Bipolar and Proud artist Cledus T. Judd year 2004 format CD insert publisher Koch Records publisherid ... Bipolar And Proud Category 2004 albums Category Cledus T. Judd albums Category E1 Music albums ... more details
A Butterfly Shaped Planetary Nebula Bot generated title ref References reflist 2 See also Bipolar outflow Stellar evolution Use dmy dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Bipolar Nebula Category Nebulae es Nebulosa bipolar fr N buleuse bipolaire it Nebulosa bipolare pt Nebulosa bipolar tr ift kutuplu ... more details
saved book title Bipolar Disorder subtitle cover image The Scream.jpg cover color black Bipolar Disorder Overview Bipolar disorder History History of bipolar disorder Emil Kraepelin Karl Leonhard John Cade Mogens Schou Frederick K. Goodwin Kay Redfield Jamison Symptoms Hallucination Delusion Emotional dysregulation Anhedonia Dysphoria Suicidal ideation Sleep disorder Hypersomnia Insomnia Psychosis Racing thoughts Bipolar spectrum Bipolar spectrum Bipolar I disorder Bipolar I Bipolar II disorder Bipolar II Cyclothymia Dysthymia Major depressive disorder Schizoaffective disorder Mania Mixed state psychiatry Mixed state Hypomania Major depressive episode Treatment Treatment of bipolar disorder Mood stabilizer s Anticonvulsant s Carbamazepine Gabapentin Lamotrigine Oxcarbazepine Topiramate Valproic acid Sodium valproate Valproate semisodium Lithium medication Lithium pharmacology Lithium carbonate Lithium citrate Lithium sulfate Antipsychotic s Non pharmaceutical treatment Clinical psychology Electroconvulsive therapy Involuntary commitment Light therapy Psychotherapy Transcranial magnetic stimulation Related subjects Affective spectrum List of people with bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder in children Organisations International Society for Bipolar Disorders Icarus Project Category Wikipedia books on health Category Bipolar disorder ... more details
Infobox disease Name Bipolar I disorder Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 296.7 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Bipolar I disorder is a mood disorder that is characterized ... depressive episode major depression as well. ref name Bipolar Disorder Who s at Risk? cite web title Bipolar Disorder Who s at Risk? url http www.webmd.com bipolar disorder guide bipolar disorder whos at risk accessdate 22 November 2011 ref It is a sub diagnosis of bipolar disorder , and conforms to the classic concept of manic depressive illness. ref name What are the types of bipolar disorder? cite web title What are the types of bipolar disorder? url http www.medicinenet.com bipolar disorder ... of bipolar I disorder is a clinical course characterized by the occurrence of one or more manic episodes ... to a general medical condition need to be excluded before a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder can be made ... 296.0x Bipolar I disorder Single manic episode. 296.40 Bipolar I disorder Most recent episode hypomanic 296.4x Bipolar I disorder Most recent episode manic 296.6x Bipolar I disorder Most recent episode mixed 296.5x Bipolar I disorder Most recent episode depressed 296.7 Bipolar I disorder Most ... to rule out or identify a somatic cause for bipolar I symptoms. These tests can include ultrasound ... of bipolar disorder, but it has a narrow therapeutic range and typically requires monitoring ... reduce the effects of risky behavior during the manic phase. ICD 10 diagnostic criteria F31 Bipolar Affective Disorder F31.6 Bipolar Affective Disorder, Current Episode Mixed F30 Manic Episode F30.0 Hypomania ... See also Bipolar disorder Bipolar disorders research Bipolar II disorder Bipolar NOS Bipolar spectrum Cyclothymia Borderline personality disorder Creativity and bipolar disorder DSM IV Codes Bipolar disorders Detailed listing of DSM IV TR bipolar disorder diagnostics codes Emotional dysregulation International Society for Bipolar Disorders List of people believed to have been affected by bipolar ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 primarysources date June 2008 MDF The Bipolar Organisation was established in 1983 as the Manic Depression Fellowship to enable people affected by bipolar disorder to take control of their lives. They are unique in being the only organisation specialising in support for bipolar disorder and are one of the largest user led organisations in the mental health sector, with 5,000 members. Over 20,000 people benefit from their services each year. These include a national network of 130 support groups in England and Wales, an interactive website, a legal advice line, information and publications, travel insurance and life assurance, and self management for people with bipolar disorder. They also campaign for more research into the causes of bipolar disorder and its treatment, and dispel the fear and stigma surrounding this condition and mental ill health in general. External links Official http www.mdf.org.uk Category Medical and health organizations by medical condition Category Bipolar disorder ... more details
