Image Binarylogarithm plot.png thumbnail right 200px Plot of log sub 2 sub n In mathematics , the binarylogarithm log sub 2 sub n is the logarithm to the Binary numeral system base 2 . It is the inverse function of n 2 sup n sup . The binarylogarithm of n is the power to which the number 2 must be raised to obtain the value n . This makes the binarylogarithm useful for anything involving powers of 2 , i.e. doubling. For example, the binarylogarithm of 1 is 0, the binarylogarithm of 2 is 1, the binarylogarithm of 4 is 2, the binarylogarithm of 8 is 3, the binarylogarithm of 16 is 4 and the binarylogarithm of 32 is 5. Applications Information theory The binarylogarithm is often used in computer science and information theory because it is closely connected to the binary numeral system . It is frequently written ld n , from Latin wikt en logarithmus ..., the definition of the amount of self information and information entropy involves the binarylogarithm ... an occurrence of one of two equally probable alternatives. Computational complexity The binarylogarithm ... domain mathematics domain and range mathematics range , the binarylogarithm can be computed rounding up or down. These two forms of integer binarylogarithm are related by this formula math ... binarylogarithm can be interpreted as the zero based index of the most significant 1 bit in the input ... support, and applications for the integer binarylogarithm. Real number For a general positive number positive real number , the binarylogarithm may be computed in two parts Compute the integer ... 1, and compute the binarylogarithm of math z 2 math using the same method recursively. The result ... computes the binarylogarithm using the recursive method outlined above, showing the steps along ... Python ref This code fails when finding the binarylogarithm of any number 2 n where n is any ... is that it should be lb n , lg n being reserved for log sub 10 sub n . The number of digits bit s in the binary ... more details
File Binarylogarithm plot with ticks.svg right thumb upright 1.35 alt Graph showing a logarithm curves ... in pure mathematics , especially calculus . The binarylogarithm uses base nowrap begin b 2 nowrap ... col Other notations scope col Used in scope row 2 binarylogarithm lb x ref name gullberg Citation ...&ndash 111 ref Moreover, the Binarylogarithm Algorithm binarylogarithm algorithm calculates lb ... of a function graph of the logarithm to base 2 crosses the x axis x axis horizontal axis at 1 and passes ... axis, but does not meet or intersect it. The logarithm of a number is the exponent by which another ..., the logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 1000 is 10 to the power 3 nowrap 1000 10 sup 3 sup ... is the logarithm of x to base b , and is written log sub b sub x , so nowrap begin log sub ... computations more easily and rapidly, using slide rule s and Common logarithmlogarithm table s. These devices rely on the fact&mdash important in its own right&mdash that the logarithm of a product ... function in the 18th century. The logarithm to base nowrap begin b 10 nowrap end is called the common logarithm and has many applications in science and engineering. The natural logarithm ... , and can aid in forensic accounting . In the same way as the logarithm reverses exponentiation , the complex logarithm is the inverse function of the exponential function applied to complex numbers . The discrete logarithm is another variant it has applications in public key cryptography . Motivation ... 8 is the product of three factors of 2 math 2 3 2 times 2 times 2 8. , math It follows that the logarithm ... treatise. group nb Definition The logarithm of a number x with respect to base b is the exponent to which b has to be raised to yield x . In other words, the logarithm of x to base b is the solution ... 1 ref math b y x. , math The logarithm is denoted log sub b sub x pronounced as the logarithm of x to base b or the nowrap base b logarithm of x . In the equation y log sub b sub x , the value ... more details
math as procedures exist for determining the numerical value for natural logarithmlogarithm base e and binarylogarithmlogarithm base 2 . Natural logarithm Numerical value Binarylogarithm Algorithm Algorithms for computing binary logarithms See also logarithm History History of logarithms References ...File Graph of common logarithm.png right thumb 400px The common logarithm. The common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10. It is also known as the decadic logarithm , named after its base. It is indicated ... log , but mathematician s usually mean natural logarithm rather than common logarithm when ... multiplications and divisions with pen and paper, mathematical table tables of base 10 logarithm s were found in appendices of many books. Such a table of common logarithms gave the logarithm ..., since if one wanted the logarithm of, for example, 120, one would know that math log 10 120 log 10 10 2 times 1.2 2 log 10 1.2 approx2 0.079181. math The last number 0.079181 the fractional part of the logarithm of 120, known as the mantissa of the common logarithm of 120 was found in the table. This stems ... point in 120 tells us that the integer part of the common logarithm of 120, called the characteristic of the common logarithm of 120, is 2. Numbers between and excluding 0 and 1 have negative .... class wikitable style text align center border 1 cellpadding 5px Common logarithm, characteristic, and mantissa of powers of 10 times a number number logarithm characteristic mantissa combined ... 