cleanup date November 2009 Bioassay commonly used shorthand for biological assay , or biological standardization is a type of scientific experiment . Bioassays are typically conducted to measure the effects of a substance on a living organism and are essential in the development of new drugs and in monitoring environmental pollutant s. Both are procedures by which the potency pharmacology potency or the nature of a substance is estimated by studying its effects on living matter . Use Bioassays are procedures that can determine the concentration of purity or biological activity of a substance such as vitamin, hormone, and plant growth factor. While measuring the effect on an organism, tissue cells, enzymes or the receptor is preparing to be compared to a standard preparation. Bioassays may be Wiktionary qualitative qualitative or Wiktionary quantitative quantitative . Qualitative bioassays are used for assessing the physical effects of a substance that may not be quantified, such as abnormal development or deformity . An example of a qualitative bioassay includes Arnold Adolph Berthold s famous experiment on castrated chickens. This analysis found that by removing the testes of a chicken, it would not develop into a rooster because the endocrine signals necessary for this process were ... for bioassay of substance in the following ways br a Comparison of threshold response or br b Comparison ... in case of adrenaline. A graded bioassay can be performed by employing any of the below mentioned ... substance available the availability of the experimental animals. Techniques Matching Bioassay Interpolation Method Bracketing Method Multiple Point Bioassay i.e. Three point, Four point and Six Point Bioassay Matching Bioassay It is the simplest type of the bioassay. In this type of bioassay ..., precision and reliability is not very good. Interpolation bioassay Bioassays are conducted ... used on which bioassay are based may be classified as quantal or graded response. Both these depend ... more details
A Tg rasH2 mouse is an innovative transgenic mouse, developed in Central Institute for Experimental Animals CIEA , carrying the three copies of human prototype c Ha ras oncogenes with endogenous promoter and enhancer in tandem. ref http www.ciea.or.jp English A1 R&D rasH2.htm Central Institute for Experimental Animals Bot generated title ref Under Alternative Carcinogenicity Testing ACT project conducted by International Life Sciences Institute ILSI and ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute HESI , comprehensive evaluation studies on the Tg rasH2 mouse bioassay system were performed and the usefulness of the system was validated for carcinogenicity studies by 23 international pharmaceutical companies. ref http www.ciea.or.jp rash background data.htm 1 Background Data Bot generated title ref In the studies, it was confirmed that Tg rasH2 mice are sensitive to both genotoxic and non genotoxic human carcinogens and show no response to non carcinogens. ref http www.ciea.or.jp rash tumorigenesis.htm 2 Tumorigenesis Patterns Bot generated title ref As a consequence, the Tg rasH2 mice have been accepted as a short term carcinogenicity study system enabling to reduce the conventional two year study period to 26 weeks. History 1989 Tg rasH2 mice were first developed in CIEA. 1992 CIEA started development of carcinogenicity bioassay system using Tg rasH2 mice. 1996 Policy to replace the 2 year study on mice with the short term study decided at ICH4. 1996 2000 Usefulness of rasH2 mice validated by ILSI HESI international research. 2001 Production and sales of Tg rasH2 mice. Characteristics Empty section date July 2010 See also ras gene hras References reflist External links http www.ciea.or.jp English A1 R&D rasH2.htm Tg rasH2 mouse Category Immunology mice Category Animal testing ... more details
taxobox regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Crustacean Crustacea classis Branchiopoda ordo Cladocera familia Daphniidae genus Ceriodaphnia species C. dubia binomial Ceriodaphnia dubia binomial authority Richard, 1894 ref cite web url http sn2000.taxonomy.nl taxonomicon TaxonTree.aspx?id 156172&tree 0.1 title Ceriodaphnia dubia Hierarchy work The Taxonomicon author S. J. Brands publisher Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands accessdate February 3, 2010 ref Ceriodaphnia dubia is a species of water flea in the class Branchiopoda , living in fresh water freshwater lake s, pond s, and marsh es in most of the world. They are small, generally less than convert 1 mm in length. Males are smaller than females. Ceriodaphnia dubia move by using a powerful set of second antenna biology antennae . ref cite web url http www.mblaquaculture.com content organisms daphnids.php title Daphnids Ceriodaphnia dubia , Daphnia magna year 2005 publisher Marinco Bioassay Laboratory, Inc. ref Ceriodaphnia dubia is used in toxicity testing of wastewater treatment plant effluent water in the United States. ref cite web url http www.ncsu.edu wrri reports summaries 276.html title Chronic toxicity bioassay with Ceriodaphnia dubia author Donald E. Francisco, Michael C. Elias, Christine A. LaRocca, Francis A. DiGiano & Marilyn J. Maerker publisher University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill accessdate August 26, 2011 ref References Reflist Category Branchiopoda Category Animals described in 1894 crustacean stub zh ... more details