Medref refimprove date April 2011 Contradict other Lamotrigine date June 2011 Infobox disease Name Bipolar ... eMedicineTopic MeshID Bipolar II disorder is a bipolar spectrum disorder characterized by at least ... Bipolar Disorder cite web title WebMD Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder url http www.webmd.com bipolar disorder guide rapid cycling bipolar disorder accessdate 22 November 2011 ref ref name WebMD Bipolar II cite web title WebMD Bipolar II url http www.webmd.com bipolar disorder guide bipolar 2 disorder accessdate 22 November 2011 ref People with bipolar disorder type II have never experienced ... to but not as extreme as mania. The hypomanic episodes associated with bipolar II disorder must last .... ref cite web title Bipolar disorder url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmedhealth PMH0001924 ref ..., or at home. People with Bipolar Disorder may be depressed or irritable and violent. ref name National Institute of Mental Health cite web title Bipolar Disorder url http www.nimh.nih.gov health publications bipolar disorder complete index.shtml work National Institute of Mental Health publisher US Department of Health and Human Services accessdate 30 September 2011 ref Bipolar II is believed to be under ... WebMD Bipolar II Those with bipolar II are at highest risk of suicide among the bipolar spectrum. ref ... pmid 10550861 title Bipolar II disorder and suicidal behavior publisher Psychiatric Clinics of North America ref Hypomania in bipolar II may manifest itself in disorganized racing thoughts, irritability ... and negative symptoms negative , it may be difficult to distinguish a bipolar II hypomanic state ... in bipolar II hypomania. Mixed States and or Rapid Cycling may also be present. ref name WebMD Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder ref name Bipolar Disorder Who s at Risk? cite web title Bipolar Disorder Who s at Risk? url http www.webmd.com bipolar disorder guide bipolar disorder whos at risk accessdate ... Vijaya title Bipolar II Disorder Modelling, Measuring, and Managing year 2008 publisher Cambridge ... more details
The Maudsley Bipolar Twin Study is an ongoing twin study of bipolar disorder running at the Institute of Psychiatry , London since 2003. The study is investigating possible differences between people with a Bipolar disorder Diagnosis diagnosis of bipolar disorder and people without the diagnosis. In particular it is investigating difference in cognition and Brain brain structure function . The Maudsley Study of Bipolar Disorder investigates different aspects of thinking, such as memory and attention, in twins with and without bipolar disorder. The tasks participants complete involve defining words and solving different kinds of problems. With adequate numbers of twins participating in the study, the hope is to understand any differences between these two groups. The eventual aim is to increase understanding of this complex mood disorder and to enhance future therapies for it. References cite journal author Cardno AG, Rijsdijk FV, Sham PC, Murray RM, McGuffin P title A twin study of genetic relationships between psychotic symptoms journal Am J Psychiatry volume 159 issue 4 pages 539 45 year 2002 month April pmid 11925290 doi 10.1176 appi.ajp.159.4.539 url http ajp.psychiatryonline.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11925290 cite journal author Cardno AG, Marshall EJ, Coid B, et al. title Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders the Maudsley twin psychosis series journal Arch. Gen. Psychiatry volume 56 issue 2 pages 162 8 year 1999 month February pmid 10025441 doi 10.1001 archpsyc.56.2.162 url http archpsyc.ama assn.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 10025441 External links http www.iop.kcl.ac.uk twinstudy Maudsley Bipolar Twin Study Category Medical research Category Research projects Category Genetics Category Twin studies Category 2000s in science Category Bipolar disorder med stub ... more details
orphan date January 2010 Narrow bipolar pulses are high energy, high altitude , intra cloud electricity electrical discharges associated with thunderstorm s. NBP are similar to other forms of lightning such as return strokes and K changes, but produce an optical emission of at least an order of magnitude smaller. They typically occur in the 10 20 km altitude range and can emit a power on the order of a few hundred gigawatts. They produce far field asymmetric bipolar electric field change signatures called narrow bipolar events . Image NarrowBipolarEvent2.png right Narrow Bipolar Event Electric Field V m versus time microseconds 480x336px References 1 M.A. Uman et al., The Electromagnetic Radiation from a Finite Antenna, AJP Vol. 43, 1975. 2 A.V. Gurevich, K.P. Zybin, Runaway Breakdown and the Mysteries of Lightning, Physics Today 37 43, 2005. 3 K. B. Eack, Electrical characteristics of narrow bipolar events, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, 2004. 4 R. Thottappillil, Distribution of charge along the lightning channel Relation to remote electric and magnetic fields and to return stroke models, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 102, 1997. Category Electrical phenomena physics stub ... more details
