Infobox journal cover Image Biology direct.png center discipline Biology abbreviation Biol. Direct editor Eugene Koonin , Laura Landweber , David J. Lipman website http www.biology direct.com publisher BioMed Central country ISSN 1745 6150 impact 3.740 impact year 2010 BiologyDirect is an online Open access publishing open access scientific journal that publishes original, Peer review peer reviewed research papers and hypotheses in biology . The journal is published by BioMed Central . The journal follows a peer review system which is different from the traditional peer review system. Based on the information presented on their website BiologyDirect s key aim is to provide authors and readers with an alternative to the traditional model of peer review . This includes making the author responsible for obtaining reviewer s reports via the journal s editorial board , making the peer review process Peer review Dynamic and open peer review open rather than Anonymity anonymous , and making the reviewers reports public, thus increasing the responsibility of the referees and eliminating sources of Peer review Abuse of inside information by reviewers abuse in the refereeing process. ref name one http www.biology direct.com info about About BiologyDirect ref References Reflist External links Official http www.biology direct.com sci journal stub Category BioMed Central academic journals Category Biology journals Category English language journals ... more details
Wiktionary Direct may refer to Direct current , a direct flow of electricity Direct examination , the in trial questioning of a witness by the party who has called him or her to testify Direct sum of modules , a construction in abstract algebra which combines several vector spaces Direct Vangelis album Direct Vangelis album , 1988 album by Vangelis Direct EP Direct EP , a 2002 EP by The 77s Direct Tower of Power album Direct Tower of Power album , 1981 DirectX , a proprietary dynamic media platform Mars Direct , a proposal for a manned mission to Mars DIRECT , a proposed space shuttle derived launch vehicle Computing Direct access disambiguation , a method of accessing data in a database Direct connect disambiguation , various methods of telecommunications and computer networking Direct memory access , access to memory by hardware subsystems independently of the CPU Mathematics Directed set , in order theory Direct limit of pre , sheaves See also Direction disambiguation Director disambiguation Indirect disambiguation lookfrom intitle disambiguation fr Direct nl Direct sv Direct ... more details
Other uses pp semi protected small yes pp move indef File Biology organism collage.png thumb 300px Biology ... , and Brachypelma smithi science Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life ... Aquarena Wetlands Project glossary of terms. ref Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions ... be said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology ref name avila biology cite book author Avila, Vernon L. title Biology Investigating life on earth publisher Jones and Bartlett location Boston ... condition Living organisms consume and transform energy . Subdisciplines of biology are recognized ... examines the rudimentary chemistry of life molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell biology cell physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissue biology ... of biology File Tree of life by Haeckel.jpg thumb Ernst Haeckel s Tree of Life 1879 The term wiktionary biologybiology is derived from the Greek Language Greek word lang grc wikt , bios , life ... of amphibians by deletion of the initial amphi . Although biology in its modern form is a relatively ... subcontinent , and China . However, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study ... 384 BC 322 BC who contributed most extensively to the development of biology. Especially ... Islamic world who wrote on biology included al Jahiz 781 869 , Al Dinawari 828 896 , who ... hierarchy of life. Biology began to quickly develop and grow with Antony van Leeuwenhoek s dramatic ... pointed to the central importance of the cell biology cell . In 1838 and 1839, Matthias Jakob Schleiden ... to be known as cell theory . ref Sapp, Genesis , chapter 7 Coleman, Biology in the Nineteenth Century ... genetics . From the 1950s to present times, biology has been vastly extended in the molecular ... step in a globalized effort to incorporate accumulated knowledge of biology into a functional ... more details
Other uses Direct disambiguation For the rockets proposed as part of the DIRECT architecture Jupiter rocket family DIRECT is a proposed alternative heavy lift launch vehicle architecture supporting NASA ... and the Helios space stations and the Artemis crew cargo ship. DIRECT is advocated by a group of space ... 