Wiktionary biologyBiology is a science discipline studying living organisms. Biology may also refer to Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life , a college level textbook compiled by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart Biology textbook Biology , a textbook by Neil Campbell scientist Neil Campbell , first published in 1987 In music Biology band , an American rock indie band Biology song Biology song , a song by Girls Aloud See also Biosciences disambiguation disambig ... more details
Other uses pp semi protected small yes pp move indef File Biology organism collage.png thumb 300px Biology ... , and Brachypelma smithi Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living ... Wetlands Project glossary of terms. ref Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions ... to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology ref name avila biology cite book author Avila, Vernon L. title Biology Investigating life on earth publisher Jones and Bartlett location Boston year ... and constant condition energy Living organisms consume and transform energy . Subdisciplines of biology ... them biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell biology cell physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissue biology tissues , Organ anatomy organs , and organ system s of an organism and ecology examines ... Main History of biology File Tree of life by Haeckel.jpg thumb Ernst Haeckel s Tree of Life 1879 The term wiktionary biologybiology in its modern sense appears to have been introduced independently ... , p8. ref ref Coleman, Biology in the Nineteenth Century , pp 1 2. ref It is a classical compound ... grc wiktionary , logia , study of. Although biology in its modern form is a relatively recent ... subcontinent , and China . However, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study ... 384 BC 322 BC who contributed most extensively to the development of biology. Especially important ... in the study and development of biology were promoted through the efforts of such Islamic medicine ... of life. Biology began to quickly develop and grow with Antony van Leeuwenhoek s dramatic improvement ... importance of the cell biology cell . In 1838 and 1839, Matthias Jakob Schleiden Schleiden ... as cell theory . ref Sapp, Genesis , chapter 7 Coleman, Biology in the Nineteenth Century , chapters ... more details
Animal biology may refer to Animal Biology journal Animal Biology journal , a scientific journal Zoology , the branch of biology that studies animals disambiguation ... more details
otheruses Labrum disambiguation Labium in biology may refer to Labium botany Labium genitalia , a part of the female external genitalia singular of labia in human anatomy Labium arthropod mouthpart , a mouthpart of arthropods the lower lip Labium genus , a genus of wasp s in the family Ichneumonidae See also Labrum anatomy , a disambiguation page Biologydisambiguation ... more details
In the field of biology, dominance or dominant may refer to Dominance ecology Dominance ethology Dominance genetics See also Dominance disambiguation disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
about Wetware relating to biological tools and parts Wetware disambiguation The term wetware is used to describe the protocols and molecular devices used in molecular biology and synthetic biology . Examples The National Science Foundation NSF funded Wiki project Open Wetware OWW provides and resource for reagent, project and laboratory notebook sharing ref cite web url http openwetware.org wiki Main Page title Open Wetware OWW ref . A somewhat related NSF consortium Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center SynBERC constructs and distributes wetware ref cite web url http synberc.org title NSF SynBERC ref . References references Category Molecular biology Category Synthetic biology ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 For other uses of isomorphism , see isomorphism disambiguation . In biology , an isomorphism is a similarity of form or structure between organisms, generally between organisms with independent ancestries, e.g. after convergent evolution . Two organisms exhibiting isomorphism are referred to as isomorph s. ref http www.merriam webster.com dictionary Isomorphism ref ref The term isomorphism is borrowed from mathematical usage, where it refers to a one to one mapping between the elements of two sets. ref The Evolution of the eye Evolutionary baggage separate evolution of camera eyes in vertebrates and cephalopods and insects, and many more, in as many as fifty separate instances , is an example of isomorphism. So is the evolution of wings in insects, dinosaurs, birds, and bats. The term isomorphism is borrowed from mathematical usage, where it refers to a one to one mapping between the elements of two sets. References references DEFAULTSORT Isomorphism BiologyBiology stub Category Biology terminology ... more details
Other uses Substrate disambiguation In biology a substrate is the surface a plant or animal lives upon. The substrate can include biotic or abiotic materials. For example, encrusting algae that lives on a rock can be substrate for another animal that lives on top of the algae. See also substrate marine biology . Abiotic substrates Cellulose substrate ref http www.koppertcress.com index.php?PageID 970 Cellulose substrate being used to grow plants ref Rock wool References Reflist External links http www.koppertcress.com index.php?PageID 970 Micro vegetable growing using abiotic substrates at home Category BiologyBiology stub de Substrat Boden et Substraat koloogia es Sustrato biolog a it Substrato ecologia ja ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Other uses Pellicle disambiguation The pellicle is a thin layer supporting the cell membrane in various protozoa , protecting them and allowing them to retain their shape. They vary from flexible and elastic to