10 sup i sup . A Logarithm Tables of logarithms table of logarithms will have a single indexed ... hand, wrote log x when they mean log sub e sub x for the natural logarithm. Today, both notations ... to which one writes ln x when the natural logarithm is intended, may have been further popularized .... Numeric value The numerical value for logarithm to the base 10 can be calculated with the following ... 8865 title Briggsian logarithms includes a detailed example of using logarithm tables Category Logarithms ... more details
For the theorem in probability theory Law of the iterated logarithm In computer science , the iterated logarithm of n , written log star n usually read log star , is the number of times the logarithm function must be iteratively applied before the result is less than or equal to 1. The simplest formal definition is the result of this recursive function math log n begin cases 0 & mbox if n le 1 1 log log n & mbox if n 1 end cases math On the positive real numbers, the continuous super logarithm inverse tetration is essentially equivalent math log n lceil text slog e n rceil math but on the negative real numbers, log star is 0, whereas math lceil text slog e x rceil 1 math for positive x , so the two functions differ for negative arguments. Image Iterated logarithm.png right 300px thumb Figure 1. Demonstrating lg 4 2 In computer science, lg star is often used to indicate the binary iterated logarithm, which iterates the binarylogarithm instead. The iterated logarithm accepts any positive real number and yields an integer . Graphically, it can be understood as the number of zig zags needed in Figure 1 to reach the interval 0, 1 on the x axis. Mathematically, the iterated logarithm is well defined not only for base 2 and base e , but for any base greater than math e 1 e approx1.444667 math . The iterated logarithm is closely related to the generalized logarithm function used in symmetric level index arithmetic . It is also proportional to the additive persistence of a number , the number of times one must replace the number by the sum of its digits before reaching its digital root . Analysis of algorithms The iterated logarithm is useful in analysis of algorithms and computational ... to Algorithms 1 Section 30.5. ref The iterated logarithm grows at an extremely slow rate, much slower than the logarithm itself. For all values of n relevant to counting the running times of algorithms ... of particles in the known universe , the iterated logarithm with base 2 has a value no more ... more details
class of k modulo n . This function is a group isomorphism , called the discrete logarithm ... logarithm records unsolved computer science Can the discrete logarithm be computed in polynomial ... choices for the group G in discrete logarithm cryptography are the cyclic groups Z sub p sub sup ... 3rd isbn 978 1 58488 508 5 year 2006 Number theoretic algorithms DEFAULTSORT Discrete Logarithm ... Finite fields Category Binary operations Category Computational hardness assumptions Category Unsolved ... more details
The term Napierian logarithm , or Naperian logarithm, is often used to mean the natural logarithm . However, as first defined by John Napier , it is a function given by in terms of the modern logarithm Image NapLog.png thumb 360px A plot of the Napierian logarithm for inputs between 0 and 10 sup 8 sup . math mathrm NapLog x frac log frac 10 7 x log frac 10 7 10 7 1 . math Since this is a quotient of logarithms, the base of the logarithm chosen is irrelevant. It is not a logarithm to any particular base in the modern sense of the term however, it can be rewritten as math mathrm NapLog x log frac 10 7 10 7 1 10 7 log frac 10 7 10 7 1 x math and hence it is a linear function of a particular logarithm, and so satisfies identities quite similar to the modern one. The Napierian logarithm is related to the natural logarithm by the relation math mathrm NapLog x approx 9999999.5 16.11809565 ln x math and to the common logarithm by math mathrm NapLog x approx 23025850 7 log 10 x . math References citation last1 Boyer first1 Carl B. last2 Merzbach first2 Uta C. isbn 9780471543978 page 313 publisher Wiley title A History of Mathematics year 1991 . citation last Edwards first Charles Henry page 153 publisher Springer Verlag title The Historical Development of the Calculus year 1994 . citation last Phillips first George McArtney isbn 9780387950228 page 61 publisher Springer Verlag series CMS Books in Mathematics title Two Millennia of Mathematics from Archimedes to Gauss volume 6 year 2000 . Category Logarithms math stub es Logaritmo neperiano ... more details
