Multiple issues refimprove August 2009 confusing August 2009 A biomarker , or biological marker , is in general a chemical substance substance used as an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological process es, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention . It is used in many scientific fields . Medicine main Biomarker medicine In medicine , a biomarker can be a traceable substance that is introduced into an organism as a means to examine organ function or other aspects of health. For example, rubidium chloride is used as a radioactive isotope to evaluate perfusion of heart muscle. It can also be a substance whose detection indicates a particular disease state, for example, the presence of an antibody may indicate an infection . More specifically, a biomarker indicates ... phase researchers. ref http biomarker.co.uk what is a biomarker.html What is a Biomarker ... kind of biomarker called an endophenotype . Cell biology main biomarker cell In cell biology , a biomarker cell biomarker is a molecule that allows for the detection and isolation of a particular cell type for example, the protein Oct 4 is used as a biomarker to identify embryonic stem cell ... 4 Copyright 2009 ISBN 978 0 387 79250 7 Print 978 0 387 79251 4 Online ref In genetics , a biomarker ... to disease. Geology and astrobiology main Biosignature Biomarker chemicals A biomarker can be any ... biomarker is also used to describe biological involvement in the Biomarker chemicals generation of petroleum . Exposure assessment main Biomarkers of exposure assessment A biomarker can also be used ... and toxicology . In these cases, the biomarker may be the external substance itself e.g. asbestos ... . See also Bioindicator . See also Bioindicator Biomarker discovery Biomarkers journal Biomarker ... terminology Category Bioindicator de Biomarker et Biomarker fr Biomarqueur it Biomarcatore pl Biomarkery ... more details
Otheruses2 Biomarker A biomarker can be understood as a molecule that is present or absent from a particular cellular type. This facilitates the characterization of a cell type, their identification, and eventually their isolation. Cell sorting techniques are based on cellular biomarkers for example, Fluorescent activated cell sorting . A biomarker can be used to identify a cell population, make a diagnostic , measure the progress of disease or the effects of treatment. ref http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 6685 Medterms definition ref One example of cellular biomarker is the protein Oct 4 that is found in embryonic stem cell s, while the Carcinoembryonic antigen CEA is a tumoral marker used to follow up cancer treatment, and the Prostate Specific Antigen PSA is used for diagnostic. ref http www.questdiagnostics.com kbase topic medtest hw3988 consider.htm Quest diagnostic ref References reflist Cell biology stub Category Cell biology ... more details
Notability date June 2010 Infobox journal title Biomarker Insights cover editor Stephen F. Kingsmore discipline Biomarker s peer reviewed language English language English formernames abbreviation publisher Libertas Academica country frequency history 2006 Present openaccess Yes license impact impact year website http la press.com journal.php?journal id 4 link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC 71909732 LCCN CODEN ISSN 1177 2719 eISSN boxwidth Biomarker Insights is a peer review ed Open access publishing open access academic journal focusing on biomarker s and their clinical applications. The journal aims to be a venue for rapid communications in the field. The journal was founded in 2006, and is published by Libertas Academica . The editor in chief is Stephen F. Kingsmore . Indexing The journal is indexed in columns list 2 Chemical Abstracts Service Directory of Open Access Journals EBSCO Academic Research Complete Embase Google Scholar OAIster Pubmed Pubmed Central SCOPUS External links http la press.com journal.php?journal id 4&pa about this journal Biomarker Insights website Category Biochemistry journals Category Publications established in 2006 Category English language journals journal stub ... more details
The word biomarker can be defined as any detectable biologic feature that provides information about its source. As a general term, it applies to any and all detection modalities. An imaging biomarker ... biomarker is a feature of an image that represents a particular aspect of the patient being imaged ... of a neoplasm. The lesion itself serves as a biomarker, but the minute details of the lesion serve .... For a biomarker to become qualified it must go through a somewhat formal qualification process. A request must be submitted to IPRG to qualify an imaging biomarker for a specific use. The Biomarker ... and available data regarding the biomarker. They also evaluate the qualification study strategy methods and results and ultimately make a decision to accept or reject. After qualification, a biomarker .... Biomarker Qualification Pilot Process at the US FDA. AAPS Journal. 