rigid. Although stiff, the pellicle is flexible and allows the protist to fit into tighter spaces. In ciliate s and Apicomplexa , it is formed from closely packed vesicles called alveoli . In euglenid s, it is formed from protein strips arranged spirally along the length of the body. Examples of protists with a pellicle are the euglenoids and the paramecium , a ciliate. The pellicle consists of many bacteria that adhere to the surface by their attachment pili . Thus, attachement pili allow the organisms to remain in the broth, from which they take nutrients, while they congregate near air, where the oxygen concentration is greatest. DEFAULTSORT Pellicle Biology Category Cell biology Category Cell anatomy Biology stub cs Pelikula pl Pellikula ru sr uk ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Membrane biology is the study of the Biology biological and Biochemistry physiochemical characteristics of Biological membrane membranes . DEFAULTSORT Membrane Biology Category Membrane biologyBiology stub ... more details
Other uses Lerp disambiguation In biology , a lerp is a structure of crystallized Honeydew secretion honeydew produced by larva e of psyllid insects as a protective cover. Host plants Some of the host plants on which lerp is often found include Eucalyptus dumosa Eucalyptus terminalis psyllid insect being Apiomorpha pomiformis External links http www.ipm.ucdavis.edu PMG PESTNOTES pn7460.html University of California Integrated Pest Management http www.cnr.berkeley.edu biocon dahlsten rglp index.htm University of California Center for Biological Control http www.lerppsyllid.com Lerp Psyllid resources provided by Pacific Coast Arborists and Consultants Category Entomology truebug stub ... more details
saved book title Biology subtitle An introduction cover image cover color Biology An introduction Main article Biology Research Molecular biology Cell biology Genetics Developmental biology Physiology Anatomy Evolutionary biology Evolution Modern evolutionary synthesis Natural selection Taxonomy Ecology Ethology Behavior Biogeography Biochemistry DEFAULTSORT Biology Category Wikipedia books on biology ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For use of the term in immunology Effector cell disambiguation Effector cell An effector is a molecule originally referring to small molecule s but now encompassing any regulatory molecule, including proteins that binds to a protein and thereby alters the activity of that protein. A modulator molecule binds to a regulatory site during allosteric modulation and allosterically modulates the shape of the protein. An effector can also be a protein that is secreted from a pathogen , which alters the host organism to enable infection, e.g. by suppressing the host s immune system capabilities. Types of effectors activator proteomics Activator s Enzyme inhibitor Inhibitor s DEFAULTSORT Effector Biology Category Proteins Protein stub es Efector he pl Efektor allosteryczny ru sr Efektor biologija make simpler ... more details
About the biological taxonomy term the sociological concept Social interpretations of race the anthropological term Race classification of human beings In biology, races are distinct Genetic divergence genetically divergent populations within the same species with relatively small morphological and genetic differences. The populations can be described as ecological races if they arise from adaptation to different local habitat s or geographic races when they are geographical isolation geographically isolated . If sufficiently different, two or more races can be identified as subspecies , which is an official biological taxonomy unit subordinate to species. If not, they are denoted as races , which means that taxon a formal rank should not be given to the group, or taxonomists are unsure whether or not a formal rank should be given. According to Ernst W. Mayr , a subspecies is a geographic race that is sufficiently different taxonomically to be worthy of a separate name http www.goodrumj.com Mayr.html ref cite book author Ernst Mayr title Populations, Species, and Evolution An Abridgment of Animal Species and Evolution publisher Belknap Press location Cambridge, Mass year 1970 pages isbn 0 674 69013 3 oclc doi ref Examples of race include The Key lime and the Persian lime , both of species Citrus Hybrid name aurantifolia . The western honey bee is divided into several List of honey bee races honey bee races See also Cultivar Several meanings of plant variety This intentionally links to a disambiguation page. Landrace Breed Subspecies Strain biology Strain References Reflist Category Scientific classification Category Speciation Category Race da Race de Rasse es Raza io Raso he ja no Rase nn Rase pl Rasa pt Ra a ro Ras biologie ru simple Race biology fi Rotu sv Ras tr Irk biyoloji ... more details
About the domain rank in biological classification Domain disambiguation Merge from Three domain system discuss Talk Domain biology date January 2009 Biological classification In Biology biological taxonomy , a domain also superregnum , superkingdom , or empire is the highest taxonomic rank of organism s, higher than a Kingdom biology kingdom . According to the three domain system of Carl Woese , introduced in 1990, the Tree of life science Tree of Life consists of three domains Archaea , Bacteria and Eukaryota Eukarya . ref Cite journal author Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M title Towards a natural system of organisms proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. url http www.pnas.org cgi reprint 87 12 4576 accessdate 11 February 2010 journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA volume 87 issue 12 pages 4576 9 year 1990 pmid 2112744 doi 10.1073 pnas.87.12.4576 pmc 54159 ref The arrangement of taxon taxa reflects the fundamental differences in the genome s. There are some alternative classifications of life Citation needed date November 2009 The two