A binarymultiplier is an electronic circuit used in digital electronics , such as a computer , to Multiplication multiply two binary number s. It is built using binary adder s. A variety of Category computer arithmetic computer arithmetic techniques can be used to implement a digital multiplier. Most ... center thumb 500px 2 Bit by 2 Bit BinaryMultiplier br Using a 4 Bit 4 Bit Adder Deleted image removed Image eightbitmult.jpg center thumb 500px 4 Bit by 4 Bit BinaryMultiplier br Using 4 Bit ... ixeelectronics.com openttl Multiplier.html Multiplier using TTL DEFAULTSORT BinaryMultiplier Category ... on base 10 integers, but has been modified here for application to a base 2 binary numeral system binary numeral system . History Until the late 1970s, most minicomputers did not have a multiply ... multiplier to a general purpose microprocessor ref which repeatedly shifts and accumulates partial ... x 4, shifted two positions to the left 56088 nowiki A binary computer does exactly the same, but with binary numbers. In binary encoding each long number is multiplied by one digit either 0 or 1 ..., the multiplication of two binary numbers comes down to calculating partial products which are 0 or the first number , shifting them left, and then adding them together a binary addition, of course nowiki 1011 this is 11 in binary x 1110 this is 14 in binary 0000 this is 1011 x 0 1011 this is 1011 ... 1011 this is 1011 x 1, shifted three positions to the left 10011010 this is 154 in binary nowiki This is much ... of binary multiplication consists, really, of taking a very simple mathematical process and complicating ..., processors that use one s complement , sign and magnitude , IEEE 754 or other binary representations ... p7 would need to be subtracted from the final sum, rather than added to it. The above array multiplier ... negation 7 7 , but instead binary complementation, more commonly denoted math x prime math ... source date September 2010 . Implementations Older multiplier architectures employed a shifter ... more details
The term multiplier may refer to wiktionary In electrical engineering Binarymultiplier , a digital circuit to perform rapid multiplication of two numbers in binary representation Analog multiplier , a device that multiplies two analog signals Frequency multiplier , a device that generates a signal at an integer multiple of its input frequency In macroeconomics Multiplier economics , any measure of the proportional effect of an exogenous variable on an Endogeneity economics endogenous variable Fiscal multiplier , a term that measures how much aggregate demand changes in response to a change in spending Money multiplier , a term that measures how much money the banking system generates when the central bank increases the monetary base In warfare Force multiplier , a factor that dramatically increases the combat effectiveness of a given military force. In mathematics Lagrange multiplier , a scalar variable used in mathematics to solve an optimisation problem for a given constraint. multiplier Fourier analysis , an operator that multiplies the Fourier coefficients of a function by a specified function known as the symbol . Periodic points of complex quadratic mappings multiplier of orbit Characteristic multiplierMultiplier C algebras , a construction on C Algebras and similar structures. In fishing A multiplier fishing reel creates less friction when casting. In clock signal A CPU multiplier allows a CPU to perform more cycles per single cycle of the front side bus. In lotteries The PowerPlay is a multiplier for the lower tier prizes in the US Powerball game. In the rival Mega Millions , it exists only in Texas Lottery Texas , and is known as the Megaplier . Some lotteries that sell Powerball also offer Hot Lotto whose Sizzler Hot Lotto Sizzler known in North Dakota Lottery North Dakota as Triple Sizzler automatically triples non jackpot prizes. disambig de Multiplikator eu Biderkatzaile argipena pl Mno nik ru ... more details
Wiktionary binaryBinary means composed of two pieces or two parts . It contrasts with Unary disambiguation unary , Ternary disambiguation ternary , Quaternary disambiguation quaternary , and so on. Binary may also refer to In mathematics Binary numeral system , a representation for numbers using only two digits usually, 0 and 1 Binary function , a function in mathematics that takes two arguments In computing Binary file , composed of something other than human readable text Executable , a type of binary file that contains machine code for the computer to execute Binary code , the digital representation of text and data In science Binary compound , a chemical compound containing two different chemical elements Binary explosive , an explosive made of two components that become explosive when mixed Binary chemical weapon , containing two chemicals that when combined make a toxic agent Binary fission , the splitting of a single celled organism into two daughter cells Binary star , a star system with two stars in it Binary planet , two planetary bodies of comparable mass orbiting each other Binary asteroid , two asteroids orbiting each other Other Binary option , also known as digital option or all or nothing option, in finance Binary novel , a 1972 novel by Michael Crichton writing as John Lange Binary comics , a superheroine in the Marvel Universe Binary form , a way of structuring a piece of music Binary bet , a bet on a proposition which is quoted as a spread bet Binary opposition , polar opposites, often ignoring the middle ground Binary Assemblage 23 song , a 2007 single by Assemblage 23 from the album Meta See also Binary prefix , indicating magnitude multipliers in a base two number system e.g., kilo , kibi , etc. Binary tree , a computer tree data structure in which each node has at most two children Binary coded decimal , a method for encoding for decimal digits in binary sequences Finger binary , a system for counting in binary numbers on the fingers of human ... more details