2007 9 1 105 108 ref For full validation, a biomarker must demonstrate that the treatment versus control differences are similar to the treatment ... that the biomarker responders survive longer than the biomarker non responders. Quality of imaging biomarkers The following are 3 measures of quality to determine the strength of biomarker for use ... research. Nat Rev Cancer 2002 2 19 27 ref The presence of the imaging biomarker is closely coupled ... measurement of the imaging biomarker is accurate, reproducible, and feasible over time. The measured changes over time in the imaging biomarker are closely coupled or linked to the success or failure ... for the generation of data for clinical biomarker qualification. The Predictive Safety Testing Consortium ... needed for data sharing between its members in order to make biomarker qualification easier. They are also ... the biomarker, and the modalities used in the detection of the biomarker. International Cancer Biomarker Consortium was created to assist in discovery of biomarkers by facilitating coordinated ... between imaging scientists and oncologic investigators. Oncology Biomarker Qualification Initiative ... more details
Wikify date January 2011 Biomarker discovery is the process by which biomarker medicine biomarker s are discovered. It is a medical term. Many commonly used blood test s in medicine are biomarkers. The way that these tests have been found can be seen as biomarker discovery. However, their identification has mostly been a one at a time approach. Many of these well known tests have been identified based on clear biological insight, from physiology or biochemistry . This means that only a few markers at a time have been considered. One example of this way of biomarker discovery is the use of injections ... be seen as a serial process. The recent interest in biomarker discovery is because new molecular biology ... technical difficulties remain. There is considerable interest in biomarker discovery from the pharmaceutical ... significant protein biomarker medicine biomarkers of phenotype and biological function is an expanding ... for Proteomic Biomarker Discovery journal Journal of Proteome Research volume 4 issue 4 pages 1073 ... to biomarker prediction have analyzed tissues and biofluids separately. ref cite journal last1 He first1 YD title Genomic approach to biomarker identification and its recent applications journal ... ref Research An information theoretic framework for biomarker discovery, integrating biofluid and tissue ... wide peripheral biomarker discovery using information theory journal Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing .... ref http www.biomarker.co.uk exvivo.html Ex Vivo Blood Stimulation in Biomarker Discovery ref ... BiomarkerBiomarker medicine Clinical chemistry Clinical proteomics Drug discovery Genomics Proteomics ... factsheet proteomicsqa accessdate 2006 04 05 cite web author Howard Schulman, Vice President, Biomarker ... cite web author Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News title Capitalizing on Biomarker Discovery ... title Planning for Success in Biomarker Discovery url http www.genengnews.com articles chitem.aspx ...?journal id 4 Biomarker Insights DEFAULTSORT Biomarker Discovery Category Proteomics ... more details
Otheruses2 Biomarker Biomarkers are any of a suite of complex organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and other elements and physical and geochemical characteristics thereof which are found in oil, bitumen, rocks and sediments and show little or no change in structure from their parent organic molecules in living organisms. They are complex molecules derived from formerly living organisms. ref Wang, Z. Stout, S. Fingas, M. Environmental Forensics, 2006 7, 105 146. ref These compounds are typically analyzed using gas chromatography or mass spectrometry . Most of them are isopentenoids 5 carbons . Some examples of biomarkers are pristane , phytane , sterane s, Oleanane triterpanes and porphyrin . Geologists and Geochemists utilize biomarkers trace the ancient source rocks and migration pathways of modern petroleum deposits. ref Ian M. Head, D. Martin Jones & Steve R. Larter. Biological activity in the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy oil. Nature, 2003, 1 36. ref References reflist Category Petroleum biochem stub de Biomarker et Biomarker pl Biomarkery geologia ... more details