empire system or superdomain system , with top level groupings of Prokaryota or Monera and Eukaryote Eukaryota . The Kingdom biology Six kingdoms six kingdom system with top level groupings of Bacteria Eubacteria , Archaea Archaebacteria , Protist a, Fungus Fungi , Plant ae, and Animal ia. Citation needed date April 2010 The Three domain system three empire system Eubacteria , Archaea , Eukarya with five Supergroups in the Eukarya ref http comenius.susqu.edu bi 202 Taxa.htm Holt, Jack R. and Carlos A. Iudica, 2010, Taxa of Life. . ref None of the three systems currently include non cellular life . Citation needed date April 2010 See also Phylogenetics Systematics References Reflist Taxonomic ranks Use dmy dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Domain Biology Category Scientific classification rank00 af Domein biologie ar ... Domain biology sr Domen biologija sv Dom n biologi th tr st lem uk vec ... more details
Reproductive biology is a study mainly involving the reproductive system and sex organ s. It is closely related to reproductive endocrinology and infertility . biology stub Category Reproduction ... more details
Identification in biology is the process of assigning a pre existing individual or class name to an individual organism. Identification of organisms to individual names or codes may be based on individualistic natural body features e. g. , ref http www.environment.gov.au coasts publications ballina workshop 2004 pubs burns.pdf Photographic identification of individual humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae on their southern migration past Ballina, NSW, with comparisons to other humpback whale databases from eastern Australia Bot generated title ref experimentally created individual markers e.g., color dot patterns , or natural individualistic molecular markers similar to those used in Parental testing maternity or paternity identification tests . Individual identification is used, e.g., in ecology , wildlife management or conservation biology . The more common form of identification is the identification of organisms to common e. g., lion scientific e. g., Panthera leo class names. By necessity this is based on inherited features characters of the organisms, the inheritance forming the basis of defining a class. The features may, e. g., be morphological, anatomical, physiological, behavioral, or molecular. The term determination may occasionally be used as a synonym for identification e. g. , ref Osborne, D. V. 1963. Some Aspects of the theory of dichotomous keys. New Phytologist, 62 2 144 160. ref or as in determination slips . ref http www.chah.gov.au avh help specimen about determination.html The herbarium specimen help text Bot generated title ref Identification methods may be manual or computerized and may involve using identification key s, browsing through fields guide that contain often illustrated species accounts, or comparing the organism with specimens from natural history collections. See also DNA barcoding DNA profiling Identification disambiguation Molecular marker Morphological identification Physiological identification Strain identification Taxonomy ... more details
Biology of gender can have different meanings, depending on the meaning of gender . In medicine and biology it usually refers to the biology of sexual dimorphism , e.g. sex differences in humans In social sciences, gender studies , and in some feminist approaches to biology and sociobiology, particularly that of Anne Fausto Sterling , gender is understood as the social construct gender role and types of behavior associated with that, rather than sex see biology of gender specific human behavior . dab ... more details
Other uses Saltation disambiguation morereferences date March 2010 Cleanup date July 2008 In biology , saltation from Latin , saltus , leap is a sudden change from one generation to the next, that is large, or very large, in comparison with the usual variation of an organism. The term is used for occasionally hypothesized, nongradual changes especially single step speciation that are atypical of, or violate, standard concepts gradualism involved in Modern evolutionary synthesis neo Darwinian evolution . Saltation does not fit into contemporary evolutionary theory ref cite book last Mayr first Ernst Jay authorlink Ernst Mayr title What Evolution Is year 2001 publisher Basic Books pages 78 80 quote Even though a gap may now exist between two species, it did not necessarily originate by saltation. As we now know, there never was a taxic discontinuity, because the two species were connected with their common ancestor by a continuous series of intermediate populations. ref , but there are some prominent proponents, including Carl Woese . Woese, and colleagues, suggested that the absence of RNA signature continuum between domain biology domains of bacteria , archaea , and eukarya constitutes a primary indication that the three primary organismal lineages materialized via one or more major evolutionary saltations from some universal ancestral state involving dramatic change in cellular organization that was significant early in the evolution of life, but in complex organisms gave way to the generally accepted Darwinian mechanisms. ref cite web author Elijah Roberts, Anurag Sethi , Jonathan Montoya, Carl R. Woese, and Zaida Luthey Schulten title Molecular signatures of ribosomal evolution url http www.pnas.org content 105 37 13953.full?sid f3651397 00e9 4a57 802b f41c6ef6cf5a publisher ... thought Eclipse of Darwinism Notes and references reflist DEFAULTSORT Saltation Biology Category Evolutionary biology evolution stub ca Saltaci biologia es Saltaci n biolog a fr Saltationnisme ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A test is a term used to refer to the shell of sea urchin s, and also the shell of certain microorganisms, such as testate foraminifera and testate amoebae . See also Frustule DEFAULTSORT Test Biology Category Biology biology stub es Testa protista ... more details