logarithm of a positive number n variously denoted log n , Log n or even sometimes just log n is the logarithm without regard to any particular base it is a function of the base , not a number . This is as opposed to the ordinary, or definite logarithm , where there is always implicitly or explicitly a particular base to which the logarithm is being taken. In other words, an indefinite logarithm of a number is a function that is known to have the properties of any logarithm function i.e. ... a log b , where the base is unknown and the knowledge of the base of the logarithm is unnecessary it defers the choice of base. Definition The indefinite logarithm operator Log ... 0 to the logarithm of x base math b math . Using lambda calculus notation, we can express ... vector space of indefinite logarithm quantities. One way to understand the meaning of the indefinite logarithm is to think of it as a dimensioned i.e., not dimensionless quantity . Any such quantity ... See dimensional analysis . In the case of the quantities that result from the indefinite logarithm ... indefinite logarithm quantities, and can be represented with the same notation, e.g., math log n math for the logarithmic unit which is equal to the indefinite logarithm of math n math . Mathematical details The logarithm log sub b sub x is a function in two variables the base b and the argument x . If one fixes the base, one obtains the definite logarithm, which is a function of x . If one fixes the number x , one obtains the indefinite logarithm, which is a function of the base b . That is, math operatorname Log x frac log x log b math Note that the definite logarithm is an increasing function of the argument x, while the indefinite logarithm is a decreasing function of the base as the size of units increase, the value of the logarithm for a fixed argument decreases. Converting ... of our logarithms. Thus, replacing the indefinite logarithm by a definite logarithm can be compared ... more details
The term integral logarithm may stand for Discrete logarithm in algebra , Logarithmic integral function in calculus . disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
In mathematics , a logarithm of a matrix is another matrix mathematics matrix such that the matrix exponential ... logarithm and in some sense an inverse function of the matrix exponential . Not all matrices have a logarithm and those matrices that do have a logarithm may have more than one logarithm. The study of logarithms of matrices leads to Lie theory since when a matrix has a logarithm then it is in a Lie group and the logarithm is the corresponding element of the Lie algebra . Definition A matrix B is a logarithm of a given matrix A if the matrix exponential of B is A math e B A. , math Example Logarithm ... 0 & 1 1 & 0 end pmatrix , math is a logarithm of A . Thus, the matrix A has infinitely many logarithms ... math is a generator of the Lie algebra so 2 . Existence The question of whether a matrix has a logarithm has the easiest answer when considered in the complex setting. A matrix has a logarithm if and only if it is invertible matrix invertible . ref harvtxt Higham 2008 , Theorem 1.27 ref The logarithm is not unique, but if a matrix has no negative real eigenvalues, then it has a unique logarithm whose eigenvalues lie all in the strip z C Im z . This logarithm is known as the principal logarithm ... matrix has a real logarithm if and only if it is invertible and each Jordan block belonging to a negative .... This can already be seen in the scalar case the logarithm of 1 is a complex number. The existence ... B . , math For any invertible matrix, math A 1 e ln A . , math Further example Logarithm of rotations in 3D space A rotation math R in rm SO 3 math in the 3D is given by a 3x3 orthogonal matrix The logarithm ... matrices. Calculating the logarithm of a diagonalizable matrix A method for finding ln A for a diagonalizable ... each diagonal element of A&prime by its natural logarithm in order to obtain math ln A math . Then math ln A V ln A V 1 . , math That the logarithm of A might be a complex matrix even if A is real ... uniqueness of the logarithm of a matrix follows from the non uniqueness of the logarithm of a complex ... more details
