The evolution of human bipedalism approximately four million years ago ref name Shiro cite book author Kond , Shir title Primate morphophysiology, locomotor analyses, and human bipedalism publisher University of Tokyo Press location Tokyo year 1985 pages isbn 4 13 066093 4 oclc doi ref has led to morphology biology morphological alterations to the human skeleton including changes to the arrangement and size of the bones of the foot, hip size and shape, knee size, Human leg leg length, and the shape and orientation of the vertebral column . The evolutionary factor s that produced these changes have been the subject of Bipedalism Humans several theories . Foot main Foot The human foot evolved to act as a platform to support the entire weight of the body, rather than acting as a grasping structure, as it did in early hominid s. Humans therefore have smaller toes than their bipedal ancestors. This includes a non opposable hallux , which is relocated in line with the other toes. ref name Aiello&Dean cite book author Aiello,Leslie and Christopher Dean title An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy publisher Elsevier Academic Press location Oxford year 1990 isbn 0120455919 ref Moreover, humans have a foot Arches of the foot arch rather than flat feet. ref name Aiello&Dean When non human hominids walk upright, weight is transmitted from the heel , along the outside of the foot, and then through the middle toes while a human foot transmits weight from the heel, along the outside ... and KNM WT 15000 Homo ergaster to modern humans, with implications for the evolution of bipedalism ... name Aiello&Dean Limbs main Human leg arm An increase in leg length since the evolution of bipedalism ... of longer arms to swing on branches ref Thorpe, S. Origin of Human Bipedalism As an Adaptation ... their femur for bipedalism. Apes have vertical femurs, while humans have femurs that are slightly angled ... to bipedalism, leading to negative implications prevalent in humans today. The lower back and knee ... more details
wiktionary bip s Bipes genus , a genus of burrowing lizards with no front limbs and rear limbs reduced to stumps Lerista bipes , a skink lizard species in the genus Lerista endemic to Australia Nebalia bipes , a species of leptostracan crustacean See also Bipedalism disambig Category Latin words found in species names ... more details
Orthograde is a term derived from Latin ortho upright gradi to walk that describes a manner of walking which is upright, with the independent motion of limbs. Both New World monkeys New and Old World monkeys are primarily arboreal , and they have a tendency to walk with their limbs swinging in parallel to one another. This differs from the manner of walking demonstrated by the ape s. Chimpanzee s, gorilla s, and human s, when walking, walk upright, and their limbs swing in opposition to one another for balance unlike monkeys, apes lack a tail to use for balance . This upright locomotion is called orthograde posture . See also bipedalism References Kottak, Conrad Phillip. Windows On Humanity A Concise Introduction to Anthropology . McGraw Hill. New York, NY. 2005. pg. 80. External links http www.mercksource.com pp us cns cns hl dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd o 07zPzhtm 12597341 orthograde in Dorland s Medical Dictionary anthropology stub Category Walking ... more details
Italic title Unreferenced date May 2008 Taxobox name Riojasuchus fossil range Late Triassic image Riojasuchus BW.jpg image width 250px image caption Riojasuchus tenuiceps regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Sauropsida infraclassis Archosauromorpha unranked ordo Crurotarsi familia Ornithosuchidae genus Riojasuchus genus authority Jos Bonaparte Bonaparte , 1969 subdivision ranks Species subdivision R. tenuisceps small Bonaparte, 1969 type species type small Riojasuchus is an extinct genus of quadrupedal crurotarsan archosaur . Closely related species Riojasuchus is a member of Ornithosuchidae , a family biology family of facultatively bipedalism bipedal carnivores that were geographically widespread during the Late Triassic. Two other genera, Ornithosuchus and Venaticosuchus , are currently known. Crurotarsi portal Paleontology Category Crurotarsans Category Triassic reptiles archosaur stub paleo reptile stub zh ... more details