Biology of Reproduction is a peer reviewed academic journal , and the official journal of the Society for the Study of Reproduction . It is published with the assistance of HighWire Press . External links official http www.biolreprod.org ISSN 0006 3363 eISSN 1529 7268 Category Biology journals biology journal stub ... more details
italictitle Infobox Journal title Biology Letters cover Image Biology Letters cover.gif editor Brian Charlesworth FRS discipline Biology abbreviation Biol. Lett. publisher Royal Society Publishing country United Kingdom frequency Bimonthly first published 2005 license impact 3.521 impact year 2009 website http rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS http rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org rss atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1744 9561 eISSN 1744 957X Biology Letters is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal . It was split off as a separate journal from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences Proceedings of the Royal Society B in 2005 after having been published as a supplement. Originally it was published quarterly, but from 2007 it has been published bimonthly. The journal publishes short articles from across biology . The editor in chief is Brian Charlesworth , Fellow of the Royal Society FRS . As of 2009, Biology Letters has an Impact Factor of 3.521 and is ranked 14th in Biology. Contents and themes All content is assigned to one of the following categories Animal behaviour , Biomechanics , Community ecology , Conservation, Evolutionary biology , Evolutionary developmental biology , Genomics Genome biology , Global Change Biology, Marine biology , Molecular evolution , Neurobiology , Palaeontology , Pathogen Biology, Physiology , Phylogeny , Population ecology , or Population genetics . The journal publishes research articles, opinion pieces, scientific meeting reports, comments, and invited reply articles. External links Official http rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org Category Biology journals Category Publications established in 2005 Category Bimonthly journals Category English language journals Category Evolutionary biology journals biology journal stub ru Biology Letters sl Biology Letters ... more details
Infobox journal title PLoS Biology cover File PLoS Biology cover April 2009.svg 200px discipline Biology abbreviation PLoS Biol. website http www.plosbiology.org publisher Public Library of Science country impact 12.916 impact year 2009 ISSN 1544 9173 eISSN 1545 7885 history 2003 present openaccess Yes license Creative Commons licenses Creative Commons Attribution License PLoS Biology is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of biology . Publication began on October 13, 2003. It was the first journal of the Public Library of Science . All content in PLoS Biology is published under the Creative Commons by attribution license. To fund the journal, the publication s business model requires that, in most cases, authors will pay publication costs. In addition to research articles, PLoS Biology publishes online e letters in which readers provide comments on articles. According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2009 impact factor of 12.916, ranking it first in the category Biology . ref name WoS cite web url http isiwebofknowledge.com title Web of Science year 2010 accessdate 2011 03 24 ref The current editor in chief is Jonathan Eisen University of California, Davis . References Reflist External links Official http www.plosbiology.org commonscat Images from PLoS Biology PLoS Category Biology journals Category Creative Commons licensed journals Category Publications established in 2003 Biology journal stub es PLoS Biology fr PLoS Biology pl PLoS Biology pt PLoS Biology ru PLoS Biology sl PLoS Biology ... more details
This article is about the academic subject, for the journal see Human Biology journal Unreferenced date January 2010 Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology , biological anthropology , nutrition and medicine which focuses on human s it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. The human biology major was founded in 1970 at Stanford University . Research Human biology research encompasses Human genetic variation Genetic variation across human populations, present and past Biological variation related to climate and other elements of the natural environment Determinants, across populations, of risk for degenerative disease and infectious disease Human development biology Human growth and development Biodemography While undisputed boundaries do not exist, human biology is typically distinguished from conventional medical research by an enhanced focus on international, population level perspectives on health, and on human evolution , adaptation ... Human Biology Program undergraduate programs cover this subject matter. External links http www.humbio.org Human Biology Association http onlinelibrary.wiley.com journal 10.1002 28ISSN 291520 6300 American Journal of Human Biology http www.humbiol.com Human Biology, The International Journal ... home 622964 editorialboard Economics and Human Biology http groups.anthropology.northwestern.edu lhbr Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University http humbio.stanford.edu The Program in Human Biology at Stanford http www.cambridge.org uk series sSeries.asp?code SSHB Society for the Study of Human Biology Symposium Series http www.sqa.org.uk Scottish Qualifications Authority Biology footer Categories Category Biology Category Humans Biology Category Medical research Category Anthropology anthropology stub medicine stub biology stub Link GA de ar ca Biologia ... biologia pt Biologia humana ru sq Biologjia njer zore simple Human biology sl Biologija ... more details
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