In mathematics , and particularly ordinary differential equations , a characteristic multiplier is an eigenvalue of a monodromy matrix . External links http www.exampleproblems.com wiki index.php Ordinary Differential Equations Linear Systems Examples of finding characteristic multipliers of systems of ODEs from www.exampleproblems.com. See also multiplier other meanings Category Ordinary differential equations ... more details
but still not as much as in a Wallace multiplier , to ensure that there are only two outputs ... 10 between full adders and half adders, the reduction phase of the Dadda multiplier has the same delay ..., E. Abraham , J. title A Comparison of Dadda and Wallace Multiplier Delays booktitle SPIE Advanced ... more details
orphan date December 2008 The complex multiplier is the multiplier principle in keynesian economics formulated by John Maynard Keynes . The multiplier is a rather simplistic version of this. It applies to any change in autonomous expenditure , in other words, a change in Consumption economics consumption , investment, government expenditure or net exports . Each of these operates to increase or reduce the Static equilibrium economics equilibrium level of income in the economy. any increase to an injection will be multiplied to result in a higher level of aggregate expenditure . Any decrease in an injection will be multiplied to result in a lower lvl of aggregate expenditure. Any increase in a withdrawal will be multiplied to result in a lower lvl of Aggregate expenditure. and... Any decrease in a withdrawal will be multiplied to result in a higher lvl of aggregate expenditure. The size of the multiplier should take account of all sectors. The complex multiplier can be measured by the following formula math k 1 MPS MPT MPM 1 MPW , math where MPS Marginal propensity to save, MPT Marginal propensity to tax, MPM marginal propensity to import. MPW Marginal propensity to withdraw Notes reflist References Parry, Greg and Kemp, Steven. Exploring Macroeconomics , 7th edition, tactic publications. ISBN 1 875313 230 Category Macroeconomics ... more details
In electronics , an analog multiplier is a device which takes two analog signal s and produces an output which is their product. Such circuits can be used to implement related functions such as squares apply same signal to both inputs , and square roots . An electronic analog multiplier can be called by several names, depending on the function it is used to serve see analog multiplier applications . Voltage controlled amplifier versus analog multiplier If one input of an analog multiplier is held at a steady state voltage, a signal at the second input will be scaled in proportion to the level on the fixed input. In this case the analog multiplier may be considered to be a voltage controlled amplifier . Obvious applications would be for electronic volume control and automatic gain control. Although ..., in what is generally considered to be a true analog multiplier, the two signal inputs have identical characteristics. Applications specific to a true analog multiplier are those where both ... transform . A four quadrant multiplier is one where inputs and outputs may swing positive and negative ... quadrant inputs and outputs have only one polarity, usually all positive . Analog multiplier devices ... purpose analog multiplier building blocks are available such as the Linear Four Quadrant Multiplier ... limits of the circuit. Although analog multiplier circuits are very similar to operational amplifier ... for circuits where they are indispensable. Decline of the analog multiplier In most cases the functions performed by an analog multiplier may be performed better and at lower cost using Digital Signal ... sooner or later in the signal path, and if at all possible the functions that would require a multiplier ... functions were provided by external analog multiplier circuits. Nowadays with the exception of high ... and AGC without having to process the digitised signal directly. Analog multiplier applications ... filter s especially voltage controlled filters References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Analog Multiplier Category ... more details