Evolution stub The Obstetrical Dilemma refers to the evolutionary development of the human species through a number of biological changes, specifically the shifting of the females pelvic bones, thereby shortening the fetal incubation period. The dilemma began when Homo sapiens started to Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism evolve into a bipedal creature . Over this period of transformation, a number of structures in the body changed size, proportion or location in order to accommodate Bipedal locomotion Humans bipedal locomotion . The foramen magnum and the brain stem moved from the back of the skull to the lower side, and the spine formed at a right angle to the jawline. These alterations to allow a person to stand upright and face forward without placing undue strain on the neck or back. To help support the upper body, a number of structural changes were made to the spine and pelvis. The Ilium bone ilial pelvic bone shifted forward and broadened, while the Ischium ischial pelvic bone shrank, narrowing the pelvic canal. These changes were occurring at the same time as humans were developing larger cranium s. Therefore, in order to successfully undergo childbirth , the infant must be born earlier and earlier, thereby making the child increasingly developmentally premature. Today, human infants are born with only 25 of their brains fully developed, compared to chimpanzees, whose offspring are born with 45 50 brain development Citation needed date February 2007 . Since human infants are born so early, they spend more than a year in a nearly incapacitated state. Therefore, human infants depend on their parents much more and for much longer than other primates. References http www3.interscience.wiley.com cgi bin abstract 110511018 ABSTRACT?CRETRY 1&SRETRY 0 search 22 22Obstetrical 20Dilemma 22 22Bipedalism Bipedalism and human birth The obstetrical dilemma revisited Category Human evolution Category Obstetrics ... more details
nofootnotes date February 2011 Natasha is a celebes crested macaque black macaque at the Safari Park zoo near Tel Aviv , Israel . She has become well known because, unlike other macaques who move by alternating between bipedalism walking upright and on all four limbs, Natasha has walked upright all the time since suffering from a stomach flu that almost killed her. She recovered after receiving intensive care treatment, and while her other behaviour remained normal, she began walking erect solely on her hind legs, which gained her immediate media attention the Maariv daily newspaper showed a picture of her striding through the grass, with the tongue in cheek caption The Missing Link? . The zoo s veterinarian, Yigal Horowitz, remarked I ve never seen or heard of this before... One possible explanation is brain damage from the illness. References http www.msnbc.msn.com id 5479501 Monkey apes humans by walking on two legs by Dan Waldman, AP, July 21, 2004 http www.npr.org features feature.php?wfId 3613530 Israeli Monkey s Lessons in Evolution by Charlotte Stoudt, NPR, July 23, 2004 audio Category Famous monkeys ... more details
Italic title Unreferenced date May 2008 Taxobox name Venaticosuchus fossil range Late Triassic image Venaticosuchus BW.jpg image width 250px image caption Venaticosuchus rusconii regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Sauropsida subclassis Diapsida infraclassis Archosauromorpha unranked familia Archosauria familia Ornithosuchidae genus Venaticosuchus genus authority Jos Bonaparte Bonaparte , 1971 subdivision ranks Species subdivision V. rusconii small Bonaparte, 1971 Type species type small Venaticosuchus is a genus of Late Triassic quadrupedal crurotarsan archosaur . Originally it was thought to be the ancestor to the carnosauria carnosaur dinosaur s which then included Tyrannosaurus however, now it is known to be more closely related to crocodilians than dinosaurs. It was a carnivore . Species A single species of Venaticosuchus has been described, the type species , V. rusconii from the Late Triassic of Argentina , around 210 million years ago. Closely related species Venaticosuchus is a member of Ornithosuchidae , a family biology family of facultatively bipedalism bipedal carnivores that were geographically widespread during the Late Triassic. Two other genera, Ornithosuchus and Riojasuchus , are currently known. External links http www.palaeos.com Vertebrates Units 270Archosauromorpha 270.600.html The Ornithosuchids from Palaeos.com Crurotarsi portal Paleontology Category Triassic reptiles Category Crurotarsans paleo reptile stub archosaur stub pl Wenatikozuch zh ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Eudibamus fossil range Early Permian image Eudibamus BW.jpg image width 270px image caption Life restoration of Eudibamus regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Reptile Sauropsida subclassis Anapsida ordo Captorhinida familia Bolosauridae genus Eudibamus genus authority subdivision ranks Species subdivision E. cursoris Eudibamus is an extinct genus of biped Bolosauridae bolosaurid a reptile from the early Permian some 290 million years ago of Germany . Eudibamus is claimed to be the first bipedalism bipedal vertebrate . ref Berman, DS, RR Reisz, D Scott, AC Henrici, SS Sumida & T Martens 2000 , Early Permian bipedal reptile. Science 290 969 972 ref