to the height, As the number of times a logarithm must be iterated function iterated to get to 1 the Iterated logarithm , As a generalization of Robert Munafo s http www.mrob.com pub math largenum.html ... definition of the super logarithm depends on a precise definition of non integral tetration that is, math ... tetration and so there is likewise no clear consensus on the super logarithm for non integer range mathematics range . Definitions The super logarithm, written math , mathrm slog b z math , is defined ... b b math and so on. In order to extend the domain of the super logarithm from this sparse set to the real ... to the super logarithm is math mathrm slog b z approx begin cases mathrm slog b b z 1 & text ... of the linear approximation to tetration . Authors like Holmes recognize that the super logarithm ... The quadratic approximation to the super logarithm is math mathrm slog b z approx begin cases mathrm ... Robbins in http tetration.itgo.com paper.html this paper . This version of the super logarithm allows for basic calculus operations to be performed on the super logarithm, without requiring a large ... logarithm and tetration can be performed with a small amount of computational overhead. Approaches to the Abel ... be obtained by adding any constant math A f x A f x c math . Thus given that the super logarithm is defined ... that the super logarithm satisfies are math , mathrm slog b z mathrm slog b log b z 1 math math ... logarithm Tetration References references Ioannis Galidakis, http ioannis.virtualcomposer2000.com ... Piecewise Extension of Tetration and the Super logarithm , published online accessed ... Thread 2 DEFAULTSORT Super Logarithm Category Logarithms ru tr Tetrasyon S per ... more details
wiktionary binaryBinary means composed of two pieces or two parts and may refer to Mathematics Binary numeral system , a representation for numbers using only two digits usually, 0 and 1 Binary function , a function in mathematics that takes two arguments Computing Binary file , composed of something other than human readable text Executable , a type of binary file that contains machine code for the computer to execute Binary code , the digital representation of text and data Science Binary compound , a chemical compound containing two different chemical elements Binary explosive , an explosive made of two components that become explosive when mixed Binary chemical weapon , containing two chemicals that when combined make a toxic agent Binary fission , the splitting of a single celled organism into two daughter cells Binary star , a star system with two stars in it Binary planet , two planetary bodies of comparable mass orbiting each other Binary asteroid , two asteroids orbiting each other Other Binary album Binary album , the 5th studio album by Kay Tse, released on July 25, 2008 Binary option , also known as digital option or all or nothing option, in finance Binary novel Binary novel , a 1972 novel by Michael Crichton writing as John Lange Binary comics , a superheroine in the Marvel Universe Binary form , a way of structuring a piece of music Binary betting , a bet on a proposition which is quoted as a spread bet Binary opposition , polar opposites, often ignoring the middle ground Binary Assemblage 23 song , a 2007 single by Assemblage 23 from the album Meta Binary Research ... previous company, B32 Software See also Lookfrom Binary Intitle Binary Unary disambiguation Ternary disambiguation Quaternary disambiguation Binary prefix , indicating magnitude multipliers in a base two number system e.g., kilo , kibi , etc. Binary tree , a computer tree data structure in which each node has at most two children Binary coded decimal , a method for encoding for decimal digits in binary ... more details
Image Complex log.jpg 200px right thumb A single branch of the complex logarithm. The hue of the color is used to show the Arg mathematics arg polar coordinate angle of the complex logarithm. The saturation ... logarithm. The page with the large version of this picture has an image that shows the encoding of colors as a function of their complex values. In complex analysis , a complex logarithm function is an inverse function inverse of the complex exponential function , just as the natural logarithm ln x is the inverse of the exponential function real exponential function e sup x sup . Thus, a logarithm ... books.google.com books?id FUWPyHM XK0C&pg PA40&dq logarithm intitle Complex intitle function intitle ... form , then w ln r i is one logarithm of z adding integer multiples of 2 i gives ... that single out one logarithm of each number in their domains. This is analogous to the definition ... the logarithm as a function whose domain is not a region in the complex plane , but a Riemann ... z , the principal value Log z is the logarithm whose imaginary part lies in the interval , ... value of the logarithm ref name Sarason can be defined by math text Log z text ln r i theta ln z i ... the notation log z appears without any particular logarithm having been specified, it is generally ... z 0 this is what it means for Log z to be a logarithm of z , but the identity ... of the complex logarithm Is there a different way to choose a logarithm of each nonzero complex ..., the answer is no. To see why, imagine tracking such a logarithm function along the unit circle , by evaluating ... L 1 0. To obtain a continuous logarithm defined on complex numbers, it is hence ... subset U of the complex plane such that L z is a logarithm of z for each z in U . ref name Sarason ... z if no confusion can result. Different branches can give different values for the logarithm ... logarithm Each branch L z of log z on an open set U is an inverse of a restriction of the exponential ... more details