A capacitance multiplier mimics a capacitor of different capacitance than the built in capacitor s. This is useful in DC power supply power supplies where very low ripple voltage under load is of paramount importance, such as in Electronic amplifier Class A class A amplifiers. Transistor based File cap mult q.svg thumb right A basic capacitance multiplier. Here the capacitance of capacitor C1 is multiplied by the transistor s current gain . R1 and C1 form a low pass filter and help smooth any ripple in V sub S sub . R1 supplies the charging current as well as the transistor s denoted by Q base current. R2 is the load on the circuit. Without Q, R2 would be the load on the capacitor and C1 would have to be very large to maintain low ripple. With Q in place, the loading imposed upon C1 is simply the load current reduced by a factor of . Conversely, C1 appears multiplied by a factor of to the load. Note that this circuit is not a voltage regulator, since the output voltage varies directly with the input V sub S sub . The output voltage is about 0.65V less than the base voltage, which in turn is about 2&ndash 3 V less than V sub S sub when loaded . Larger values of R1 and C1 reduce the output ripple to almost negligible levels. On the downside this causes the output to rise slowly towards the required value especially when the load is connected , due to the larger time constant of R1 and C1. Operational Amplifier based File cap mult op.svg thumb right A basic capacitance multiplier. Here the capacitance of capacitor C1 is multiplied by the quotient of the resistances of R1 and R2. References http sound.westhost.com project15.htm Capacitance multiplier project on ESP web site http homepages.internet.lu absolute3 tronic opcirc3.htm Capacitance multiplier OpAmp http www.falstad.com circuit e capmult.html Java Applet that shows an animated capacitance multiplier Category Electricity Category Electronic circuits de Kapazit tsmultiplizierer es Multiplicador de capacidad ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In computing , the clock multiplier or CPU multiplier or bus core ratio measures the ratio of an internal CPU clock rate to the externally supplied clock signal clock . A CPU with a 10x multiplier will thus see 10 internal cycles produced by PLL based frequency multiplier circuitry for every external clock cycle . For example, a system with an external clock of 133 MHz and a 10x clock multiplier will have an internal CPU clock of 1.33 GHz. The external address and data Bus computing bus es of the CPU often collectively termed front side bus or FSB in personal computer PC contexts also use the external clock as a fundamental timing base, however, they could also employ a small multiple of this base frequency typically two or four in order to transfer data faster. Image Motherboard diagram.svg thumb 300px Topology of an older x86 computer. Notice the FSB connecting the CPU and the northbridge. Basic system structure As of 2009 , computers have several interconnected devices CPU, RAM, peripherals, etc. see diagram that typically run at different speeds. Thus they use internal buffers and caches when communicating with each other via the shared ... of the Intel 80486DX2 486DX2 in 1992 has employed a clock multiplier to run its internal ..., as of 2007 BIOS settings Most systems allow owners to change the clock multiplier in the BIOS menu. Increasing the clock multiplier will increase the CPU clock speed without affecting the clock speed ... clock multiplier , meaning that the bus speed or the clock multiplier cannot be changed in the BIOS unless the user hacks the CPU to unlock the multiplier. High End CPUs however normally have an unlocked multiplier. Clock doubling The phrase clock doubling implies a clock multiplier of two. Examples ... the fetching of data from memory does not prove a bottleneck. In more modern processors where the multiplier ... factor. See also Overclocking Memory divider DEFAULTSORT Cpu Multiplier Category Clock signal fr ... more details
A Serial ATA port multiplier is a device that allows one to connect multiple SATA devices to a single SATA host port in a similar manner to that of a USB hub . Many common controllers do not support this feature ref https ata.wiki.kernel.org index.php SATA hardware features List of sata controller hardware features ref , as it is not a requirement for a sata controller ref http www.serialata.org documents pm 100 Gold.pdf Sata Port Multiplier Specification ref . Benefits Port multipliers have the following potential benefits Reduced cable count e.g., when using backplanes with integrated port multipliers, or external multi drive enclosures etc. . Additional drives can be supported without additional SATA controllers in some systems additional controllers may be impractical or impossible . Port multiplication A Serial ATA port multiplier is a unidirectional splitting device. While it allows one equipped port to connect to 15 disks, the bandwidth available is limited to the bandwidth of the link to the controller, currently 1.5 or 3 or 6 Gbit s. ref http www.serialata.org technology port multipliers.asp Port Multipliers ref While the controller is aware that there are multiple drives connected, the service is transparent to the disks attached. Because they believe they are communicating directly with the controller, any drive that holds to the SATA standard can be connected to a port multiplier. There are two ways port multipliers can be driven Command based switching This system is similar to a mechanical A B switch or Ethernet hub . The controller can issue commands to only one disk at a time and cannot issue commands to another disk until the command queue has been completed for the current transactions. This also hampers the use of Native Command Queuing NCQ . This means ... to connect 15 devices to a single SATA host port using a port multiplier, however the bandwidth is still ... list of SATA controllers including port multiplier capabilities Category Serial ATA zh Port multiplier ... more details