Otheruses2 Biomarker In medicine, a biomarker is a term often used to refer to a protein measured in blood whose concentration reflects the severity or presence of some disease state. More generally a biomarker ... state of an organism. A biomarker can be a substance that is introduced into an organism ... an infection . More specifically, a biomarker indicates a change in expression or state of a protein ... changes in biological structures can also serve as biomarkers. Although the term biomarker ... is a well known biomarker for fever. Blood pressure is used to determine the risk of stroke. It is also widely known that cholesterol values are a biomarker and risk indicator for coronary and vascular disease, and that C reactive protein C reactive protein CRP is a marker for inflammation. A biomarker .... The parameter can be chemical, physical or biological. In molecular terms biomarker is the subset .... Biomarkers plays major role in medicinal biology. Biomarker brings the future things in our hand .... Several diseased based biomarker had been identified for many diseases such as serum LDL for cholesterol ... based biomarker is found to be an effective and acceptable marker in the present scientific world. Disease ... biomarker , or how such a disease may develop in an individual case prognostic biomarker . In contrast ... biomarker in medicine is a laboratory parameter that the doctor can use to help make decisions ... autoantibody autoantibodies in patient blood is a reliable biomarker for autoimmune disease , and the detection ... of response to treament will become the most important aim of biomarker research in medicine ... pressure or heart rate. More recently, biomarker is becoming a synonym for molecular biomarker, such as elevated prostate specific antigen as a molecular biomarker for prostate cancer, or using ... in Drug Development Once a proposed biomarker has been validated, it can be used to diagnose ..., a biomarker may be used as a surrogate for a natural endpoint such as survival or irreversible ... more details
Biomarker is a neurochemical indicator that is used to assess the risk or presence of disease. Biomarker can not only diagnose Alzheimer s Disease AD in a very early stage but provide objective and reliable measure of disease progress. It is imperative to dignose AD disease as soon as possible, because neurophathologic changes of AD precede symptoms by years. It is well known Beta Amyloid is a good indicator of AD disease which has facilitated doctors to accurately pre diagnose AD disease. When AB peptide is released by proteolytic cleavage of Amyloid precursor protein , ref name Muchke Muchke 2010 . Amyloid beta induced neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer s disease from synapses toward neural networks. . Nature Neuroscience Rep. 13 812 818 ref some A peptides that are solubilized are detected in CSF and plasma which makes AB peptides a promising candidate for biological markers. It is proven that Beta Amyloid biomarker shows 80 or above sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing AD from other dementia . It is believed that Beta Amyloid Biomarker will provide a future for diagnosis of AD and eventually treatment of AD, which is the hope of many elderly people. ref name Munsell Munsell.Y 2006 . Human amyloid beta synthesis and clearance rates as measured in cerebrospinal fluid in vivo ... of AB42 AB40 ratio has been promising biomarker for AD. However, as AB42 fails to be reliable biomarker ... process in Alzheimer s Disease . CSF BACE1 activity can be a potential candiedate biomarker to monitor ... University brought an impact discoveries AD society that will be used not only in biomarker ... argument whether autoantibody method provides reliable biomarker. A number of reports show that patients ... of autoantibody, but provided a new standard as a biomarker of Alzheimer s Disease. Compared to other ... measures AB level with high sensitivity, and proved itself to be an excellent biomarker for Alzheimer ... Autoantibody Amyloid beta Biomarker BACE1 Neuroregeneration Dementia Citation references Category ... more details
ST2 may refer to Ducati ST2 ST2, cardiac biomarker, also known as IL1RL1 Sound Transit 2 Star Trek II The Wrath of Khan Zoda s Revenge StarTropics II ST postcode area , area code in Stoke on Trent, England disambig ... more details
In bone bone physiology , the N terminal telopeptide or more formally, amino terminal collagen crosslinks , and known by the acronym NTX is a biomarker used to measure the rate of bone turnover. NTX can be measured in the urine or blood serum serum . ref name Kousuke Kousuke, I, et al. u Changes in urinary NTX levels in patients with primary osteoporosis undergoing long term bisphosphonate treatment u , J Orthop Sci 2008 13 438 441 ref Usefulness of NTX as a biomarker Evaluating an individual s rate of bone turnover, termed bone remodeling , directly may be important in assessing his or her potential nonsurgical treatment response as well as evaluating his or her risk of developing complications during healing following surgical intervention. To determine an individual s rate of bone turnover, numerous surrogate endpoint biomarker s are available in the body fluids that can be correlated to this rate, and one such biomarker is NTX. ref name Kousuke However, while NTX does fluctuate in a very sensitivity and specificity sensitive manner line with bone resorption patterns, they are not very sensitivity and specificity specific , in that they may vary spontaneously without physiologic intervention. For example, NTX levels may drop by 50 from day to day with no treatment, ref Rosen HN, et al. u Utility of biochemical markers of bone turnover in the follow up of patients treated with bisphosphates u . Calcif Tissue Int 1998 63 363 368 ref thus, making NTX levels unconvincing evidence of treatment effect. ref name ROSEN Rosen HN, et al. u Serum CTX. A new marker of bone resorption that shows treatment effect more often than other markers because of low coefficient of variability and large changes with bisphosphonate therapy u . Calcif Tissue Int 2000 66 100 ref Conversely, the serum C terminal telopeptide CTX biomarker, described in 2000 by Rosen, appears to be a much more effective and valuable indicator of bone resorption rate. ref name ROSEN DEFAULTSORT Cross Linked N ... more details