Orphan date June 2009 The National Calibration Reference Centre for Bioassay and In Vivo Monitoring NCRC is administered by the Radiation Protection Bureau of the Canadian Federal Department of Health . It was created in 1982 through a Memorandum of understanding Memorandum of Understanding MOU signed between the regulator of the nuclear industry, the Canadian Nuclear safety Nuclear Safety Commission CNSC , formerly the Atomic Energy Control Board , and the Department of Health with the specific mission of providing practical reference standards for measurements used for internal dosimetry. Two other Reference Centres were created at the same time. These were to have equivalent roles for 1 external dosimetry and 2 radon and radioactive atmospheres, and were administered, respectively, by the Canadian National Research Council Canada National Research Council and the federal Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. The choice of the three agencies to act as Reference Centres was based on their expertise acquired over years of work in their respective fields and the fact that they operate independently of both the CNSC and the nuclear industry. The role of the NCRC is in keeping with Health Canada s mandate to protect and preserve the health of Canadians. Specifically, its focus is to provide Independent external quality control on a regular basis through regularly scheduled intercomparisons Improvement of measurement techniques through advice and training and Information on improving calibrations by supplying practical reference standards and the necessary techniques. While ... Advice and assistance Bioassay measurements and internal dose assessments of suspected radionuclide ... Center for Bioassay and In Vivo Monitoring NCRC . Dosimetry services must obtain passing results prior ..., in order to demonstrate continuing capability. Intercomparison programmes In Vitro The Bioassay intercomparison ... http www.hc sc.gc.ca ewh semt radiation measur mesur bioas essai index e.html Bioassay Laboratory ... more details
programs can be used for bioassay evaluations. ref http www3.enusa.es webMathematica Public biokmod.html Bioassay evaluations with Biokmod B title ref References references Category Nuclear safety ... more details
The term dilution assay is generally used to designate a special type of bioassay in which one or more preparations e.g. a drug are administered to experimental units at different dose levels inducing a measurable biological response. The dose levels are prepared by dilution in a diluent that is inert in respect of the response. The experimental units can for example be cell cultures, tissues, organs or living animals. The biological response may be quantal e.g. positive negative or quantitative e.g. growth . The goal is to relate the response to the dose, usually by interpolation techniques, and in many cases to express the potency activity of the test preparation s relative to a standard of known potency activity. Dilution assays can be direct or indirect. In a direct dilution assay the amount of dose needed to produce a specific fixed response is measured, so that the dose is a stochastic variable defining the tolerance distribution . Conversely, in an indirect dilution assay the dose levels are administered at fixed dose levels, so that the response is a stochastic variable. Statistical models For a mathematical definition of a dilution assay an observation space math U math is defined and a function math f U rightarrow mathbb R math so that the responses math u in U math are mapped to the set of real numbers. It is now assumed that a function math F math exists which relates the dose math z in 0, infty math to the response math f u F z e math in which math e math is an error term with expectation 0. math F math is usually assumed to be continuous function continuous and monotone function monotone . In situations where a standard preparation is included it is furthermore assumed that the test preparation math T math behaves like a dilution or concentration of the standard ... in Bioassay, 2nd revised and enlarged edition, Karger, New York. ISBN 3 8055 7119 4 External links Software ... Unistat http www.cambridgesoft.com software details ?ds 12&dsv 85 BioAssay Category Pharmacology ... more details