Orphan date March 2011 In commutative algebra , the multiplier ideal associated to a sheaf mathematics sheaf of ideal ring theory ideals over a complex number complex algebraic variety variety and a real number c consists locally of the functions h such that math frac h 2 sum f i 2 c math is locally integrable function locally integrable , where the f sub i sub are a finite set of local generators of the ideal. Multiplier ideals were independently introduced by harvtxt Nadel 1989 who worked with sheaves over complex manifolds rather than ideals and harvtxt Lipman 1993 , who called them adjoint ideals. Multiplier ideals are discussed in the survey articles harvtxt Blickle Lazarsfeld 2004 , harvtxt Siu 2005 , and harvtxt Lazarsfeld 2009 . References Citation last1 Blickle first1 Manuel last2 Lazarsfeld first2 Robert title Trends in commutative algebra url http www.msri.org communications books Book51 contents.html publisher Cambridge University Press series Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ. mr 2132649 year 2004 volume 51 chapter An informal introduction to multiplier ideals pages 87 114 Citation last1 Lazarsfeld first1 Robert title A short course on multiplier ideals arxiv 0901.0651 year 2009 journal 2008 PCMI lectures Citation last1 Lipman first1 Joseph title Adjoints and polars of simple complete ideals in two dimensional regular local rings url http www.math.purdue.edu lipman papers polars.pdf mr 1316244 year 1993 journal Bulletin de la Soci t Math matique de Belgique. S rie A volume 45 issue 1 pages 223 244 Citation last1 Nadel first1 Alan Michael title Multiplier ideal sheaves and existence of K hler Einstein metrics of positive scalar curvature jstor 34630 mr 1015491 year 1989 journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America volume 86 issue 19 pages 7299 7300 Citation last1 Siu first1 Yum Tong title Multiplier ideal sheaves in complex and algebraic geometry doi 10.1007 BF02884693 mr ... more details
image Voltage Multiplier diagram.PNG thumb right 280px Villard cascade voltage multiplier. image TV cascade and flyback.JPG thumb right 280px TV cascade green and flyback transformer blue . A voltage multiplier is an electrical circuit that converts AC electrical power from a lower voltage to a higher DC voltage by means of capacitor s and diode s combined into a network. Voltage multipliers can be used to generate bias voltages ranging from a few volts for electronic appliances, to millions of volts for purposes such as high energy physics experiments and lightning safety testing. The most common type of voltage multiplier is the half wave series multiplier, also called the Villard cascade but actually invented by Heinrich Greinacher . Such a circuit is shown in the illustration. Assuming that the peak voltage of the AC source is U sub s sub we can describe the simplified working of the cascade as follows Image Voltage amplifier explain.png center 400px negative peak U sub s sub The C sub 1 sub capacitor is charged through diode D sub 1 sub to 0 volt V potential difference between left and right plate of the capacitor is U sub s sub positive peak U sub s sub the potential of C ... increases the output voltage by twice the peak AC supply voltage. Breakdown voltage While the multiplier ... to it. Typically a voltage multiplier will be physically arranged like a ladder, so that the progressively ... of voltage differences in the multiplier, so that the ladder can survive the shorted failure of at least ... over voltage and destroy each next component in the multiplier, potentially destroying the entire multiplier chain. Other circuit topologies File Full wave Villard cascade.svg thumb 400px left Two cascades ... multiplier used in high energy physics is the Cockcroft Walton generator which was designed by John ... www.kronjaeger.com hv hv src mul Basic multiplier circuits http blazelabs.com e exp15.asp Cockcroft ... brand International Radio Corp. model 1019 . A 1937 radio with a vacuum tube 25Z5 voltage multiplier ... more details
In economics, a multiplier is a factor of proportionality that measures how much an Endogenous economics endogenous variable changes in response to a change in some exogenous variable. For example, suppose a one unit change in some variable x causes another variable y to change by M units. Then the multiplier is M . Common uses Two multipliers are commonly discussed in introductory macroeconomics . Money multiplier Main Money multiplier See also Fractional reserve banking In monetary macroeconomics and banking, the money multiplier measures how much the money supply increases in response to a change in the monetary base . The multiplier may vary across countries, and will also vary depending on what measures of money are considered. For example, consider Money supply Empirical measures M2 as a measure of the U.S. money supply, and Money supply Empirical measures M0 as a measure of the U.S. ... multiplier is 10. Fiscal multipliers Main Fiscal multiplier Multipliers can be calculated to analyze ... German GDP to increase by 150, then the spending multiplier is 1.5. Other types of fiscal multipliers ... sum tax es or proportional tax es . Keynesian multiplier Keynesian economics Keynesian economists ... Keynesian multiplier formulas measure how much the IS LM IS curve shifts left or right in response ... multiplier calculations are misleading for example, according to the theory of Ricardian equivalence ... Samuelson multiplier accelerator model or, as he belatedly baptised it, the Hansen Samuelson model relies on a multiplier mechanism which is based on a simple Keynesian consumption function with a Robertsonian ... in economics and the origin of multiplier theory. ref http books.google.com books?id YAIeAAAAIAAJ The multiplier theory , by Hugo Hegeland, 1954, http books.google.com books?id YAIeAAAAIAAJ&q 2B 22tableau ... yields geometric series, which computes a multiplier. The modern theory of the multiplier was developed ... also Multiplier uncertainty References references Category Macroeconomics da Multiplikatoreffekt de ... more details