Infobox neuron neuron name Retinal Bipolar Cells image neuron Fig retine.png caption neuron Retina . Bipolar ... Glutamate morphology bipolar afferents Rod cell Rods , Cone cell cones and Horizontal cell Horizontal ... Bipolar Cell NeuroLexID nifext 31 As a part of the retina , the bipolar cell exists between photoreceptor .... Overview Bipolar cells are so named as they have a central body from which two sets of processes arise ... cell s. The bipolar cells then transmit the signals from the photoreceptors or the horizontal ... neurons, bipolar cells communicate via Membrane potential graded potentials , rather than action potentials . Specification Bipolar cells receive synaptic input from either rods or cones, but not both, and they are designated rod bipolar or cone bipolar cells respectively. There are roughly 10 distinct forms of cone bipolar cells, however, only one rod bipolar cell, due to the rod receptor arriving ... cell will release glutamate, which inhibits hyperpolarizes the ON bipolar cells and excites depolarizes the OFF bipolar cells. In light, however, light strikes the photoreceptor which causes the photoreceptor ... to be released. This causes the ON bipolar cell to lose its inhibition and become active depolarized , while the OFF bipolar cell loses its excitation becomes hyperpolarized and becomes silent. ref name ... Sunderland, Mass year 2007 isbn 0 87893 694 7 oclc doi accessdate page 253 ref Rod bipolar cells do not synapse directly on to ganglion cells. Instead, rod bipolar cells synapse on to A II amacrine cells, which in turn excite cone ON bipolar cells via gap junctions and inhibit cone OFF bipolar ... S1350 9462 00 00031 8. http www.sciencedirect.com science article pii S1350946200000318 ref OFF bipolar cells synapse in the outer layer of the inner plexiform layer of the retina, and ON bipolar cells terminate in the inner layer of the inner plexiform layer. Functionality Bipolar cells effectively ... well understood. The mechanism for producing the center of a bipolar cell s receptive field is well ... more details
Image Two centerBipolarCoordinateSystem.JPG right frame Two center bipolar coordinates. In mathematics , two center bipolar coordinates is a coordinate system, based on two coordinates which give distances from two fixed centers, C sub 1 sub and C sub 2 sub ref name bip mathworld urlname BipolarCoordinates title Bipolar coordinates ref This system is very useful in some scientific applications ref http www.physics.utah.edu rprice AREA51DOCS paperIIa.pdf R. Price, The Periodic Standing Wave Approximation Adapted coordinates and spectral methods. ref ref http arxiv.org abs gr qc 0502034v1 The periodic standing wave approximation nonlinear scalar fields, adapted coordinates, and the eigenspectral method. ref It should not be confused with so called bipolar coordinates . Cartesian coordinates Image Polar to cartesian.svg thumb right 350px Cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates. Transformation to Cartesian coordinates math x, y math from two center bipolar coordinates math r 1, r 2 math ref name bip math x frac r 1 2 r 2 2 4a math math y pm frac 1 4a sqrt 16a 2r 1 2 r 1 2 r 2 2 4a 2 2 math where the centers of this coordinate system are at a , 0 and a , 0 . Polar coordinates To polar coordinates from two center bipolar coordinates math r sqrt frac r 1 2 r 2 2 2a 2 2 math math theta arctan left frac sqrt 8a 2 r 1 2 r 2 2 2a 2 r 1 2 r 2 2 2 r 1 2 r 2 2 right , math Where 2 a is the distance between the poles coordinate system centers . See also Biangular coordinates Orthogonal coordinate systems References nowiki See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the ref and ref tags, and the template below. nowiki references Category Coordinate systems Two center bipolar coordinates geometry stub ru zh ... more details
Cc by sa 3.0 Attribution details Information Description A nanofluidic ionic bipolar transistor Source I User Fmflake Fmflake User talk Fmflake talk created this work entirely by myself. Date 04 56, 9 December 2009 UTC Author User Fmflake Fmflake User talk Fmflake talk other versions ... more details
with bipolar disorder have at least one close relative with the disorder or with unipolar major ... basis of bipolar disorder indicate that susceptibility stems from multiple genes. Scientists ... genes for bipolar disorder, and the brain proteins they code for, will make it possible to develop ... between DGKH diacylglycerol kinase eta and bipolar disorder. The portion of the genome that encodes ... other genes in the etiology of bipolar disorder. journal Molecular Psychiatry volume 13 issue 2 ... diacylglycerol kinase eta DGKH and several other genes in the etiology of bipolar disorder. The DGKH ... to control the rate and volume of enzyme production, potentially beneficial to sufferers of bipolar disorder or other related mental illnesses. This first genome wide association study of bipolar disorder shows that several genes, each of modest effect, reproducibly