BioAssay Data Retriever gallery Features PubChemSR supports a bulk download of selected data fields ... SMILES for multiple queries. BioAssayRetriever can automatically retrieve actual bioassay data and be merged ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox Company company name BioImage company logo Image Logo bioimage.png company type Private foundation 1999 location Soeborg, Denmark key people Patrik Dahl n, CEO br Steven Butcher, CSO br Len Pagliaro, VP Business Development br Edwin Moses Chairman of the Board br Axel Ullrich Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board industry Biotechnology products Products, services, and licensing around the proprietary Redistribution sup TM sup drug discovery technology revenue not available homepage http www.bioimage.com BioImage was established in 1993 as a drug discovery research unit within Novo Nordisk . The research unit was led by Ole Thastrup and spun out of Novo Nordisk in 1999. BioImage specializes in developing and selling proprietary bioassay s to biopharmaceutical companies and research institutions. It also develops bioassays on a contract service basis. BioImage has made broad patent s covering EGFP Enhanced GFP EGFP , GFP based biosensors and any genetically encoded fusion protein protein fusion to a luminophore , with subsequent monitoring of the protein s translocation within a Cell biology cell as the primary readout for drug discovery assays. This intellectual property, trademarked Redistribution, allows many collaborations and out licensing activities with biopharmaceutical companies. ref http www.bioimage.com technology.htm overview technology & applications BioImage Bot generated title ref Merger In April 2006, BioImage was acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific . The merger was complete in November 2006, and technology transfer to a US site was completed during 2007 and 2008. ref http www.bioimage.com pdf CEOletter.pdf ref References reflist Category Companies of Denmark Category Research support companies med company stub Denmark company stub ... more details
Taxobox name Tarnished plant bug image tpb7.jpg regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hemiptera familia Miridae genus Lygus species L. lineolaris binomial Lygus lineolaris binomial authority Palisot de Beauvois , 1818 The tarnished plant bug TPB is one of the most serious pests of small fruits and vegetables in North America. No truly effective or reliable management options currently exist. Growers routinely make 3 5 applications of insecticides each year to control this insect. The cost is United States dollar 200 500 acre . Considering the narrow profit margin for today s farmers, these costs are significant. The research being conducted at the Entomology Research Laboratory represents the first step towards developing insect killing fungi for management of TPB. Actions taken At the University of Vermont Entomology Laboratory, several proactive steps to eliminate this pest have been taken such as Rearing. A simple method for rearing large numbers of even aged TPB is used to produce hundreds of insects for testing every week. Bioassay procedures. A rapid, reliable and reproducible method to test entomopathogenic fungi for pathogenicity against TPB was developed and tested. Pathogenicity testing. Entomopathogenic fungi from our bank of isolates and from the USDA, ARSEF collection at Cornell University have been screened against 2nd instar TPB. An immersion method is used and mortality data taken periodically. Greenhouse pilot testing. Plans are underway to conduct trials in a greenhouse, and small field plots, to test the efficacy of several formulated, highly pathogenic insect killing fungi against TPB on lettuce. External links http www.uvm.edu entlab University of Vermont Entomology website http entomology.ifas.ufl.edu creatures trees tarnished plant bug.htm tarnished plant bug on the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website Category Miridae Category Agricultural pest insects Category Biolog ... more details