In macroeconomics , multiplier uncertainty is lack of perfect knowledge of the Multiplier economics multiplier effect of a particular policy action, such as a monetary or fiscal policy change, upon the intended target of the policy. For example, a fiscal policy maker may have a prediction as to the value of the fiscal multiplier the ratio of the effect of a government spending change on GDP to the size of the government spending change but is not likely to know the exact value of this ratio. Similar uncertainty may surround the magnitude of effect of a change in the monetary base or its growth ... rate , or GDP. There are several policy implications of multiplier uncertainty 1 If the multiplier uncertainty ... to be optimal the policy tools should be used to a lesser extent . 2 In the presence of multiplier ... policy is not equivalent to a policy of ignoring uncertainty. Effect of multiplier uncertainty on the optimal ... GDP for example , let a be the policy multiplier, and let u be an additive term capturing both ... no uncertainty about the policy multiplier, math sigma 2 a math would be zero, and policy would be chosen so that the contribution of policy the policy action P times its known multiplier a would ..., the optimal policy equation shows that, to the extent that there is multiplier uncertainty the extent ... the basic effect of multiplier uncertainty is to make policy actions more cautious, although this effect ... is that, unlike in the absence of multiplier uncertainty, it is not superfluous to have more policy tools than targets with multiplier uncertainty, the more tools are available the lower expected ..., on the one hand, policy optimization with multiple policy tools having multiplier uncertainty, and on the other ... of policy actions exist. In this dynamic stochastic control context with multiplier uncertainty, ref ... in the absence of multiplier uncertainty that is, with only additive uncertainty the optimal policy ... of multiplier uncertainty. References reflist Category Economics Category Macroeconomics ... more details
Image Cont dynode detector.jpg right thumb 300 px Continuous dynode electron multiplier An electron multiplier is a vacuum tube structure that multiplies incident charges. ref Citation doi 10.1063 1.1740838 title An Improved Electron Multiplier Particle Counter year 1947 last1 Allen first1 James S. journal Review of Scientific Instruments volume 18 pages 739 ref In a process called secondary emission , a single electron can, when bombarded on secondary emissive material, induce emission of roughly 1 to 3 electron s. If an electric potential is applied between this metal plate and yet another, the emitted electrons will accelerate to the next metal plate and induce secondary emission of still more electrons. This can be repeated a number of times, resulting in a large shower of electrons all collected by a metal anode, all having been triggered by just one. Operation The avalanche can be triggered by any charged particle hitting the starting electrode with sufficient energy to cause secondary emission. ref Citation doi 10.1103 PhysRev.55.966 title The Detection of Single Positive Ions, Electrons and Photons by a Secondary Electron Multiplier year 1939 last1 Allen first1 James journal Physical Review volume 55 pages 966 ref Hence the electron multiplier is often used as an ion detector. It could also be triggered by a photon causing vacuum photoemission of at least one electron. In a photomultiplier tube, a photo emissive surface is followed by an electron multiplier with several sequential multiplying electrodes called dynodes. Because these electrodes are separate from each other, this might be called a discrete dynode multiplier. A voltage divider chain of resistors is usually ... multiplier.svg thumb right The Continuous Electron Multiplier A continuous dynode structure is feasible ... as single channel electron multiplier CEM , and one of the most common is sold under the trade name Channeltron. Another geometry of continuous dynode electron multiplier is called the microchannel ... more details
