chembox verifiedrevid 385317664 ImageFile Sophorose.svg ImageSize 300px IUPACName 2 S ,3 R ,4 S ,5 S ,6 R 2 hydroxymethyl 6 2 S ,3 R ,4 S ,5 S ,6 R 2,4,5 trihydroxy 6 hydroxymethyl oxan 3 yl oxyoxane 3,4,5 triol alpha Sophorose OtherNames 2 O beta D Glucopyranosyl alpha D glucose Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 534 46 3 PubChem 88719 SMILES C C H 1 C H C H C H C H O1 O O C H 2 C H C H C H C H O2 CO O O O O O O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 12 sub H sub 22 sub O sub 11 sub MolarMass 342.30 g mol ExactMass 342.116212 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Sophorose is a disaccharide . It is one of the foremost parts of antibacterial , amphiphilic biosurfactant sophorolipid . It is a product of the caramelization of glucose . ref http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1111 j.1365 2621.1966.tb01905.x abstract Journal of Food Science, July 1966 . ref References Reflist organic compound stub Category Disaccharides es Soforosa fr Sophorose ja pl Soforoza ... more details
Syringomycin is a general name given to a class of lipodepsinonapeptide molecules which are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae . Lipodepsinonapeptides comprise a closed ring of nine nonribosomally synthesized amino acid s bonded to a fatty acid hydrocarbon tail ref Scholz Schroeder B.K., Soule J.D., and Gross D. C. 2003. The sypA, sypS, and sypC synthetase genes encode twenty two modules involved in the nonribosomal peptide synthesis of syringopeptin by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B301D. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 16 271 80 ref . A commonly encountered pathovar pv of P. syringae is P. syringae pv syringae , which secretes a number of closely related forms of the molecule. Syringomycins are virulence determinants, which means that their secretion is required for the manifestation of disease symptoms on a number of stone fruit crop plants. Syringomycins have two widely recognized mechanisms of action ref Hutchison, M. L., Tester, M. A., and Gross D. C. 1995. Role of biosurfactant and ion channel forming activities of syringomycin in transmembrane ion flux A model for the mechanism of action in the plant pathogen interaction. Mol. Pl. Microb. Interact. 8 610 620. ref . They can function as detergent s which are powerful enough to dissolve plant membranes at high concentrations. It is not clear whether concentrations high enough to dissolve membranes are ever reached in planta . In addition to being surfactants, aggregates of syringomycins can insert into plant cell membrane s and form small pores. These pores allow the leakage of ions from the plant cell cytoplasm . Affected plant cells are unable to maintain their required levels of electrolyte and ultimately cell death and lysis occurs. It is believed that P. syringae benefits from the release of nutrients that occurs as a consequence of cellular lysis. References reflist Non ribosomally synthesized channels Category Plant toxins ... more details
first4 R title rhlA is required for the production of a novel biosurfactant promoting swarming motility ... M9CAA.JPG right thumb Pseudomonas aeruginosa swarming motility Biosurfactant, quorum sensing and swarming In some species, swarming motility requires the self production of biosurfactant to occur. ref ... 3 pages 261 year 2004 pmid 15449604 doi 10.1016 j.femsre.2003.09.004 ref ref name Harshey Biosurfactant ... sensing . Biosurfactant molecules are thought to act by lowering surface tension, thus permitting ... more details
bacteria use alkanes as their source of energy, each cell forms a biosurfactant other sources of energy do not cause the bacteria to produce this biosurfactant . A biosurfactant is an extra layer of material forms along the cell membrane. The substances that make up the biosurfactant of A. borkumensis ... more details
destroy pollutants, while being biodegradable themselves. Hence, biosurfactant producing microorganisms ... litter, coir pith and rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Bioresource Technol. 81 2002 , 25 32. ref ... Martsishin, R., Turovsky, A., Soltys, M. Biosurfactant enhanced remediation of oil contaminated environments ... qredirect.php?doi biotech.2008.360.370&linkid pdf Review of a Biosurfactant http ktn.globalwatchonline.com ... Dr 2520Pattanathu 2520Rahman 01.04.2009.pdf Biosurfactant Research Facilities in University ... more details