ref Michael J. Benton Vertebrate Palaeontology Benton Vertebrate Palaeontology , pg.115 ref ref http www.sciencemag.org cgi content full 290 5493 917a?ck nck Science mag article non free ref References reflist portal Paleontology Category Prehistoric reptiles Category Permian reptiles Category Prehistoric reptiles of Europe paleo reptile stub pl Eudibamus simple Eudibamus zh ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Borissiakia image image width 250px image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Perissodactyla superfamilia extinction Chalicotherioidea familia Chalicothere Chalicotheriidae subfamilia Schizotheriinae genus extinction Borissiakia genus authority Borissiak, 1946 Borissiakia is an extinct genus of chalicothere , a group of herbivorous , odd toed ungulate perissodactyl mammal s. They had claws that were likely used in a hook like manner to pull down branches, suggesting they lived as Bipedalism bipedal Browsing predation browsers . ref cite journal last Coombs first Margery C. authorlink coauthors title The chalicothere Metaschizotherium bavaricum Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae, Schizotheriinae from the Miocene MN5 Lagerstatte of Sandelzhausen Germany description, comparison, and paleoecological significance journal Pal ontologische Zeitschrift volume 83 issue 1 pages 85 129 publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg location date 13 Feb 2009 url http www.springerlink.com content y4j07463lw037161 doi 10.1007 s12542 009 0004 x id accessdate 2009 12 29 ref References references Sources Classification of Mammals by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell Portal Palaeontology Category Chalicotheres paleo oddtoedungulate stub ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Chemositia image image width 250px image caption fossil range Late Miocene status Fossil regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Perissodactyla superfamilia extinction Chalicotherioidea familia Chalicothere Chalicotheriidae subfamilia Schizotheriinae genus Chemositia genus authority Pickford, 1979 Chemositia is an extinct genus of chalicothere , a group of herbivorous , odd toed ungulate perissodactyl mammal s. They lived in Africa , and had claws that were likely used in a hook like manner to pull down branches, suggesting they lived as Bipedalism bipedal Browsing predation browsers . ref cite journal last Coombs first Margery C. authorlink coauthors title The chalicothere Metaschizotherium bavaricum Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae, Schizotheriinae from the Miocene MN5 Lagerstatte of Sandelzhausen Germany description, comparison, and paleoecological significance journal Pal ontologische Zeitschrift volume 83 issue 1 pages 85 129 publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg location date 13 Feb 2009 url http www.springerlink.com content y4j07463lw037161 doi 10.1007 s12542 009 0004 x id accessdate 2009 12 29 ref References references Sources Classification of Mammals by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell Category Chalicotheres paleo oddtoedungulate stub ... more details
on homo floresiensis bipedalism the clown footed hominin ref Early life Jungers was born in Palacios ... . Plenum Press, NY ref Similarly, his interest in hominid bipedalism is due to the unique muscular ... more details
be responsible for human bipedalism. Quadrupedal movement for exercise Expand section date March 2009 ..., core, shoulders, and triceps. See also Bipedalism References reflist External links http news.bbc.co.uk ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Foramen magnum Latin GraySubject 31 GrayPage 129 Image Gray130.png Caption Occipital bone. Inner surface. System MeshName Foramen Magnum MeshNumber A02.835.232.781.572.434 In anatomy , the foramen magnum Latin great hole is a large opening in the occipital bone of the Human skull cranium . It is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the human skull skull the Foramina of skull foramina , through which the medulla oblongata an extension of the spinal cord enters and exits the skull vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the spinal accessory nerve , Vertebral artery vertebral arteries , the Anterior spinal artery anterior and Posterior spinal artery posterior spinal arteries , the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments . Importance In humans, the foramen magnum is farther underneath the head than in other great apes . Thus, in humans, the neck muscles including the occipitofrontalis muscle do not need to be as robust in order to hold the head upright. Comparisons of the position of the foramen magnum in early hominid species are useful to determine how comfortable a particular species was when walking on two limbs bipedalism rather than four quadrupedalism . Additional images Gallery title width 150 height 170 lines 3 File Gray129.png Occipital bone. Outer surface. File Gray187.png Base of skull. Inferior surface. File Gray193.png Base of the skull. Upper surface. File Human brain dura mater reflections description.JPG Human brain dura mater reflections See also Posterior cranial fossa External links SUNYAnatomyFigs 22 4b 10 NormanAnatomy cranialnerves NormanAnatomyFig XI RocheLexicon 34257.000 1 Gray s Skull Foramina of skull Category Foramina of the skull musculoskeletal stub cs Foramen magnum de Foramen magnum es Foramen magno gl Foramen magno it Foro occipitale hu reglyuk nl Foramen magnum pl Otw r wielki pt Foramen magnum simple Foramen magnum sk Ve k otvo ... more details
Image Brachiate.jpg thumb Brachiating Siamang at the Cincinnati Zoo Brachiation from brachium , Latin for arm is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primate s swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms. Brachiators The only true brachiators are the lesser ape s gibbon s and siamang s . A gibbon can brachiate at speeds as high as 35 mph 55 km h and can travel as far as 20 feet 6 m with each swing. Spider monkey s and orangutan s are considered semibrachiators. Brachiation aiding traits Some traits that allow primates to brachiate include short fingernails instead of claws , inward closing hook like fingers, opposable thumbs, long forelimbs, and freely rotating wrists. Brachiation and great apes Anatomically modern humans Modern human s retain many physical characteristics that suggest a brachiator ancestor, including flexible shoulder joints and fingers well suited for grasping. In lesser apes, these characteristics were adaptations for brachiation. Although great apes do not normally brachiate with the exception of orangutan s , our human anatomy suggests that brachiation may be a preadaptation to bipedalism , and healthy modern humans are still capable of brachiating. Some children s parks include Jungle gym monkey bars which children play on by brachiating. See also Suspensory behavior Arboreal locomotion References Rice, Patricia C. Norah Moloney 2005 . Biological Anthropology and Prehistory Exploring our Human Ancestry . Pearson Education, Inc., pp. 178 179, 192. ISBN 0205381960 http www.britannica.com ebc article 9016092 Britannica.com http dictionary.reference.com browse brachiation Dictionary.com http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 2 Human Evolution.html p303 MSN Encarta http www.webcitation.org 5kwQGSyIE Archived 2009 10 31 locomotion Category Locomotion primate stub ca Braquiaci cs Brachiace es Braquiaci n fa fr Brachiation it Brachiazione hu Brachi l s pl Brachiacja ru ... more details
In paleoanthropology , the hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals, and that the activity of hunting distinguished human ancestors from other primate s. While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this fact for the final steps in the emergence of the Homo genus Homo genus out of earlier Australopithecines , with its bipedalism and production of stone tool s from about 2.5 million years ago , and eventually also control of fire from about 1.5 million years ago , are emphasized in the hunting hypothesis , and de emphasized in scenarios that stress the omnivore status of humans as their recipe for success, and social interaction , including mating behaviour as essential in the emergence of language and culture. Advocates of the hunting hypothesis tend to believe that tool use and toolmaking essential to effective hunting were an extremely important part of human evolution, and trace the origin of language and prehistoric religion religion to a hunting context. See also Acheulean Behavioral modernity Homo ergaster Homo Necans , an award winning book whose title translates as Man the Killer Hunter gatherer Killer ape theory Oldowan References Robert Ardrey , The Hunting Hypothesis A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder , Atheneum, New York 1970 External links http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 12 Human Evolution.html Human Evolution MSN Encarta BOT GENERATED TITLE http www.webcitation.org 5kwr6JAob Archived 2009 10 31 and http www.mnh.si.edu anthro humanorigins faq Encarta culture.htm Discussion of the hunting hypothesis from Encarta http www.indiana.edu origins teach P380 P380hominid.html http www.goanimal.com newsletters 2005 man hunter man hunter.html An article critical of the hunting hypothesis anthropology stub Category Anthropology Category Human evolution ja ... more details