About the effect of spending on national income the multiplier effect in banking Fractional reserve banking Refimprove date March 2010 In economics, the fiscal multiplier is the ratio of a change in national ... multiplier is the ratio of a change in national income to any autonomous change in spending private ... s exports that causes it. When this multiplier exceeds one, the enhanced effect on national income is called the multiplier effect . The mechanism that can give rise to a multiplier effect is that an initial ... income that it generates that is a multiple of the initial change. However, multiplier ... in interest rate s or in the price level . The existence of a multiplier effect was initially proposed ... the importance of multiplier effects, particularly in terms of the long run. The multiplier effect ... aggregate demand . Net Government Spending The other important aspect of the multiplier, is that to the extent ... and chefs, and the movies and tourist destinations need staff and cleaners. Applications The multiplier ... of servicing the resulting government debt. It must be noted that the extent of the multiplier effect ... that the multiplier can work in reverse as well, so an initial fall in spending can trigger further falls in aggregate output. The concept of the economic multiplier on a macroeconomic scale can be extended ... to the reality have been found to be lower see below . Note In the following examples the multiplier ... Samuelson multiplier accelerator model or, as he belatedly baptised it, the Hansen Samuelson model relies on a multiplier mechanism which is based on a simple Keynesian consumption function ... year multiplier effect for several fiscal policy options. The multipliers showed that increased government spending would have more of a multiplier effect than tax cuts. The most effective policy, a temporary increase in food stamps, had an estimated multiplier of 1.73. Making the Bush tax cuts permanent, had the second lowest multiplier, 0.23. A payroll tax holiday had the largest multiplier ... more details
In electronics , a frequency multiplier is an electronic circuit that generates an output Signal electronics signal whose output frequency is a harmonic of its input frequency. Frequency multipliers consist of a Linear circuit nonlinear circuit that distorts the input signal and consequently generates harmonics of the input signal. A subsequent bandpass filter selects the desired harmonic frequency and removes the unwanted fundamental and other harmonics from the output. Frequency multipliers are often used in frequency synthesizer s and communications engineering communications circuits. It can be more economic to develop a lower frequency signal with lower power and less expensive devices, and then use a frequency multiplier chain to generate an output frequency in the microwave or millimeter wave range. Some modulation schemes, such as frequency modulation , survive the nonlinear distortion without ill effect but schemes such as amplitude modulation do not . Frequency multiplication ... 83590A. ref Sometimes the frequency multiplier circuit will adjust the width of the impulses to improve ... Clipping circuits. Full wave bridge doubler. Class C amplifier and multiplier Efficiently generating ... stage can be made a multiplier by tuning the tuned circuit at the output to a multiple of the input ... rapidly, usually a frequency multiplier is tuned to only a small multiple twice, three times, or five ... bandwidth, if the base frequency is changed significantly more than one percent or so , the multiplier ... dividers Disputed section Multiplier vs synthesizer date December 2010 In digital electronics ... in its feedback loop acts as a frequency multiplier and is a type of frequency synthesizer . Integer ... changes in the integer value of an integer N frequency divider will effectively result in a multiplier with both whole number and fractional component. Such a multiplier is called a fractional N synthesier ... References Reflist External links DEFAULTSORT Frequency Multiplier Category Communication circuits ... more details
In mathematical group theory , the Schur multiplier or Schur multiplicator is the second group homology homology group H sub 2 sub G , Z of a group G . It was introduced by harvs txt first Issai last Schur authorlink Issai Schur year 1904 in his work on projective representation s. Examples and properties The Schur multiplier M G of a finite group G is a finite abelian group whose Periodic group exponent divides the order of G . If the Sylow subgroup Sylow p subgroups of G are cyclic, then Sylow p subgroups of M G are trivial. For instance, the Schur multiplier of the nonabelian group of order 6 is the trivial group since every Sylow subgroup is cyclic. The Schur multiplier of the elementary abelian group of order 16 is an elementary abelian group of order 64, showing that the multiplier can be strictly larger than the group itself. The Schur multiplier of the quaternion group is trivial, but the Schur multiplier of dihedral group dihedral 2 groups has order 2. The Schur multipliers of the finite simple group s are given at the list of finite simple groups . The covering groups of the alternating and symmetric groups are of considerable recent interest. anchor Schur cover Relation to projective representations File Projective representation lifting.svg 225px thumb A projective representation of G can be pulled back to a linear representation of a central extension mathematics central extension C of G. Schur s original motivation for studying the multiplier was to classify projective ... to the Schur multiplier of G . If the finite group G is moreover perfect group perfect , then C ... multiplier is similar but ensures the extension is a stem extension by restricting to the derived ... Schur multiplier because the minimum number of generators of the Schur multiplier is always less than ... for the Schur multiplier of a finite, finitely presented group math H 2 G, Bbb Z cong R cap F, F F ... year 1982 volume 71 chapter The Schur multiplier an elementary approach pages 137 154 refend Category ... more details