dablink For the American politician, see Chester Bowles Chester Bliss Bowles . Chester Ittner Bliss was primarily a biologist , who is best known for his contributions to statistics . He was born in Springfield, Ohio in 1899 and died in 1979. Academic qualifications Bachelor of Arts in Entomology from Ohio State University , 1921 Master of Arts postgraduate Master of Arts from Columbia University , 1922 PhD from Columbia University , 1926 Remarkably, his statistical knowledge was largely self taught and developed according to the problems he wanted to solve Cochran & Finney 1979 . Major contributions Arguably his most important contribution was the development, with Ronald Fisher , of an iterative approach to finding maximum likelihood estimates in the probit method of bioassay . Additional contributions in biological assay were work on the analysis of time mortality data and of slope ratio assays Cochran & Finney 1979 . Bliss introduced the word rankit , meaning an expected value expected normal distribution normal order statistic . References C. I. Bliss 1935 The calculation of the dosage mortality curve, Annals of Applied Biology 22, 134 167. includes appendix by Fisher. W. G. Cochran, D. J. Finney. 1979 Chester Ittner Bliss, 1899 1979, Biometrics 35 4 715 717. D. J. Finney. 1980 Chester Ittner Bliss, 1899 1979, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A General , 143 1 92 93. T. R. Holford & C. White 2005 Bliss, Chester Ittner, Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. External links http digital.library.adelaide.edu.au coll special fisher corres bliss index.html University of Adelaide Correspondence between C. I. Bliss and R. A. Fisher http digital.library.adelaide.edu.au coll special fisher 126.pdf University of Adelaide Fisher s appendix to Bliss 1935 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Bliss, Chester ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1899 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1979 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Bliss, Chester Category 1899 bi ... more details
Italic title Infobox journal title Clinical Proteomics cover File Clinical Proteomics.jpg editor Daniel W. Chan discipline Biochemistry formernames abbreviation Clin. Proteomics publisher Humana Press country frequency Quarterly history 2004 present openaccess license impact impact year website http www.springer.com journal 12014 link1 http www.springerlink.com content 1542 6416 link1 name Online access link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 51088619 LCCN 2002213884 CODEN CPLRCX ISSN 1542 6416 eISSN 1559 0275 Clinical Proteomics is a Peer review peer reviewed medical journal published quarterly by Humana Press . covers scientific research in the field of translational proteomics with an emphasis on the application of proteomic technology to all aspects of clinical research. ref cite web url http www.springer.com journal 12014 title Clinical Proteomics publisher Springer work accessdate 2010 11 03 ref It was established in March 2004 ref cite web url http www.ingentaconnect.com content hum cp title Publication Clinical Proteomics format work ingentaconnect.com accessdate 2010 11 03 ref and the editor in chief is Daniel W. Chan Johns Hopkins School of Medicine . ref cite web url http www.springer.com life sciences cell biology journal 12014?detailsPage editorialBoard title Clinical Proteomics Editorial Board publisher Springer work accessdate 2010 11 03 ref Scope The journal publishes articles on a variety of subjects including Clinical sample collection and handling to preserve protein s, new technology, including protein microarray protein array s, mass spectrometry , microanalytic devices, nanotechnology , and biosensor s for protein based clinical bioassay s and clinical chemistry assays, bioinformatics tools including pattern recognition , artificial intelligence , and computer learning algorithm s. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in EBSCO Publishing EBSCO databases , AGRICOLA , Chemical Abstracts Service , and EMBASE . References reflist Exte ... more details
, the signal only occurs when a secondary Substrate chemistry substrate is added to the bioassay luxAB ... through the addition of the chemical decanal at some point during the bioassay procedure. Numerous ... state excitation by an external light source. So in this bioassay, the bioreporter is simply exposed ... the bioassay repetitively in real time data real time and on line, makes luxCDABE bioreporters ... cancer cell lines to develop a bioassay for the detection and measurement of substances with potential ... more details