The Tugen Hills also known as Saimo are series of hills in Baringo District , Kenya . The Tugen Hills represent one of the few areas in Africa preserving a succession of deposits from the period of between 14 and 4 million years ago, making them an important location for the study of human and animal evolution. Excavations at the site conducted by Richard Leakey and others have yielded a complete skeleton of a 1.5 million year old elephant 1967 , a new species of monkey 1969 and fossil remains of hominids from 1 to 2 million years ago. ref name bbc cite news url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi science nature 4201666.stm title First chimpanzee fossils found accessdate 2008 03 16 date 2005 08 31 work BBC News ref One of the oldest Bipedalism bipedal hominins, Orrorin Orrorin tugenensis , were discover here and subsequently named after the location. ref cite journal ref harv last1 Senut first Brigitte last2 Pickford first2 Martin last3 Gommery first3 Dominique last4 Mein first4 Pierre coauthors Cheboi, Kiptalam Coppens, Yves title First hominid from the Miocene Lukeino Formation, Kenya journal Comptes Rendus de l Acad mie de Sciences year 2001 volume 332 issue 2 page 140 doi 10.1016 S1251 8050 01 01529 4 url http www2.ku.edu lba Anth703 Articles ORRORIN.pdf accessdate December 2010 ref Footnotes reflist External links http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi science nature 4201666.stm First chimpanzee fossils found http faculty.smu.edu bjacobs miocene.htm Pokot woman in native dress, photographed in the Tugen Hills, Kenya RiftValleyKE geo stub coord missing Kenya Category Great Rift Valley ... more details
Infobox Muscle Name PAGENAME Latin musculus peroneus tertius GraySubject 129 GrayPage 482 Image Peroneus tertius.png Caption Muscles of the front of the leg. peroneus tertius visible at center left Origin distal anterior surface of the fibula Insertion dorsal surface of Fifth metatarsal bone metatarsal 5 Blood anterior tibial artery Nerve deep fibular nerve Action dorsiflexion and Eversion kinesiology eversion of the foot DorlandsPre m 22 DorlandsSuf 12549015 The peroneus tertius also known as fibularis tertius is a muscle of the human body located in the lower limb. The muscle arises from the lower third of the anterior surface of the fibula from the lower part of the Interosseous membrane of the leg interosseous membrane and from an intermuscular septum between it and the peroneus brevis . The tendon, after passing under the superior extensor retinaculum of foot and inferior extensor retinaculum of foot in the same canal as the extensor digitorum longus, is inserted into the dorsal surface of the base of the metatarsus metatarsal bone of the fifth digit. It is innervated by the deep fibular nerve , unlike the other peroneal muscles which are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve , since the peroneus tertius is a member of the anterior compartment. Its action is that of weak dorsiflexion of the ankle joint and to Eversion kinesiology evert the foot at the ankle joint. This muscle is seldom found in other primates, a fact that has linked its function to efficient terrestrial bipedalism. Gallery gallery Image Gray268.png Bones of the right foot dorsal surface . Image Gray441.png The mucous sheaths of the tendons around the ankle lateral aspect . gallery See also Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis External links MuscleLoyola pert GPnotebook 1288372144 SUNYAnatomyLabs 15 st 04 11 The Leg Muscles eMedicineDictionary Fibularis tertius http www.ptcentral.com muscles musclelegs.html peroneus 20tertius PTCentral Gray s Muscles of lower limb Category Muscles of the lower ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A facultative bipedalism biped is an animal that is capable of walking or running on two legs, often for only a limited period of time, in spite of normally walking or running on quadrupedal four limbs or more. Well known examples include many lizard s such as the Basiliscus genus Basilisk lizard , and even some cockroach es when running at top speed. In order to be considered a true facultative biped, an animal must be capable of sustained movement over many strides while bipedal simply adopting a static bipedal posture while resting or looking around is not sufficient. Species Facultative bipedality is most common in lizards, but also occurs in primate s, bear s, insect s, crab s and even octopus ses. It is commonly suggested that many extinct basal archosaur s were facultative bipeds, as well as hadrosaur s. Cause In many cases, facultative bipedality is a function of speed. Many lizard species, as well as cockroaches and crabs, will switch to a bipedal gait at very high speeds. Reasons for this are unclear it may be that a bipedal gait allows greater stride length, without the forelimbs interfering with the swinging and placement of the hind limbs, or it may simply be that at high speeds, the forces in the muscles which retract and extend the hind limbs are so great that animal s body rises into the air, similar to a wheelie in bikes. Low speed bipedality is less common, as is most commonly associated with threat displays bear s, goanna s, frill necked Lizard frilled lizards , camouflage octopus , or possessing an anatomy that is highly specialized for arboreal locomotion and makes terrestrial locomotion difficult gibbon s . Locomotion DEFAULTSORT Facultative Biped Category Locomotion Category Tetrapods Biosci stub ... more details