This is a list of logarithm topics , by Wikipedia page. See also the list of exponential topics . Acoustic power antilogarithm Apparent magnitude Baker s theorem Bel Benford s law Binarylogarithm Bode plot Henry Briggs mathematician Henry Briggs Cologarithm Common logarithm Complex logarithm Discrete logarithm e mathematical constant El Gamal discrete log cryptosystem Harmonic series mathematics Iterated logarithm Law of the iterated logarithm Linear form in logarithms Linearithmic List of integrals of logarithmic functions Logarithmic growth Logarithmic timeline Log likelihood ratio Log log Log log graph Log normal distribution Log periodic antenna Log Weibull distribution Logarithmic algorithm Logarithmic derivative Logarithmic differential Logarithmic differentiation Logarithmic distribution Logarithmic form Logarithmic graph paper Logarithmic identities Logarithmic scale Logarithmic spiral Logarithmic timeline Logit Mantissa is a disambiguation page see common logarithm for the traditional concept of mantissa see significand for the modern concept used in computing. Mel scale Mercator projection Moment magnitude scale John Napier Natural logarithm Neper Offset logarithmic integral pH Polylogarithm Polylogarithmic Richter magnitude scale Schnorr signature Significand Slide rule Sound intensity level Table of logarithms Weber Fechner law Category Exponentials Category Logarithms Category Indexes of mathematics topics Logarithm topics ... more details
The decimal value of the natural logarithm of 2 number 2 OEIS A002162 is approximately math ln 2 approx 0.693147 math as shown in the first line of the table below. The logarithm in other bases is obtained with the Logarithmic identities formula math log b 2 frac ln 2 ln b . math The Briggsian logarithm common logarithm in particular is OEIS2C A007524 math log 10 2 approx 0.301029995663981195. math The inverse of this number is the binarylogarithm of 10 math log 2 10 1 log 10 2 approx 3.321928095 math OEIS2C A020862 . Table type class wikitable hdrs number approximate natural logarithm OEIS row1 2 number 2 0.693147180559945309417232121458 OEIS link A002162 row2 3 number 3 1.09861228866810969139524523692 OEIS link A002391 row3 4 number 4 1.38629436111989061883446424292 OEIS link A016627 row4 5 number 5 1.60943791243410037460075933323 OEIS link A016628 row5 6 number 6 1.79175946922805500081247735838 OEIS link A016629 row6 7 number 7 1.94591014905531330510535274344 OEIS link A016630 row7 8 number 8 2.07944154167983592825169636437 OEIS link A016631 row8 9 number 9 2.19722457733621938279049047384 OEIS link A016632 row9 10 number 10 2.30258509299404568401799145468 OEIS link A002392 Series representations math sum n 1 infty frac 1 n 1 n sum n 0 infty frac 1 2n 1 2n 2 ln 2. math math sum ... natural logarithm OEIS row1 11 number 11 2.39789527279837054406194357797 OEIS link A016634 row2 13 ... via math ln sqrt n c frac 1 n ln c math . The logarithm of 2 number 2 is useful in the sense that the powers ... 43 38 2 3059295837 274877906944 0.01112965... Starting from the natural logarithm of math q 10 math ... year 1963 volume 17 mr 0160308 cite journal first1 Marc last1 Chamberland title Binary BBP formulae ... NaturalLogarithmof2 title Natural logarithm of 2 planetmath reference id 10699 title table of natural logarithms cite web url http numbers.computation.free.fr Constants Log2 log2.html title The logarithm constant log 2 last1 Gourdon first1 Xavier last2 Sebah first2 Pascal DEFAULTSORT Natural Logarithm ... more details
Discrete logarithm records are the best results achieved to date in solving the discrete logarithm problem, which is the problem of finding solutions x to the equation g sup x sup h given elements g and h of a finite cyclic group G . The difficulty of this problem is the basis for the security of several cryptographic systems, including Diffie Hellman key agreement, ElGamal encryption , the ElGamal signature scheme , the Digital Signature Algorithm , and the elliptic curve cryptography analogs of these. Common choices for G used in these algorithms include the multiplicative group of integers modulo p , the multiplicative group of a finite field , and the group of points on an elliptic curve modulo p or over a finite field . Integers modulo p On 18 Jun 2005, Antoine Joux and Reynald Lercier announced the computation of a discrete logarithm modulo a 130 digit 431 bit strong prime in three weeks, using a 1.15 GHz 16 processor HP AlphaServer GS1280 computer and a number field sieve algorithm. ref Antoine Joux, Discrete logarithms in GF p &ndash 130 digits, June 18, 2005, http listserv.nodak.edu cgi bin wa.exe?A2 ind0506&L nmbrthry&T 0&P 20. ref On 5 Feb 2007 this was superseded by the announcement by Thorsten Kleinjung of the computation of a discrete logarithm .... They used the function field sieve to compute a discrete logarithm in a field of 2 sup 613 sup elements ... et al., who computed a discrete logarithm in the field of 3 sup 6 · 71 sup elements ... Discrete Logarithm Problem in GF 3 sup 6 n sup , 2010, http eprint.iacr.org 2010 090. ref This also ... logarithm on a Koblitz curve over a field of 2 sup 108 sup elements. The prize was awarded on 4 April ... logarithm on a curve over a field of 2 sup 109 sup elements. The prize was awarded on 8 April 2004 .... ECCp 109, involving taking a discrete logarithm on a curve modulo a 109 bit prime. The prize was awarded ... announced that they had carried out a discrete logarithm computation on an elliptic curve ... more details