version 2 ChEMBL 02 was launched in January 2010, including 2.4 million bioassay measurements covering ... In October 2010 ChEMBL version 8 ChEMBL 08 was launched, with over 2.97 million bioassay measurements ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 400293538 ImageFile Macromerine.svg ImageSize IUPACName 1 3,4 dimethoxyphenyl 2 dimethylamino ethanol OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 144706 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C12H19NO3 c1 13 2 8 10 14 9 5 6 11 15 3 12 7 9 16 4 h5 7,10,14H,8H2,1 4H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey YAIPYAQVBZPSSC UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 2970 95 8 PubChem 165055 SMILES O c1ccc cc1OC C O CN C C C InChI 1 C12H19NO3 c1 13 2 8 10 14 9 5 6 11 15 3 12 7 9 16 4 h5 7,10,14H,8H2,1 4H3 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 12 sub H sub 19 sub NO sub 3 sub MolarMass 225.284 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Unreferenced date October 2008 Macromerine is a psychoactive phenethylamine . It can be synthesized or extracted from the Do ana cactus Do ana Coryphantha macromeris , C. macromeris v. runyonii , C. elephantidens , and other related members of the Cactaceae family. The plants may have been used by Tarahumara shamans for their entheogenic effects. Chemistry Macromerine is in a family of chemicals called the phenethylamines, and it is a close analog chemistry analogue of mescaline . The full chemical name of macromerine is 1 3,4 dimethoxyphenyl 2 dimethylamino ethanol. Dosage Macromerine is said to have 1 5 the potency of mescaline, so a dosage could be 1250 2500 milligram mg based on the dosage of mescaline sulfate . Effects Little is known about the psychedelic effects of macromerine. K. Trout states that a bioassay of macromerine containing cactus, Do ana, had been very mild and very strange, with many waves of intense nausea and extremely persistent after effects, such as distorted vision and a very weird feeling of unreality lasting for weeks after its use. However, considering Do ana is usually no more than 0.1 percent macromerine, several pounds of the dried cactus wou ... more details
Aquatic biomonitoring is the science of inferring the ecological condition of river s, lake s, stream s, and wetland s by examining the organism s that live there. While aquatic biomonitoring is the most common form of such biomonitoring, any ecosystem can be studied in this manner. Biomonitoring typically takes two approaches Bioassay s , where test organisms are exposed to an environment to see if mutation s or deaths occur. Typical organisms used in bioassays are fish , water fleas Daphnia , and frog s. Community assessments , also called biosurvey s, where an entire Community ecology community of organisms is sampled, to see what types of taxa remain. In aquatic ecosystem s, these assessments often focus on invertebrate s, algae , macrophyte s aquatic plants , fish, or amphibian s. ref name Karr Karr, James R. 1981 . http www.epa.gov bioindicators pdf AssessmentofBioticIntegrityUsingFishCommunities.pdf Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. http afs.allenpress.com perlserv ?request get moreinfo&issn 1548 8446 Fisheries 6 21 27. ref Rarely, other large vertebrates reptile s, bird s, and mammal s are considered as well. Aquatic invertebrates have the longest history of use in biomonitoring programs. ref Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. http www.epa.gov owow monitoring rbp Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish, Second Edition. EPA 841 B 99 002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Washington, D.C. ref In typical unpolluted temperate streams of Europe and North America , certain insect taxa predominate. Mayflies Ephemeroptera , caddisflies Trichoptera , and stoneflies Plecoptera are the most common insects in these undisturbed streams. In rivers disturbed by urbanization , agriculture , forestry , and other perturbations, flies Diptera , and especially midges family Chironomidae predominate. Aquatic invertebrates have been ... more details
File Rudolf Buchheim.JPG thumb upright Rudolf Buchheim. Rudolf Buchheim 1 March 1820 25 December 1879 was a German pharmacologist who was born in Bautzen . In 1845 he earned his doctorate from the University of Leipzig and soon after became a professor at the University of Dorpat . While at Dorpat he created the first pharmacological institute at that school. In 1867 he became professor of pharmacology and toxicology at the University of Giessen . Buchheim is remembered for his pioneer work in experimental pharmacology. He was instrumental in turning pharmacology from an empirical study of medicine into an exact science. He introduced the bioassay to pharmacology, and created a methodology for determining the quantative and medical aspects of chemical substances. While a student in Leipzig , Buchheim translated Jonathan Pereira s 1804 1853 handbook of pharmacology from English into German. He also edited the book, eliminating obsolete and ineffectual medicines and practices, while adding updated information, including a chapter of his own called Art der Wirkung The Pharmacological