STS 14 is a fossil ized pelvis , vertebral column and fragmentary rib and femur of the species Australopithecus africanus . It was discovered at Sterkfontein , South Africa by Robert Broom in August 1947. It is estimated to be 2.6 2.8 million years old. Its characteristics are a distinctly human like shape of pelvic blades, unlike any other animal. The shape indicates a type of bipedalism . This find was the first ever to demonstrate, without a doubt, pre Homo bipedality. Some scientists have proposed that STS 14 may have come from the same individual as STS 5 considered, however, to be 2.15 million years old ref cite web title Surprise museum find links Mrs Ples skull to rest of body url http www.primeorigins.co.za news 995643.htm accessdate 2007 07 11 ref . See also List of human fossils List of fossil sites with link directory List of hominina fossils List of hominina hominid fossils with images References reflist External links http www.modernhumanorigins.net sts14.html Image of STS 14 cite book author Tattersall, Ian, Schwartz, Jeffery title Extinct Humans publisher Westview Press, Boulder CO year 2000 isbn 0 8133 3482 9 cite book author Larsen, Clark Spencer, Matter, Robert M, Gebo, Daniel L title Human Origins the fossil record publisher Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, Illinois year 1991 isbn 0 88133 575 4 http www.maropeng.co.za Maropeng The Cradle of Humankind Official Website http whc.unesco.org pg.cfm?cid 31&id site 915 UNESCO Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs Category Specific fossil specimens Category Hominin fossils paleo stub ... more details
T Bob is a robot from the Category 1985 television series debuts 1985 animated television series M.A.S.K. According to the Plot narrative storyline , T Bob was developed and built by List of M.A.S.K. toys & characters Scott Trakker , son of M.A.S.K. commander List of M.A.S.K. toys & characters Matt Trakker . Although in the UK comic letters page, it was stated he was built by List of M.A.S.K. toys & characters Alex Sector . According to Fleetway comics, T Bob was short for Thingamabob . T Bob is a short, egg shaped Bipedalism Bipedal robots bipedal robot , capable of speech communication speech and with fully developed artificial intelligence , including a sense of humour and a subconscious . ref 01.02, The Star Chariot T Bob dreams while aboard the The Star Chariot . ref T Bob has a male voice, and is consequently often referred to as he during the television program show . T Bob s technical specifications include an unreliable tracking system , ref name track 01.01, The Death Stone For once your tracking system actually worked says Scott Trakker to T Bob. ref and the ability to convert to a motorcycle motorized unicycle . Connections to Other Works T Bob bears a resemblance ref name Kab Cite web last Kaboodle first authorlink Kaboodle coauthors title T Bob work publisher date url http www.kaboodle.com reviews t bob format Review doi accessdate 2010 06 24 ref to an Industrial Automaton developed Rx series astromech droid , in particular to R2 D2 , ref The New Essential Guide to Droids , by Daniel Wallace Star Wars Daniel Wallace , illustrated by Ian Fullwood, Del Rey Books , 2006.06.27. ISBN 0345477596 ref from the Star Wars movies . As well as R2 D2, T Bob s resemblance to List of Mr. Men Mr. Bump Mr. Bump has also been noted. ref name Kab References reflist Category Fictional robots nl T Bob ... more details
lowercase Infobox Software name OpenSim logo developer Simbios screenshot Image OpenSim GUI 1.1 By A Habib 2007.png 250px caption Sample Musculoskeletal Models in OpenSim latest release version 1.5.5 latest release date July 31, 2008 operating system Cross platform genre List of numerical analysis software Technical computing license Custom website http simtk.org home opensim OpenSim is an open source software system for Biomechanics biomechanical modeling, simulation and analysis. Its purpose is to provide free and widely accessible tools for conducting biomechanics research and motor control science. OpenSim enables a wide range of studies, including analysis of Bipedalism Biomechanics walking dynamics , studies of sports performance, simulations of surgical procedures, analysis of joint loads, design of medical devices, and animation of human and animal movement. The software performs inverse Analytical dynamics dynamics analysis and forward dynamics