10 alt September 2008 , the DIRECT Team was said to consist of 69 members, ref cite web url http ... represent the group. The project name DIRECT refers to a philosophy of maximizing the re use of hardware and facilities already in place for the Space Shuttle program STS , hence a direct transition. The DIRECT Team asserts that using this approach to develop and operate a family of high commonality .... Three major versions of the DIRECT proposal have been released with the latest, Version 3.0, having ... Vehicle , the DIRECT Team has declared success of their effort. They have since announced the formation ... obama signs nasa bill.html ref ref http www.launchcomplexmodels.com Direct documents Direct Team ... DIRECT advocates developing a single, high commonality family of rockets named Jupiter, adapted closely ... for Ares V. DIRECT have specified existing components for their launch vehicles, but contend ... are possible, but the DIRECT version 3.0 proposal, released in May 2009, recommends two the Jupiter ... Earth orbit . ref name direct v3 specs cite web title Jupiter Launch Vehicle Technical Performance Summaries url http www.launchcomplexmodels.com Direct media.htm archiveurl http www.launchcomplexmodels.com Direct documents Baseball Cards archivedate 2009 06 08 accessdate 2009 07 18 ref Proposed ... I . The DIRECT Team has suggested a number of extra missions which would be enabled by Jupiter in their proposal, ref cite web url http www.directlauncher.com documents DIRECT Presentation 080703.pps title DIRECT Presentation work The DIRECT Team date 3 July 2008 ref including New ISS resupply missions ... a human crew to fly around the moon as early as 2013 The DIRECT team asserts that these additional ... more details
Animal biology may refer to Animal Biology journal Animal Biology journal , a scientific journal Zoology , the branch of biology that studies animals disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Membrane biology is the study of the Biology biological and Biochemistry physiochemical characteristics of Biological membrane membranes . DEFAULTSORT Membrane Biology Category Membrane biologyBiology stub ... more details
Wiktionary biologyBiology is a science discipline studying living organisms. Biology may also refer to Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life , a college level textbook compiled by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart Biology textbook Biology , a textbook by Neil Campbell scientist Neil Campbell , first published in 1987 In music Biology band , an American rock indie band Biology song Biology song , a song by Girls Aloud See also Biosciences disambiguation disambig ... more details
saved book title Biology subtitle An introduction cover image SEM blood cells.jpg cover color Biology An introduction Main article Biology Research Molecular biology Cell biology Genetics Developmental biology Physiology Anatomy Evolution Modern evolutionary synthesis Natural selection Taxonomy Ecology Ethology Behavior Biogeography Biochemistry DEFAULTSORT Biology Category Wikipedia books on biology ... more details
Modules Key Pieces in the Integration of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology http raven.zoology.washington.edu ... Elements of a Conceptual Framework for EvoDevo evolutionary biology genarch Category Biology ... more details
Direct repeats are a type of genetic sequence that consists of two or more repeats of a specific sequence. ref name Ussery2008 cite book title Computing for Comparative Microbial Genomics Bioinformatics for Microbiologists chapter Word Frequencies, Repeats, and Repeat related Structures in Bacterial Genomes series Computational Biology volume 8 page 133 144 first1 David W. last1 Ussery first2 Trudy last2 Wassenaar first3 Stefano last3 Borini publisher Springer edition 1 date 2008 12 22 isbn 978 1 84800 254 8 ref Direct repeats are nucleotide sequences present in multiple copies in the genome . There are several types of repeated sequences. Interspersed or dispersed DNA repeats interspersed repetitive sequences are copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome. Flanking or terminal repeats terminal repeat sequences are sequences that are repeated on both ends of a sequence, for example, the long terminal repeat Long terminal repeats LTRs on retroviruses . Direct terminal repeats are in the same direction and inverted terminal repeats are opposite to each other in direction. Tandem repeats tandem repeat sequences are repeated copies which lie adjacent to each other. These can also be direct or inverted repeats . The ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA genes belong to the class of middle repetitive DNA. See also inverted repeat References reflist genetics stub Repeated sequence Category Repetitive DNA sequences Category Genetics ... more details
Merge from Synthetic life date June 2010 Lead too short date February 2010 Synthetic biology is a new area of biology biological research that combines science and engineering . It encompasses a variety ... have in common, however, is that they see synthetic biology as the design and construction of new ... SBC04 index.cgi Synthetic Biology competition , displaying Hello world program Hello World History The term synthetic biology has a history spanning the twentieth century. ref Luis Campos, That Was the Synthetic Biology That Was in M. Schmidt, A. Kelle, A. Ganguli Mitra and H. Vriend, eds., Synthetic Biology The Technoscience and Its Societal Consequences. Springer Academic Publishing, 2010 ref The first ... In 1974, the Polish geneticist Waclaw Szybalski used the term synthetic biology , ref Waclaw Szybalski ... of Gene Expression, pp. 23 4, and Discussion pp. 404 5 Szybalski s concept of Synthetic Biology ... what next . Up to now we are working on the descriptive phase of molecular biology. ... But the real challenge will start when we enter the synthetic biology phase of research in our field. We will then devise ... biology, in general. blockquote When in 1978 