influence disease risk. Bipolar disorder may be a polygenic disease. Bipolar disorder is considered to be a result of complex interactions ... T, Partonen T, Haukka J, Kaprio J, Lonnqvist J. 2004 High concordance of bipolar I disorder in a nationwide ... gene as a possible cause of up to 10 of cases of bipolar disorder. This gene is associated with a kinase ..., and may provide a possible target for new drugs for bipolar disorder. ref name Barr 2003 cite ... in the promoter of the G protein receptor kinase 3 gene is associated with bipolar disorder journal ... first7 TG last8 Kassem first8 L last9 Simpson first9 SG title The bipolar disorder phenome database ... for bipolar disorder and the database is comparable to large scale genetics efforts, e.g. HapMap ... to define novel clinical subtypes of bipolar disorder, test for familial aggregation, and carry out ... of interviews was validated. After data cleansing and analysis, the result is combined with the Bipolar ..., but it should be remembered that this is only a phenomenological database. Users of the Bipolar ... function and structure in people with bipolar disorder, particularly using the Functional magnetic ... more details
The Bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale BSDS is a psychiatry psychiatric Screening medicine screening rating scale for bipolar disorder . ref Psychiatric Times. http www.psychiatrictimes.com clinical scales bsds Clinically Useful Psychiatric Scales Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale . Retrieved March 9, 2009. ref It was developed by Ronald Pies , and was later refined and tested by Nassir Ghaemi S. Nassir Ghaemi and colleagues. The BSDS arose from Pies s experience as a psychopharmacology consultant, where he was frequently called on to manage cases of treatment resistant depression . Their English version of the scale consists of 19 question items and two sections. The scale was validated in its original version and demonstrated a high sensitivity. ref name pmid15708426 cite journal author Nassir Ghaemi S, Miller CJ, Berv DA, Klugman J, Rosenquist KJ, Pies RW title Sensitivity and specificity of a new bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale journal J Affect Disord volume 84 issue 2 3 pages 273 7 year 2005 month February pmid 15708426 doi 10.1016 S0165 0327 03 00196 4 url ref In general, instruments for the screening of BD, including the BSDS, have low sensitivity and limited diagnostic Validity statistics validity . ref name pmid19122534 cite journal author Picardi A title Rating scales in bipolar disorder journal Curr Opin Psychiatry volume 22 issue 1 pages 42 9 year 2009 month January pmid 19122534 doi 10.1097 YCO.0b013e328315a4d2 url ref See also Rating scales for depression References Reflist Category Bipolar disorder Category Abnormal psychology Category Prevention Category Psychometrics Category Mood disorders Category Psychiatric instruments ... more details
This article is an expansion of a section entitled Bipolar disorder Treatment Treatment from within the main article Bipolar disorder Expert subject Medicine date May 2008 The emphasis of the treatment of bipolar disorder is on effective management of the long term course of the illness, which can involve .... A variety of medication s are used to treat bipolar disorder most people with bipolar disorder require combinations of medications. Principles The primary treatment for bipolar disorder consists ... for the treatment of bipolar depression.In particular, lamotrigine is often the first line treatment for bipolar II, where depression, rather than mania, tends to be the dominant symptom. Citation ... . Medications are not the only available treatment for bipolar disorder other treatments include omega ..., alcohol abuse, and drug abuse can all cause bipolar disorder to worsen, and so effective treatment .... Generally speaking, maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder continues long after symptoms have been brought under control. Drugs used for bipolar disorder sometimes have significant side effects ... Effectiveness of Adjunctive Antidepressant Treatment for Bipolar Depression journal New England Journal ... text ref found that severe depression in patients with bipolar disorder responds no better to a combination ... of manic symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder. Medications work differently in each person ... at all, since bipolar disorder is by nature episodic, and patients may experience remissions ... immediate relief, although psychosis with mania can respond quickly to anti psychotics, and bipolar ... New Hope Fawcett, J., Golden, B., & Rosenfeld, N. 2000 . New Hope for People with Bipolar Disorder ... or detention laws exist for severe cases of bipolar disorder and other mental illnesses where there is a potential ... The use of lithium salt s as a treatment of bipolar disorder was first discovered by Dr. John ... had long been used as a first line treatment for bipolar disorder. In ancient times, doctors would ... more details
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