simulations. OpenSim is used in hundreds of biomechanics laboratories around the world to study movement and has a community of software developers contributing new features. OpenSim is one of the flagship applications from Simbios, a NIH Center for Biomedical Computation at Stanford University . Founded in 2004, Simbios is charged with a mandate to provide leading software and computational tools for physics based modeling and simulation of biological structures. OpenSim was designed to propel biomechanics research by providing a common framework for investigation and a vehicle for exchanging complex Human musculoskeletal system musculoskeletal models. History OpenSim 1.0 was released on August 20, 2007 and provided capabilities for viewing musculoskeletal models, importing models developed in SIMM Musculographics Inc. , editing muscle paths, and generating muscle actuated simulations that track experimental data. OpenSim 1.1 was released on December 11, 2007, which added new features such as user specified camera p ... more details
Taxobox name Euparkeriidae fossil range early mid Triassic image Euparkeria BW.jpg image width 250px image caption life restoration of Euparkeria capensis regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Sauropsid a subclassis Diapsid a infraclassis Archosauromorpha unranked ordo Archosauriformes familia Euparkeriidae familia authority Friedrich von Huene Huene , 1920 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Euparkeria ? Dorosuchus ? Halazaisuchus ? Osmolskina ? Wangisuchus ? Xilousuchus Euparkeriidae is a family of small Basal phylogenetics basal archosauromorph carnivore s which lived from the Early Triassic to the Middle Triassic Anisian . Their fossil remains are known so far from South Africa and Russia. Quite opposite to their sister family Erythrosuchidae , euparkeriids were small, slender animals which were probably facultative bipedalism bipeds . The clade is named after Euparkeria , a relatively well known member of the group. Other possible euparkeriids include Dorosuchus , Halazaisuchus , Osmolskina , Wangisuchus , and Xilousuchus . The family name was first proposed by Friedrich von Huene in 1920 Huene classified euparkeriids as members of Pseudosuchia . More recent analysis places Euparkeriidae within Archosauriformes . Euparkeriids lie close to the ancestry of the crocodiles, pseudosuchians, ornithodira ornithodires and dinosaur s, but are not considered directly ancestral. External links http www.palaeos.com Vertebrates Units 270Archosauromorpha 270.400.html Euparkeriidae Euparkeriidae from Palaeos.com technical Archosauromorpha Category Archosaurs es Euparkeriidae fa hu Euparkeriidae nl Euparkeriidae pl Euparkeriidae zh ... more details
Taxobox image Moropus.jpg image width 250px image caption Moropus Moropus elatus at the br National Museum of Natural History , br Washington, DC fossil range Fossil range 6.5 2 Late Miocene to Middle Pliocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Perissodactyla subordo extinction Ancylopoda superfamilia Chalicotherioidea familia Chalicotheriidae subfamilia extinction Schizotheriinae subfamilia authority Holland and Peterson, 1914 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Ancylotherium br Borissiakia br Chemositia br Metaschizotherium br Moropus br Phyllotillon br Schizotherium br Tylocephalonyx Schizotheriines make up an extinct clade of the family biology family Chalicotheriidae , a group of herbivorous , odd toed ungulate perissodactyl mammal s. Unlike the gorilla like proportions of other chalicotheres, schizotheriines had smaller body proportions, closer to those of Moropus . Analysis of dental microwear implies most Miocene Schizotheriinae fed on leaves, bark, and twigs. Their claws were most likely used in a hook like manner to pull down branches, suggesting they lived as Bipedalism bipedal Browsing predation browsers . ref cite journal last Coombs first Margery C. authorlink coauthors title The chalicothere Metaschizotherium bavaricum Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae, Schizotheriinae from the Miocene MN5 Lagerstatte of Sandelzhausen Germany description, comparison, and paleoecological significance journal Pal ontologische Zeitschrift volume 83 issue 1 pages 85 129 publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg location date 13 Feb 2009 url http www.springerlink.com content y4j07463lw037161 doi 10.1007 s12542 009 0004 x id accessdate 2009 12 29 ref They are related to the modern horse , Rhinoceros rhino , and tapir . ref cite book editor Palmer, D. year 1999 title The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals publisher Marshall Editions location London page 261 isbn 1 84028 152 9 ref References references See also Moropus Ancyl ... more details
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