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded ... and to analyze individual genes, but also has led us into the new era of synthetic biology where ... first1 W last2 Skalka first2 A issue 3 ref blockquote Perspectives Biology Biologists are interested in learning more about how natural living systems work. One simple, direct way to test our current ... tradition, some aspects of synthetic biology can be viewed as an extension and application of synthetic chemistry to biology, and include work ranging from the creation of useful new biochemicals to studying ... and versatility of synthetic biology is driven by ongoing improvements in gene synthesis . Citation needed date April 2011 Engineering Engineers view biology as a technology the systems biotechnology ..., The Communications on Transgenic Animals, CAS, Nov. 1994. ref . Synthetic Biology includes the broad ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A test is a term used to refer to the shell of sea urchin s, and also the shell of certain microorganisms, such as testate foraminifera and testate amoebae . See also Frustule Lorica biology DEFAULTSORT Test Biology Category Biology biology stub es Testa protista ... more details
Reproductive biology is a study mainly involving the reproductive system and sex organ s. It is closely related to reproductive endocrinology and infertility . biology stub Category Reproduction ... more details
Quantum biology refers to applications of quantum mechanics to biological objects and problems. Usually, it is taken to refer to applications of the non trivial quantum features such as quantum superposition superposition , nonlocality , quantum entanglement entanglement and quantum tunneling tunneling , as opposed to the trivial applications such as chemical bonding which apply to biology only indirectly by dictating quantum chemistry . Erwin Schr dinger is one of the first scientists to suggest a study of quantum biology in his 1946 book What is Life? Applications Many biological processes involve the conversion of energy into forms that are usable for chemical transformations and are quantum mechanical in nature. Such processes involve chemical reactions , light absorption , formation of Excited state excited electronic states , Exciton transfer of excitation energy , and the transfer of electrons and protons hydrogen ion s in chemical processes such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ref Quantum Biology. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group. http www.ks.uiuc.edu Research quantum biology ref Quantum biology uses computation ... releases 2007 01 070116133617.htm Science Daily Quantum Biology Powerful Computer Models Reveal ... title Quantum Biology journal AAPP Physical, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences volume 87 issue ... debate quantum effects in biology trivial or not? Fluctuation and Noise Letters , 8 1 , pp. ... The dawn of quantum biology , Nature 474 2011 , 272 274. Paul C. W. Davies P.C.W. Davies , Does quantum ... Schroedinger, Francis Crick and epigenetic stability . Biol Direct . 3 , pp. 15, 2008. http .... 155 179, 2000. External links http www.ks.uiuc.edu Research quantum biology Theoretical and Computational ... articles bio spooky world quantum biology The Spooky World of Quantum Biology DEFAULTSORT Quantum Biology Category Biophysics Category Quantum mechanics Biology footer ar de Quantenbiologie ... more details
Biology of gender can have different meanings, depending on the meaning of gender. In medicine and biology it usually refers to the biology of sexual dimorphism sex differences in humans . sex determination and differentiation human . In social sciences, gender studies , and in some feminist approaches to biology and sociobiology, particularly that of Anne Fausto Sterling, gender is understood as the social construct gender role and types of behavior associated with that, rather than sex biology of gender specific human behavior . Disambiguation ... more details
Biology of Reproduction is a peer reviewed academic journal , and the official journal of the Society for the Study of Reproduction . It is published with the assistance of HighWire Press . External links official http www.biolreprod.org ISSN 0006 3363 eISSN 1529 7268 Category Developmental biology journals biology journal stub ... more details
nofootnotes date April 2011 refimprove date April 2011 Infobox journal title Open Biology cover discipline Natural science s abbreviation Open Biol. publisher Royal Society editor David Glover country United Kingdom history To be launched ISSN 2046 2441 website http rsob.royalsocietypublishing.org Open Biology is a Peer review peer reviewed open access journal that will be published by the Royal Society covering biology at the Molecular biology molecular and Cell biology cellular level . It publishes original research in cell biology, developmental and structural biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, neuroscience, immunology, microbiology, and genetics. The editor in chief is David Glover University of Cambridge . External links Official http rsob.royalsocietypublishing.org DEFAULTSORT Proceedings Of The Royal Society Category Publications established in 2011 Category Royal Society Category English language journals Category Multidisciplinary scientific journals Category Open access journals ... more details