In C algebra s, the multiplier algebra , denoted by M A , of a C algebra A is a unital C algebra which is the largest unital C algebra that contains A as an ideal in a non degenerate way. It is the noncommutative generalization of Stone ech compactification . Multiplier algebras were introduced by harvtxt Busby 1968 . For example, if A is the C algebra of compact operator on Hilbert space compact operators on a separable Hilbert space , M A is B H , the C algebra of all bounded operator s on H . Definition An ideal I in a C algebra B is said to be essential if I J is non trivial for all ideal J . An ideal I is essential if and only if I sup sup , the orthogonal complement of I in the Hilbert C module B is 0 . Let A be a C algebra. Its multiplier algebra M A is the C algebra satisfying the following universal property for all C algebra D containing A as an ideal, there exists a unique homomorphism D M A such that extends the identity homomorphism on A and A sup sup 0 . Uniqueness up to isomorphism is specified by the universal property. When A is unital, M A A . It also follows from the definition that for any D containing A as an essential ideal, the multiplier algebra M A contains D as a C subalgebra. The existence of M A can be shown in several ways. A double centralizer of a C algebra A is a pair L , R of bounded linear maps on A such that aL b R a b for all a and b in A . This implies that L R . The set of double centralizers of A can be given a C algebra structure. This C algebra contains A as an essential ideal and can be identified as the multiplier algebra M A . For instance, if A is the compact operators K H on a separable Hilbert space, then each x B H defines a double centralizer of A by simply multiplication from the left and right. Alternatively, M A can be obtained via representations. The following fact will be needed Lemma. If I is an ideal in a C ... with the universal property of the multiplier algebra, yields that M A is isomorphic to the idealizer ... more details
Image Cavallo s multiplier labelled.jpg thumb right 350px Cavallo s multiplier, from an 1890 illustration. ref name Gray cite book last Gray first John title Electrical Influence Machines publisher Whittaker date 1890 pages pp.80&ndash 81 url http www.electrotherapymuseum.com 2007 ElectricalInfluenceMachines index.htm ref From left to right, the metal disks are the insulated charge receiver A , the insulated charge transferrer B , the insulated charge accumulator C , and the earthed disk D . An earthing pin E makes contact with a wire F connected to B . Cavallo s multiplier was an early electrostatic machine electrostatic influence machine , invented in 1795 by the Anglo Italian natural philosophy natural philosopher Tiberius Cavallo . ref name Gray Its purpose was to multiply, or amplify, a small electric charge to a level where it was detectable by the insensitive electroscope s of the day. Repeated operation of the device could produce voltages high enough to generate sparks. Description Cavallo described his machine in his 1795 Treatise on Electricity . ref name Gray He had examined Abraham Bennet Bennet s charge doubler of 1787 and found it wanting in several regards, notably in its inconsistent operation and tendency to retain the charge from an earlier experiment. ref name Cavallo cite book last Cavallo first Tiberius title A complete treatise on electricity, in theory and practice date 1795 edition 4th volume Vol 3 pages pp.76&ndash 81 url http www.archive.org download completetreatise03cavauoft completetreatise03cavauoft.pdf ref Cavallo resolved to build a better device. His machine consisted of four metal plates supported on a wooden board by posts, of which three .... ref name Queiroz 1 Cavallo termed his device a multiplier, though addition was perhaps a more ... was a true multiplier, rather than an addition machine. ref name Gray The charge would thus accumulate more rapidly than Cavallo s multiplier and the machine could generate high voltages in a short ... more details
In monetary economics , a money multiplier is one of various closely related ratios of commercial bank ..., and the Money Multiplier, http books.google.com books?id dpTBdNGGrtUC&pg PA393 pp. 393 396 ref Most ... , and it is an Multiplier economics economic multiplier . ref name manintro Harv Mankiw 2008 loc Part VI Money and Prices in the Long Run The Money Multiplier, http books.google.com books?id 58KxPNa0hF4C ... is at most reserves times math 1 RR , math the latter being the multiplier. If banks lend out close ... bank money is central bank money times the multiplier. If banks instead lend less than the maximum ... times the theoretical multiplier. In the United States since 1959, banks lent out close to the maximum ... bank money times the multiplier, but this relationship broke down from September 2008. As a formula and legal quantity, the money multiplier is not controversial it is simply the maximum that commercial ... for monetary policy . Definition The money multiplier is defined in various ways. ref name krugmacro ... dpTBdNGGrtUC&pg PA395&q actual 20money 20multiplier p. 395 calls the observed multiplier the actual money multiplier . ref such as M2 economics M2 broad money over M0 economics M0 base money , or it can ... of the reserve ratio, math 1 RR. math ref name manintro The multiplier in the first statistic sense ... it is at most the theoretical multiplier , while the multiplier in the second legal sense depends only ... changes is called the money multiplier associated to that model . ref name maninter Harv Mankiw ... a multiplier of math 1 CD RR CD . math These concepts are not generally distinguished by different ... multiplier, legal or theoretical multiplier, or model multiplier, but these are not standard ... multiplier, the resulting predictions are valid only if these ratios do not in fact change. Sometimes ... in increases in commercial bank money and will, if these ratios and thus multiplier stay constant or may ... case the reserve deposit ratio will grow and the multiplier will fall. ref Harv Mankiw 2002 loc http ... more details