, an award for the discovery of a biomarker that can reduce the time and cost of ALS clinical ... 175,000 in smaller prizes for theoretical solutions and progress in the early stages of the Biomarker ... Biomarker Prize, was awarded to Dr. Seward Rutkove for his development of a tool to track the progression of the disease. An effective biomarker will make clinical trials of ALS drugs cheaper, quicker ... of a biomarker clears the way for pharmaceutical and biotech companies to develop treatments for ALS ... obstacle by far was the lack of three vital missing pieces A biomarker an inexpensive and simple ... of a clinically relevant ALS biomarker. The prize was launched with the help of InnoCentive ... community needs. ALS Biomarker Prize The Biomarker Prize was Prize4Life s first prize challenge ... Prizes of 15,000 each to five teams who proposed the best theoretical solutions for discovering a biomarker ... of the ALS Biomarker Prize a 1 million award for the actual discovery of an ALS biomarker. Prize4Life announced the awarding of the Biomarker Prize to Dr. Seward Rutkove on February 3rd, 2011 for his development of a tool to track the progression of the disease. This biomarker has the potential to reduce ... in 2006. Five years later, the process has culminated in the identification of a biomarker, but the ripple ... ideas into practical application. Rutkove s biomarker, using a method called electrical impedance ... of electrical current, EIM can accurately measure the progression of the disease. The promise of this biomarker ... company, is already using EIM as a biomarker in an ALS clinical trial. Two additional biotechnology companies, Biogen Idec and Genzyme, are actively considering incorporating the biomarker into trials ... Brief Scientists Net Prizes for Progress Toward ALS Biomarker. Alzheimer Research Forum. http www.alzforum.org ... 05 11. Thayer, Ann 2006 11 15 . http pubs.acs.org cen news 84 i47 8447biomarker.html Big Biomarker Prize ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 The gene reprimo has been found to be downregulated in several cancers but rarely in healthy cells. Its role appears to be related to its interaction with p53 tumor protein 53 . The gene is Methylation Biological methylation methylated , sometimes in pre cancerous growths and may be an early cancer indicator. ref 1 1 Reprimo has also been foud to be associated with the develeopment of esophageal adenocarcinaoma see Esophageal cancer , and could be a potential biomarker for early detection. ref 2 2 . Recent work suggest that Reprimo might be a potential non invasive biomarker for early detection in gastric cancer since it has been found in plasma samples of gastric cancer patients 90 but rarely 10 in plasma of healthy donors ref 3 3 . References note 1 1 cite journal author Takahashi T, Suzuki M, Shigematsu H, Shivapurkar N, Echebiri C, Nomura M, Stastny V, Augustus M, Wu CW, Wistuba II, Meltzer SJ, Gazdar AF title Aberrant methylation of Reprimo in human malignancies journal International Journal of Cancer volume 115 issue 4 year 2005 pages 503 10 pmid 15700311 doi 10.1002 ijc.20910 note 2 2 cite journal author Hamilton JP et al. title Reprimo methylation is a potential biomarker of Barrett s Associated esophageal neoplastic progression. journal Clin Cancer Res. volume 12 issue 22 year 2006 pages 6637 42 pmid 17121882 doi 10.1158 1078 0432.CCR 06 1781 note 3 3 Bernal C, Aguayo F, Villarroel C, Vargas M, D az I, Ossandon FJ, Santib ez E, Palma M, Aravena E, Barrientos C, Corvalan AH. Reprimo as a potential biomarker for early detection in gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 14 6264 9. PMID 18829507 Category Genes genetics stub ... more details
Molecular risk assessment is a procedure in which biomarker s for example, biological molecules or changes in tumor cell DNA are used to estimate a person s risk for developing cancer . Specific biomarkers may be linked to particular types of cancer. External links http www.cancer.gov Templates db alpha.aspx?CdrID 306509 Molecular risk assessment entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI cancer dict oncology stub Category Biological techniques and tools Category Oncology ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Proteogenix is a corporation based in Portland, Oregon , United States , that develops and markets biomarker diagnostic tests for the detection of life threatening pregnancy related conditions. Proteogenix is currently developing non invasive protein