Action . A well known student of his was chemist Oswald Schmiedeberg 1838 1921 , who was to become the founder of modern pharmacology . Today at the University of Giessen is the Rudolf Buchheim Institute for Pharmacology. External links http translate.google.com translate?hl en&sl de&u http www.med.uni giessen.de rbi &sa X&oi translate&resnum 3&ct result&prev search 3Fq 3D 2522Rudolf 2BBuchheim 2522 26hl 3Den 26sa 3DG Web Site of Rudolf Buchheim Institute for Pharmacology http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?cmd Retrieve&db PubMed&list uids 11021040&dopt Abstract NCBI Pharmacology Prior to Rudolf Buchheim Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Buchheim, Rudolf ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION German pharmacologist DATE OF BIRTH 1 March 1820 PLACE OF BIRTH Bautzen DATE OF DEATH 25 December 1879 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Buchheim, Rudolf Category 1820 births Category ... more details
CAP e cell based antioxidant protection in erythrocytes , is a novel in vitro bioassay for antioxidant activity developed by Alexander Schauss, Gitte Jensen, and associates at the American Institute for Biosocial and Medical Research AIBMR , a private contract research organization CRO located in Puyallup, Washington , and Holger NIS, a private CRO located in Klamath Falls, Oregon . The CAP e assay is performed by first incubating red blood cells erythrocytes with a test sample at a range of concentrations. The cells are then combined with dichloro fluorescein diacetate DCFDA , which is oxidized in the presence of free radicals to form a green fluorescent byproduct DCF . In the next step of the assay, exogenous hydrogen peroxide is added at a concentration of 167 millimolar mM to artificially induce severe oxidative stress . The antioxidant activity of varying concentrations of the test compound is measured based on the degree of inhibition of DCF fluorescence, which is an indirect and nonspecific measure of reactive oxygen species production. ref name invitrogen cite web url http www.invitrogen.com site us en home References Molecular Probes The Handbook tables Fluorescence response of 3 p aminophenyl fluorescein APF 3 p hydroxyphenyl fluorescein HPF and dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate H2DCFDA to various reactive oxygen species ROS.html title Fluorescence response of 3 p aminophenyl fluorescein APF , 3 p hydroxyphenyl fluorescein HPF and dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate H sub 2 sub DCFDA to various reactive oxygen species ROS accessdate 2009 10 10 publisher Invitrogen.com ref To date, the assay has been used in 2 published studies, both conducted by AIBMR and Holger NIS. ref name honzel cite journal doi 10.1021 jf800401d author Honzel D, Carter SG, Redman KA, Schauss AG, Endres JR, Jensen GS year 2008 title Comparison of chemical and cell based antioxidant methods for evaluation of foods and natural products generating multifaceted data by parallel testing ... more details
2011 ref BioAssay, bioactivity results from 1644 high throughput screening programs with several ... pcassay title all filt& 93 PubChem BioAssay Results work The PubChem Project location USA publisher ... BioAssay identification number BAID , AID colspan 3 br General Any database field ALL Comment CMT ... more details
For the 1978 film directed by Joan Rivers Rabbit Test film See also Rabbit Test Ugly Betty ref improve date December 2011 The rabbit test was an early pregnancy test developed in 1927 by Bernhard Zondek and Selmar Aschheim . The original test actually used mice. ref cite encyclopedia editor Morris Fishbein, M.D. encyclopedia The New Illustrated Medical and Health Encyclopedia title Aschheim Zondek Test edition Home Library Edition year 1976 publisher H. S. Stuttman Co volume 1 location New York, N.Y. 10016 pages 139 ref The test consisted of injecting the tested woman s urine into a female rabbit , then examining the rabbit s ovaries a few days later, which would change in response to a hormone only secreted by pregnant women. The hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin hCG , is produced during pregnancy and indicates the presence of a fertilized egg it can be found in a pregnant woman s urine and blood. The rabbit test became a widely used bioassay animal based test to test for pregnancy. The term rabbit test was first recorded in 1949 but became a common phrase in the English language. Xenopus frogs were also used in a similar Frogs in research frog test . Modern pregnancy tests still operate on the basis of testing for the presence of the hormone hCG. Due to medical advances, use of a live animal is no longer required. It is a common misconception that the injected rabbit would die only if the woman was pregnant. This led to the phrase the rabbit died being used as a euphemism for a positive pregnancy test. In fact, all rabbits used for the test died, because they had to be surgically opened in order to examine the ovaries. While it was possible to do this without killing the rabbit, it was generally deemed not worth the trouble and expense. In popular culture The rabbit test was featured in the episode of the television series M A S H television series M A S H entitled What s Up, Doc . A rabbit Fluffy belonging to Radar O Reilly was used to test for pregnancy in M ... more details