as a Lagrange multiplier determining the change in action transfer of potential to kinetic energy ... is calculated subject to a constrained space of actions, where a Lagrange multiplier is the increase ..., we will use only one multiplier, say . The constraint g x , y 3 is identically zero on the circle ... as one of maximizing a utility function subject to a budget constraint . The Lagrange multiplier ... and math nu math are called the dual variables or Lagrange multiplier vectors associated with the problem ... more details
name Glaser Harvnb Glaser 1971 ref 1936 Konrad Zuse Z1 1937 Alan Turing electro mechanical binarymultiplier ...Image Wikipedia in binary.gif thumb The word Wikipedia represented in ASCII binary. A way of representing Plain text text or Instruction computer science computer processor instructions by the use of the binary number system s two binary digit s 0 and 1. This is accomplished by assigning a bit string to each particular symbol or instruction. For example, A String computing binary string of eight digits ... symbols, letters or instructions. In computing and telecommunication, binary codes are used for any ... methods may be fixed width or variable length code variable width . In a fixed width binary code, each ..., interpreted as a binary number , is usually displayed in code tables in octal , decimal or hexadecimal ..., interpreted as a binary number, can be Binary numeral system Decimal translated into a decimal number ... as the decimal number 97. History of Binary Code Binary Code was first introduced by the German mathematician ... of Changes , which used a type of binary code. The book had confirmed his theory that life could ... known as Boolean algebra logic Boolean algebra . Boole s system was based on binary, a yes no, on off ... for the use of the binary code in practical applications such as computers, electric circuits, and more ... ref Other forms of Binary Code The bit string is not the only type of binary code. A binary system in general ... of binary code was used in Ancient China and has sixty four possible pairs of trigrams called hexagrams. Braille Braille is a type of binary code that is widely used by blind people to read and write ... in the binary code. The writing of the code is using lines, two lines or a zero. The Oracle is use ... , uses a 7 bit binary code to represent text within a computer, communications equipment, and other ..., in the 8 bit ASCII code, a lowercase a is represented by the bit string 01100001. Binary coded Decimal Binary coded decimal , or BCD, uses a 4 bit nibble in which each decimal number is represented ... more details
In finance , a binary option is a type of Option finance option where the payoff is either some fixed amount of some asset or nothing at all. The two main types of binary options are the cash or nothing binary option and the asset or nothing binary option. The cash or nothing binary option pays some ... security. Thus, the options are binary in nature because there are only two possible ... rate markets , and Fixed Return Options FROs on the American Stock Exchange . Binary options are usually Option style European style options. For example, a purchase is made of a binary cash or nothing call option on XYZ Corp s stock struck at 100 with a binary payoff of 1000. Then, if at the future ... be expressed in terms of the cumulative normal distribution function. Exchange traded binary options Binary option contracts have long been available over the counter finance Over the counter OTC , i.e. ... Corporation proposed a rule change to allow binary options, ref Securities and Exchange Commission ... of a Proposed Rule Change Relating to Binary Options . ref and the Securities and Exchange Commission approved listing cash or nothing binary options in 2008. ref Cite news url http www.reuters.com article companyNewsAndPR idUSN0943920080609 work Reuters title CBOE to list binary options on S&P 500 ... exchange traded European cash or nothing binary options, and the Chicago Board Options Exchange ... OF BINARY OPTIONS.shtml ref The standardization of binary options allows them to be exchange traded with continuous quotations. Amex offers binary options on some ETFs and a few highly liquid equities ... binary options Fixed Return Options calls are named Finish High and puts are named Finish Low . To reduce ... application for exchange listed binary options using a volume weighted settlement index in 2005. ref http www.wipo.int pctdb en wo.jsp?wo 2005069978 System and methods for trading binary options on an exchange , World Intellectual Property Organization filing. ref CBOE offers binary options on the S&P ... more details
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