biomarker Genetic screening screening tests for intra amniotic infection , premature birth , and Down syndrome , which combined cause 175,000 premature births each year in the United States alone. ref name alone cite news url http biospace.com news company.aspx?CompanyID 2045 publisher Biospace.com title ProteoGenix News from The BioSpace Beat date September 29, 2004 ref References references External links http www.proteogenix.com Proteogenix Corporation Company Website http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi health 3930551.stm BBC NEWS Article on an Intra amniotic Infection study by Proteogenix http medir.ohsu.edu geneview images nagalla.wmv Video of local news channel KOIN 6 News covering Intra amniotic Infection research Category Companies based in Portland, Oregon Category Obstetrics Category Pregnancy tests ... more details
File Steroid nomenclature.svg thumb Numbering of the C atoms. In steranes the side chain at C 17 veries. Steranes are a class of 4 cyclic compound s derived from steroids or sterols via diagenesis diagenetic and catagenesis catagenetic degradation and saturation. Steranes have an androstane skeleton with a side chain at carbon C 17. The sterane structure constitutes the core of all sterols . Steranes are sometimes used as biomarker s for the presence of eukaryotic cell s. ref http www eaps.mit.edu geobiology biomarkers steroids.html About biomarkers geobiology mit. Accessed 8 October 2009. ref References reflist Category Steroids biochem stub de Sterane es Ciclopentanoperhidrofenantreno fr St rane gl Esterano id Sterana it Ciclopentanoperidrofenantrene ru ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In genetics, a molecular marker identified as genetic marker is a fragment of DNA sequence that is associated to a part of the genome . Molecular markers are used in molecular biology and biotechnology experiments where they use to identify a particular sequence of DNA. As the DNA sequences are very highly specific, they can be identified with the help of the known molecular markers which can find out a particular sequence of DNA from a group of unknown. See also Biomarker DEFAULTSORT Molecular Marker Category Chemical compounds Category Authentication methods Science stub fr Marqueur mol culaire it Marcatore molecolare ... more details
, such as biomarker, is required for preclinical and clinical DIPL assessment. The traditional ... patient tissue biopsy samples. A qualified biomarker of DIPL in the blood or urine is needed ... phosphate as a non invasive biomarker to monitor the onset and time course of phospholipidosis ... and time course of the condition in humans. A readily accessible biomarker in the urine ... monoacylglycerol phosphate di 22 6 BMP was identified by Nextcea as a non invasive biomarker to evaluate ... recommendations. Di 22 6 BMP may be used as a biomarker of DIPL to support development of guidance for industry ... more details
Otheruses2 Biomarker Wikify date June 2009 Context date June 2009 Intro missing date September 2009 Biomarkers are very useful in the world of exposure assessment when dealing with direct measurement methods. The use of biomarkers in exposure studies is also referred to as biomonitoring chemistry biomonitoring . They are chemicals, metabolites, susceptibility characteristics, or changes in the body that relate to the exposure of an organism to a chemical. Biomarkers have the ability to identify if an exposure has occurred, the route of exposure, the pathway of exposure, or the resulting effects of the exposure. When dealing with exposure assessment, there are three types of biomarkers that can be useful, biomarkers of susceptibility, biomarkers of exposure, and biomarkers of effect. Biomarkers of susceptibility are indicators of the natural characteristics of an organism that make it more susceptible to the effects of an exposure to a chemical. They can help define what sensitivities are more susceptible as well as critical times when exposures can be most detrimental. For example, the exhalation strength of an asthmatic will indicate how susceptible that person would be to the respiratory effects of exposure to brevetoxin, the toxic compound produced during a red tide. Biomarkers of exposure are the actual chemicals, or chemical metabolites, that can be measured in the body or after excretion from the body to determine different characteristics of a person s exposure. For example ... properties that are desirable when linking a biomarker with an exposure. These include high specificity one exposure to one biomarker , linear relationship across time, strong correlation with a health ... of the biomarker every time . Without these ideal characteristics, the use of biomarkers as a strong ... has been tested as a biomarker of exposure and almost every major environmental pollutant can ... storage space. The following table identifies major environmental pollutants and their biomarker tissue ... more details