merge from Haemolysin A date June 2011 merge from Haemolysin E date June 2011 Pfam box Symbol Leukocidin Name image 7ahl opm.gif width 250 caption Alpha hemolysin, a transmembrane heptamer Pfam PF07968 InterPro IPR001340 SMART Prosite SCOP TCDB OPM family 35 OPM protein 7ahl PDB PDB3 1t5r H 57 303 PDB3 1lkf A 60 310 PDB3 2lkf A 60 310 PDB3 3lkf A 60 310 PDB3 1pvl 58 308 PDB3 7ahl G 62 314 Infobox protein family Symbol Hemolysin N Name Hemolytic toxin N terminal image width caption crystal structure of the vibrio cholerae cytolysin hlya pro toxin with octylglucoside bound Pfam PF12563 Pfam clan InterPro IPR022220 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD Hemolysins are exotoxins produced by bacteria that cause lysis of red blood cells in vitro . Visualization of hemolysis of red blood cells in agar plates facilitates the categorization of some pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus and Staphylococcus . Although the lytic activity of some hemolysins on red blood cells may be important for nutrient acquisition or for causing certain conditions such as anemia, many hemolysin producing pathogens do not cause significant lysis of red blood cells during infection. Although hemolysins are able to lyse red blood cells in vitro , the ability of hemolysins to target other cells, including white blood cell s, often accounts for the effects of hemolysins in the host. Most hemolysins are proteins, but others such as rhamnolipid s are lipid biosurfactant s. ref name pmid16199139 cite journal author Stipcevic T, Piljac T, Isseroff RR title Di rhamnolipid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa displays differential effects on human keratinocyte and fibroblast cultures journal J. Dermatol. Sci. volume 40 issue 2 pages 141 3 year 2005 month November pmid 16199139 pmc 1592130 doi 10.1016 j.jdermsci.2005.08.005 url ref Function Bacteria may use hemolysins as a way to obtain nutrients from host cells. For example, iron may be a limiting factor in the growth of various pathog ... more details
Refimprove date May 2008 Infobox disease Name Atelectasis ICD10 ICD10 J 98 1 j 95 ICD9 ICD9 518.0 ICDO Image Atelectasia1.jpg Caption Atelectasia of the Right Lung OMIM OMIM mult MedlinePlus 000065 eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 180 DiseasesDB 10940 MeshID D001261 Atelectasis from lang el Wiktionary , incomplete , extension is defined as the collapse or closure of alveoli resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. It may affect part or all of one lung. ref name isbn0 8036 1289 3 cite book author Wedding, Mary Ellen Gylys, Barbara A. title Medical Terminology Systems A Body Systems Approach A Body Systems Approach publisher F. A. Davis Company location Philadelphia, Pa year 2005 pages isbn 0 8036 1289 3 oclc doi accessdate ref It is a condition where the alveoli are deflated, as distinct from pulmonary Consolidation medicine consolidation . It is a very common finding in chest x ray s and other radiological studies. It may be caused by normal exhalation or by several medical conditions. Although frequently described as a collapse of lung tissue, atelectasis is not synonymous with a pneumothorax , which is a more specific condition that features atelectasis. Acute atelectasis may occur as a post operative complication or as a result of biosurfactant surfactant deficiency. In premature neonates, this leads to infant respiratory distress syndrome . Classification Atelectasis may be an acute or chronic condition. In acute atelectasis, the lung has recently collapsed and is primarily notable only for airlessness. In chronic atelectasis, the affected area is often characterized by a complex mixture of airlessness, infection, widening of the bronchi bronchiectasis , destruction, and scarring fibrosis . Acute Atelectasis Acute atelectasis is a common postoperative complication, especially after chest or abdominal surgery. Acute atelectasis may also occur with an injury, usually to the chest such as that caused by a car accident, a fall, or a stabbing ... more details
File Slime.mold.jpg thumb 250px Yellow slime mold growing on a bin of wet paper Biodegradation or biotic degradation or biotic decomposition is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means. The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment bioremediation and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements. Organic material can be degraded Aerobic organism aerobically with oxygen , or Anaerobic digestion anaerobically , without oxygen. A term related to biodegradation is biomineralisation , in which organic matter is converted into minerals. Biosurfactant , an extracellular surfactant secreted by microorganisms, enhances the biodegradation process. Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms. Some microorganisms have a naturally occurring, microbial catabolic diversity to degrade, transform or accumulate a huge range of compounds including hydrocarbon s e.g. oil , polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs , polyaromatic hydrocarbons PAHs , pharmaceutical substances, radionuclide s and metals. Major methodological breakthroughs in microbial biodegradation have enabled detailed genomic, metagenomic, proteomic, bioinformatic and other high throughput analyses of environmentally relevant microorganism s providing unprecedented insights into key biodegradative pathways and the ability of microorganisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions. ref name Diaz cite book author Diaz E editor . title Microbial Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular Biology edition 1st publisher Caister Academic Press year 2008 url http www.horizonpress.com biod isbn 1904455174 ref Products that contain biodegradable matter and non biodegr ... more details
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