Infobox journal title Biology Letters cover Image Biology Letters cover.gif editor Brian Charlesworth discipline Biology abbreviation Biol. Lett. publisher Royal Society Publishing country United Kingdom frequency Bimonthly history 2005 present license impact 3.651 impact year 2010 website http rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1744 9561 eISSN 1744 957X Biology Letters is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal . It was split off as a separate journal from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences in 2005 after having been published as a supplement. Originally it was published quarterly, but from 2007 it has been published bimonthly. The journal publishes short articles from across biology . The editor in chief is Brian Charlesworth . As of 2010, Biology Letters has an impact factor of 3.651 and is ranked 14th in Biology. Contents and themes All content is assigned to one of the following categories Animal behaviour , Biomechanics , Community ecology , Conservation, Evolutionary biology , Evolutionary developmental biology , Genomics Genome biology , Global Change Biology, Marine biology , Molecular evolution , Neurobiology , Palaeontology , Pathogen Biology, Physiology , Phylogeny , Population ecology , or Population genetics . The journal publishes research articles, opinion pieces, scientific meeting reports, comments, and invited reply articles. External links Official http rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org Category Biology journals Category Publications established in 2005 Category Bimonthly journals Category English language journals Category Royal Society biology journal stub ru Biology Letters sl Biology Letters ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A sequence in biology is the one dimensional ordering of monomer s, covalent bond covalently linked within in a biopolymer it is also referred to as the primary structure of the biological macromolecule . See also Protein sequence DNA sequence Self incompatibility in plants List of geneticists Human Genome Project Dot plot bioinformatics Multiplex Ligation dependent Probe Amplification Sequence analysis DEFAULTSORT Sequence Biology Category Molecular biologyBiology stub fa fr S quence biologique ... more details
Infobox journal title PLoS Biology cover File PLoS Biology cover April 2009.svg 200px editor Jonathan Eisen discipline Biology abbreviation PLoS Biol. website http www.plosbiology.org publisher Public Library of Science country impact 12.916 impact year 2009 ISSN 1544 9173 eISSN 1545 7885 history 2003 present openaccess Yes license Creative Commons licenses Creative Commons Attribution License PLoS Biology is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of biology . Publication began on October 13, 2003. It was the first journal of the Public Library of Science . All content in PLoS Biology is published under the Creative Commons by attribution license. To fund the journal, the publication s business model requires that, in most cases, authors will pay publication costs. In addition to research articles, PLoS Biology publishes online e letters in which readers provide comments on articles. According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2009 impact factor of 12.916, ranking it first in the category Biology . ref name WoS cite web url http isiwebofknowledge.com title Web of Science year 2010 accessdate 2011 03 24 ref The current editor in chief is Jonathan Eisen ref cite pmid 18303952 ref University of California, Davis . Gallery Due to their free licensing, files from PLoS Biology can be reused in places other than the original article, e.g. to illustrate Wikipedia articles. gallery File HIV on macrophage.png HIV attacking a macrophage . File Actenoides concretus.png A Rufous collared Kingfisher rufous collared Kingfisher . File Bat flying at night.png A bat flying at night. File Seedbank.jpg Specimens in a seedbank . gallery gallery File ... from PLoS Biology PLoS Biology PLoS DEFAULTSORT Plos Biology Category Biology journals Category Creative Commons licensed journals Category Publications established in 2003 Biology journal stub es PLoS Biology fr PLoS Biology pl PLoS Biology pt PLoS Biology ru PLoS Biology sl PLoS Biology ... more details
Catagenesis is an archaic term from evolutionary biology referring to evolutionary directions that were considered wiktionary retrogressive retrogressive . It was a term used in contrast to anagenesis , which in present usage denotes the evolution of a single population into a new form without branching lines of descent. Cladogenesis is the term used for branching lines of descent i.e., when the evolutionary origin of a new form is not accompanied by the disappearance of the ancestral form. See also Portal Evolutionary biology Evolutionary biology References Reflist evolution DEFAULTSORT Catagenesis Biology Category Evolutionary biology evolution stub es Catag nesis kk ru tr Katagenez biyoloji uk ... more details
about Wetware relating to biological tools and parts Wetware disambiguation The term wetware is used to describe the protocols and molecular devices used in molecular biology and synthetic biology . Examples The National Science Foundation NSF funded Wiki project Open Wetware OWW provides and resource for reagent, project and laboratory notebook sharing. ref cite web url http openwetware.org wiki Main Page title Open Wetware OWW ref A somewhat related NSF consortium Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center SynBERC constructs and distributes wetware. ref cite web url http synberc.org title NSF SynBERC ref References references Category Molecular biology Category Synthetic biology ... more details