Otheruses2 Biomarker Infobox Journal title Biomarkers cover Image TBMK Biomarkers.jpg 150px editor Prof. Alan Paine discipline Biochemistry language English abbreviation Biomarkers publisher Informa Pharmaceutical Science country UK Frequency 8 issues per year History First published 1996 openaccess no license impact 1.608 impact year 2009 website http www.informapharmascience.com bmk link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS http www.informapharmascience.com action showFeed?ui 0&mi 3b4d5z&ai 9j2&jc bmk&type etoc&feed rss atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1354 750X eISSN 1366 5804 Biomarkers is an international, peer reviewed academic journal that brings together all aspects of the rapidly growing field of biomarker research. It is published by Informa . Core Areas of Research Biomarkers is a forum for the exchange of ideas and techniques in all areas of biomarker research, including biomarkers of disease covering measurement of endogenous substances or parameters indicative of a disease process and the use of pharmacodynamic and genetic markers in evidence based laboratory medicine and treatment biomarkers of exposure covering detection and measurement of internal exposure to drugs and other chemicals biomarkers of response including measures of endogenous substances or parameters indicative of pathological or biochemical changes both toxicodynamic and pharmacodynamic, resulting from exposure to drugs and other chemicals biomarkers of susceptibility including genetic factors which alter susceptibility to drugs and other chemicals Editor in Chief Prof. Alan Paine, is the Editor in Chief of Biomarkers . Prof. Paine is currently Professor of Pharmacology & Therapeutics at King s College London ref cite web url http www.kcl.ac.uk schools biohealth research pharmsci groups pharma paine alan.html title King s College London accessdate 2009 05 09 format work kcl.ac.uk Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref Publication Format Biomarkers publishes 8 issues per year in simultaneous ... more details
CTX is a three letter abbreviation with multiple meanings Cefotaxime , an antibiotic Centrex , a telephone service Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis , a genetic disorder Charybdotoxin , a toxin found in scorpion venom Cholera toxin , a toxin responsible for the harmful effects of cholera C terminal telopeptide , a blood serum biomarker that can be measured to assess bone remodeling bone turnover Conotoxin , a toxin found in cone snail venom Ciguatoxin , a neurotoxin produced by marine dinoflagellates CTX camera , on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter CTX computer virus CTX explosive detection device CTX EzBook, a brand of laptop Cyclophosphamide , an anticancer drug Countdown to Extinction, a thrill ride at Disney s Animal Kingdom , now known as Dinosaur Disney s Animal Kingdom DINOSAUR . disambig de CTX ... more details
wiktionarypar marker Marker may refer to Sex Marker linguistics , a morpheme that indicates some grammatical function Marker telecommunications , a special purpose computer A set of pattern sewing sewing patterns tightly arranged within a rectangle that is placed over cloth to be cut Biomarker Marker Biology , or biological marker or biomarker, a substance used as an indicator of a biological state Genetic marker , a DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome and associated with a particular gene or trait. Slang term, denoting a favor or obligation to be called upon. Other uses Historical marker , a plaque erected at historically significant locations Marker pen , a felt tipped pen used for drawing and or coloring Paintball marker or paintball gun, an air gun Surface marker buoy , to mark a diver s position while underwater Marker beacon , a beacon used in aviation Casino marker , line of credit extended by a casino or cardroom Watch marker , up to twelve of which delineate the hours around a dial Clapperboard , equipment used during filming Taggant , a chemical or physical marker added to materials Names Chris Marker born 1921 , French film maker and director of La jet e Russell Earl Marker 1902 1995 , American chemist Culture Marker 2005 film , a television film starring Link Baker and Sonja Bennett Marker 2008 film , an action movie with Steven Seagal Marker novel , a thriller novel by Robin Cook Marker TV series , a 1995 American drama on UPN Companies Marker alpine bindings , a company specializing in bindings Places Marker, Norway See also Mark disambiguation Markup disambiguation disambig de Marker fr Marqueur nl Marker ja pl Marker fi Marker sv Marker ... more details