FLAG tag , or FLAG octapeptide , is a polypeptide protein tag that can be added to a protein using recombinant DNA technology . It can be used for affinity chromatography , then used to separate Recombinant DNA recombinant , overexpressed protein from wild type protein expressed by the host organism. It can also be used in the isolation of protein complexes with multiple subunits. A FLAG tag can be used in many different bioassay assays that require recognition by an antibody . If there is no antibody against the studied protein, adding a FLAG tag to this protein allows one to follow the protein with an antibody against the FLAG sequence. Examples are cellular localization studies by immunofluorescence or detection by SDS PAGE protein electrophoresis. The peptide sequence of the FLAG tag is N DYKDDDDK C 1012 Da . It can be used in conjunction with other affinity tags, for example a polyhistidine tag His tag , HA tag or myc tag . It can be fused to the C terminus or the N terminus of a protein. Some commercially available antibodies e.g., M1 4E11 recognize the epitope only when it is present at the N terminal. However, other available antibodies e.g., M2 are position insensitive. The FLAG tag was the first example of a fully functional epitope tag to be published in the scientific literature ref T.P. Hopp, B. Gallis and K.S. Prickett 1988 A short polypeptide marker sequence useful for recombinant protein identification and purification. Bio Technology 6 1204 1210. http www.nature.com nbt journal v6 n10 full nbt1088 1204.html Full text ref ref A. Einhauer and A. Jungbaur 2001 The FLAG peptide, a versatile fusion tag for the purification of recombinant proteins. J Biochem Biophys Methods. 49 455 65. http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0165022X01002135 Full text ref ref http www users.med.cornell.edu jawagne FLAG tag.html ref and, being the first, was the only epitope tag to be patented ref Hopp, T.P., et al. 1987 Synthesis of protein with an identification pepti ... more details
Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make up genotype of an individual by examining the individual s DNA sequence using bioassay biological assays and comparing it to another individual s sequence or a reference sequence. It reveals the allele alleles an individual has inherited from their parents ref cite web url http ghr.nlm.nih.gov glossary genotyping title Genotyping definition publisher NIH date 2011 09 21 accessdate 2011 09 21 ref . Traditionally genotyping is the use of DNA sequences to define biological populations by use of molecular tools. It does not usually involve defining the genes of an individual. Current methods of genotyping include restriction fragment length polymorphism identification RFLPI of genomic DNA, RAPD random amplified polymorphic detection RAPD of genomic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism detection AFLPD , polymerase chain reaction PCR , DNA sequencing , allele specific oligonucleotide ASO probes, and Sequencing by hybridization hybridization to DNA microarray s or beads. Genotyping is important in research of genes and gene variants associated with disease. Due to current technological limitations, almost all genotyping is partial. That is, only a small fraction of an individual s genotype is determined. New ref cite web url http www.illumina.com applications detail snp genotyping and cnv analysis whole genome genotyping and copy number variation analysis.ilmn title Genotyping at Illumina, Inc publisher Illumina.com date accessdate 2010 12 04 ref Next generation sequencing High throughput sequencing mass sequencing technologies promise to provide whole genome genotyping or whole genome sequencing in the future. Genotyping applies to a broad range of individuals, including microorganisms. For example, viruses and bacteria can be genotyped. Genotyping in this context may help in controlling the spreading of pathogens, by tracing the origin of outbreaks. This area is often referred to as molecular ... more details
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