notability Products date December 2011 Binary recompiler is a software that takes executable Binary file binaries as input, analyzes the structure, applies transformations and optimizations, and outputs new optimized executable binaries. ref http www.eecs.umich.edu jringenb binary recomp.html umich.edu Binary Recompilation and Combined Compiler Architecture Enhancements Studies ref First introduced by Gary Kildall in the 1980s. ref http www.public domain content.com encyclopedia History of computing Gary Kildall.shtml public domain content.com Gary Kildall ref See also Compiler Transcompiler Dynamic recompilation Binary translation References references Category Compilers Category Compiler construction Category Computer libraries ... more details
unreferenced date June 2008 Binary liquid is a type of chemical combination, which creates a special reaction or feature as a result of two liquid chemicals, normally inert or having no function by themselves, being mixed. A number of chemical products are produced as a result of mixing two chemicals as a binary liquid, such as plastic foams and some explosives . See also Binary chemical weapon External links http scitation.aip.org getabs servlet GetabsServlet?prog normal&id JCPSA6000116000003001072000001&idtype cvips&gifs yes Phase separation of a binary liquid mixture in porous media studied by nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry http symp15.nist.gov pdf p58.pdf Surface adsorption and orientation near the critical point of binary liquid mixtures http scitation.aip.org getabs servlet GetabsServlet?prog normal&id JCPSA6000120000005002075000001&idtype cvips&gifs yes Binary liquid mixtures in porous solids Category Chemical substances Category Chemical weapons ca L quid binari ... more details
About contact binary stars asteroids Contact binary asteroid In astronomy , a contact binary is a binary star system whose component stars are so close that they touch each other or have merged to share their gaseous envelopes. A binary system whose stars share an envelope may also be called an overcontact binary. ref http www.daviddarling.info encyclopedia C contact binary.html contact binary , David Darling, The Internet Encyclopedia of Science . Accessed on line November 4, 2007. ref ref http www.daviddarling.info encyclopedia O overcontact binary.html overcontact binary , David Darling, The Internet Encyclopedia of Science . Accessed on line November 4, 2007. ref ref pp. 51&ndash 53, An Introduction to Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics , Michael J. Thompson, London Imperial College Press, 2006. ISBN 1 86094 615 1. ref Almost all known contact binary systems are Binary star Eclipsing binaries eclipsing binaries ref p. 231, Stellar Rotation , Jean Louis Tassoul, Andrew King, Douglas Lin, Stephen P. Maran, Jim Pringle, and Martin Ward, Cambridge, UK, New York Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 0 521 77218 4. ref eclipsing contact binaries are known as W Ursae Majoris variables , after their type star, W Ursae Majoris . ref p. 19, Double and Multiple Stars and how to Observe Them , James Mullaney, New York, London Springer, 2005. ISBN 1 85233 751 6. ref Contact binaries are sometimes confused with common envelope s. However, whereas the first refers to a stable configuration of two touching stars in a binary with a typical lifetime of millions to billions of years, the latter describes a dynamically unstable phase in binary evolution which either expels the stellar envelope or merges the binary in a timescale of months to years. See also Binary star Binary system astronomy Common envelope Contact binary asteroid References Reflist Astronomy stub Category Binary stars es Estrella binaria de contacto fr Binaire contact ja pl Uk ad podw jny kontaktowy pt Estrela bin ria ... more details