chembox Reference ref http www.hmdb.ca scripts show card.cgi?METABOCARD HMDB05765.txt Ophthalmic acid ref ImageFile Ophthalmic acid.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName 2 S 2 Amino 4 nowiki nowiki 2 S 2 aminobutanoyl carboxymethyl carbamoyl butanoic acid OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 495 27 2 PubChem 193304 SMILES CC C H NC O CC C H N C O O C O NCC O O MeSHName Ophthalmic acid Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 11 sub H sub 19 sub N sub 3 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 289.29 g mol Appearance Colorless solid Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Ophthalmic acid , also known as ophthalmate chemically L glutamyl L aminobutyrylglycine , is a tripeptide analogue of glutathione in which the cysteine group is replaced by L 2 aminobutyrate. It was first discovered and isolated from calf lens. ref Waley SG Biochem. J. 64, 715 1956 . ref Biosynthesis Recent studies have shown that the ophthalmate can be biologically synthesized from 2 amino butyric acid through consecutive reactions with gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthetase . So the ophthalmic acid could be used as a biomarker in oxidative stress where the depletion of glutathione takes place. ref cite journal author Tomoyoshi Soga, Richard Baran, Makoto Suematsu, Yuki Ueno, Satsuki Ikeda, Tadayuki Sakurakawa, Yuji Kakazu, Takamasa Ishikawa, Martin Robert, Takaaki Nishioka, and Masaru Tomita year 2006 month June title Differential Metabolomics Reveals Ophthalmic Acid as an Oxidative Stress Biomarker Indicating Hepatic Glutathione Consumption journal Journal of Biological Chemistry volume 281 issue 24 pages 16768 16776 doi 10.1074 jbc. M601876200 accessdate pmid 16608839 ref References references See also Glutathione synthetase deficiency Oxidative stress Category Peptides ... more details
There exist a number of competitions and prizes to reward distinguished contributions and to encourage developments in biotechnology . Inducement prizes The Archon X Prize for Genomics of US 10,000,000 is to be awarded to the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98 of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than 10,000 US per genome. The Prize4Life Prize4Life ALS Biomarker Prize ALS biomarker prize is a US 1,000,000 award for a reliable way of tracking progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS . The Prize4Life Prize4Life Avi Kremer ALS Treatment Prize ALS treatment prize is a US 1,000,000 award for a therapy that reliably and effectively extends the life of ALS mice by 25 . People for Ethical Treatment of Animals PETA is offering a US 1,000,000 reward for a method of producing enough meat to be marketed in 10 U.S. states at a price competitive with chicken prices. ref http www.usatoday.com news nation 2008 04 22 peta N.htm ref ref http www.peta.org b thepetafiles archive 2008 04 21 lab meat tastes like a million bucks.aspx ref Recognition prizes The Gotham Prize for Cancer Research is a US 1,000,000 prize awarded annually to encourage new and innovative approaches to cancer research by fostering collaboration among top thinkers in the field with the goal of leading to progress in the prevention, diagnosis, etiology and treatment of cancer. ref http www.gothamprize.org ref Gruber Prize in Genetics is a US 500,000 prize awarded annually for distinguished contributions in any realm of genetics research. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is an annual grant worth approximately 10 million Swedish krona SEK . It is routinely awarded for contributions to biotechnology. See also Inducement prize contest Golden Eurydice Award References references Category Biology ... more details
File Phosphatidylethanol.svg thumb right General chemical structures of phosphotidylethanol, where R sup 1 sup and R sup 2 sup are fatty acid chains Phosphatidylethanols PEth are a group of phospholipid s formed only in the presence of ethanol via the action of phospholipase D . ref Cite journal last1 Gnann first1 H. last2 Engelmann first2 C. last3 Skopp first3 G. last4 Winkler first4 M. last5 Auw rter first5 V. last6 Dresen first6 S. last7 Ferreir s first7 N. last8 Wurst first8 F. M. last9 Weinmann first9 W. title Identification of 48 homologues of phosphatidylethanol in blood by LC ESI MS MS journal Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry volume 396 pages 2415 year 2010 doi 10.1007 s00216 010 3458 5 ref Levels of phosphatidylethanols in blood are used as biomarker markers of previous alcohol consumption. ref cite journal last1 Hansson first1 Per last2 Caron first2 Murielle last3 Johnson first3 Goran last4 Gustavsson first4 Lena last5 Alling first5 Christer title Blood Phosphatidylethanol as a Marker of Alcohol Abuse Levels in Alcoholic Males during Withdrawal journal Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research volume 21 pages 108 year 1997 doi 10.1111 j.1530 0277.1997.tb03736.x ref ref cite journal last1 Hansson first1 P last2 Varga first2 A last3 Krantz first3 P last4 Alling first4 C title Phosphatidylethanol in post mortem blood as a marker of previous heavy drinking journal International journal of legal medicine volume 115 issue 3 pages 158 61 year 2001 pmid 11775018 ref Chemically, phosphatidylethanols are phospholipids carrying two fatty acid side chain chains , which are variable in structure, and one phosphate ethyl ester . See also Ethyl glucuronide , another biomarker for alcohol consumption References reflist Category Phospholipids Category Ethyl esters biochemistry stub ... more details
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