unreferenced stub date February 2011 Infobox journal title Current Biology cover Image CurrentBiologyCoverVol17Iss24.jpg editor Geoffrey North discipline Biology peer reviewed abbreviation Curr. Biol. publisher Cell Press country United States frequency 26 year history 1991 present openaccess After 12 months license impact 10.777 impact year 2008 website http www.current biology.com link1 http www.cell.com current biology archive link1 name Online access link2 link2 name RSS http www.cell.com rssFeed current biology rss.NewArticles.xml atom JSTOR OCLC 45113007 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0960 9822 eISSN boxwidth Current Biology is a scientific journal that covers all areas of biology , especially molecular biology , cell biology , genetics , neurobiology , ecology and evolutionary biology . The journal is published twice a month and includes peer review peer reviewed research articles, various types of review articles, as well as an editorial magazine section. Current Biology was founded in 1991 by the Current Science group, acquired by Elsevier in 1998 and has since 2001 been part of Cell Press , a subdivision of Elsevier. See also List of entomology journals Reed Elsevier Category Biology journals Category English language journals Category Cell Press academic journals Category Publications established in 1991 biology journal stub de Current Biology fr Current Biology ru Current Biology ja ... more details
and evolvability. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2010. 263 1 p. 143 53. Whitacre, J.M. and S.P. Atamas, The Diversity Paradox How Nature Resolves an Evolutionary Dilemma. BiologyDirect ... in biological systems journal Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling year 2010 volume 7 ... flow of life on the biology, economics, and physics of the cell journal Theoretical Biology and Medical ... A common basis for development and evolution journal Journal of Evolutionary Biology year ... Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling year 2010 volume 7 issue 6 pages 6 id url http www.tbiomed.com ... a basic mechanism for distributed robustness in complex adaptive systems journal Theoretical Biology ... journal Journal of Theoretical Biology year 2010 volume 263 issue 1 pages 143 153 id url http ... Dynamics in Selective Repertoires. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 2009. 71 6 p. 1349 ... Theory, 2010. 5 3 p. 277 288. Systems Biology Sol , R.V., R. Ferrer Cancho, J.M. Montoya, and S. Valverde ... in complex adaptive systems. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling 2010. 7 20 . Evolution Edelman ... evolvability, robustness and complexity in biological systems. Theoretical Biology and Medical ... robustness and evolvability. Integrative Biology, 2011. 3 p. 17 30. Peer Review Lehky, S., Peer ... DEFAULTSORT Degeneracy Biology Category Biology Category Biology theories Category Evolutionarily significant biological phenomena Category Systems biology Category Evolutionary dynamics Category Evolutionary ... more details
Infobox Television episode Title Biology 101 Series Community TV series Community Image Caption Season 3 Episode 1 Airdate Start date 2011 9 22 Guests John Goodman as Vice Dean Robert Laybourne Michael K. Williams as Professor Marshall Kane Production 301 Writer Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan Garrett Donovan br Neil Goldman Director Russo brothers Anthony Russo Episode list List of Community episodes Prev For a Few Paintballs More Next Geography of Global Conflict Biology 101 is the first episode of the Community season 3 third season of Community TV series Community . The episode originally aired on September 22, 2011 on NBC . The episode picks up where Community season 2 the second season left off, with Pierce out of the group. The study group resumes class at Greendale and decides to enroll in Biology. The episode was written by Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan and directed by Russo brothers Anthony Russo . Plot The study group decides to take a Biology class together, but Annie wonders what they are going to do without Pierce. Troy and Abed announce they are living together, Dean Pelton sporting a goatee announces things around here are going to be different. Pierce returns and says ... a class the group can take together after being kicked out Biology, when Anne reminds Jeff of his ... comes in and tells the group how he took Jeff s spot in Biology. Jeff goes to apologies to Professor ... life. Jeff strung out on monkey gas tells the group that Pierce is the reason he was kicked out of Biology ... to do since he is still kicked out of Biology, he tells her he isn t worried. Professor Kane is sitting ... in 1962 called Inspector Spacetime . The short clip is a direct parody of Doctor Who , with similar ... broadcast on September 22, 2011, Biology 101 was viewed by an estimated 4.00 million viewers ... http www.nbc.com community episode guide season 3 401501 biology 101 episode 301 401502 Biology 101 ... CommunityS3E01Biology101 Biology 101 at TV Tropes Community TV series DEFAULTSORT Biology 101 Category ... more details
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