A binary explosive or two component explosive is an explosive consisting of two components, neither of which is explosive by itself, which have to be mixed in order to become explosive. Examples of common binary explosives include Oxyliquit liquid oxygen combustible powder , ANFO ammonium nitrate fuel oil , Kinestik ammonium nitrate nitromethane , Tannerite ammonium nitrate aluminum , and FIXOR nitroethane physical sensitizer . Binary explosives are often used in commercial applications because of their greater handling safety. See also Binary chemical weapon Category Binary explosives External links wrc.navair rdte.navy.mil warfighter enc weapons ordnance types.htm Dead link date May 2010 Types of Explosives http www.FIXOR.com FIXOR, a commercial binary explosive sold for mine clearance http siri.uvm.edu ppt blast1 tsld014.htm Binary Two Component Explosives , from a presentation by the N. C. Dept. of Transportation Category Binary explosives explosive stub de Bin re Sprengstoffe lt Binarin sprogstamoji med iaga ... more details
A binary decision is one that can have only two outcomes. Binary decisions are basic to many fields. Examples of binary decisions in various fields are truth value s in formal logic . Boolean variable s in algebra . logical data type in computer science . Category Decision theory Compu stub mathlogic stub algebra stub logic stub ... more details
A binary protocol is a network protocol protocol which is intended or expected to be read by a machine rather than a human being, as opposed to a plain text protocol such as IRC , SMTP , or HTTP . Binary protocols have the advantage of terseness, which translates into speed of transmission and interpretation. There has always been tension between two software development camps that believe new protocols should preferably be text based or binary, respectively. In recent years, with the ready availability of network bandwidth and mass storage, the text based camp has been gaining significant ground XML based systems are nearly ubiquitous but the debate continues ref http www.webservices.org weblog mark little soap for the masses A representative discussion of text and binary protocol debate, by Mark Little ref . Binary protocol is also used in the context of a protocol between exactly two parties, in contrast to a multi party protocol. Binary protocol, or binary collaboration have been used in the terminology of standards such as EbXML and EDOC ref http www.omg.org technology documents formal edoc.htm EDOC ref . An interface in the UML ref http www.uml.org Unified Modeling Language ref may also be considered a binary protocol. See also XML Telnet Binary file References references External links http www.catb.org esr writings taoup html ch05s01.html Chapter 5 of The Tao of Unix Programming champions textual formats over binary protocols. DEFAULTSORT Binary Protocol Category Network protocols Soft eng stub ... more details
Infobox VG title Binary Pot image Image Binary Pot Package.gif 250px developer August company August publisher August company August designer engine version released sup Japan JPN sup February 22, 2002 genre Visual novel modes Single Player ratings 18 platforms Microsoft Windows Windows media requirements Pentium III 600MHz, 128 256MB Random access memory RAM input Deleted image removed Image Binary Pot CG1.jpg thumb CG art from Binary Pot . nihongo Binary Pot is a visual novel eroge , a computer game with explicit sexual content, developed by August company August involving robot maid girls. Story The story takes place in a virtual cafe of sorts by the name of Binary Pot . As the chief of the shop the main protagonist can experience five different routes with the five main girls. External links ja icon http www.august soft.com binary normal Official page Category 2002 video games Category Bish jo games Category Japan exclusive video games Category Visual novels Category Windows games Category Eroge visual novel stub ja ... more details
Binary XML refers to any specification which defines the compact representation of XML Extensible Markup Language in a binary format. While there are several competing formats, none has been widely adopted by a standards organization or accepted as a de facto standard . Using a binary XML format generally reduces the verbosity of XML documents thereby also reducing the cost of parsing, ref The performance woe of binary XML http webservices.sys con.com read 250512.htm ref but hinders the use of ordinary text editors and third party tools to view and edit the document. Binary XML is typically used in applications where standard XML is not an option due to performance limitations, but the ability to convert the document to and from a form which is easily viewed and edited is valued. Other advantages may include enabling random access and indexing of XML documents. The major challenge for binary XML is to create a single, widely adopted standard. The International Organization for Standardization ... XML Interchange EXI format specification. Another standard ISO IEC 23001 1 , known as Binary ... Consortium also provides a Binary XML Encoding Specification currently a Best Practice Paper optimized for geo related data GML . Alternatives to binary XML include using traditional file compression ... binary XML standard. There are also hybrid approaches e.g., VTD XML that attach a small index file ... Index XML documents with VTD XML ref Adoption Projects and file formats which use binary XML include ... XML from AgileDelta, Inc., selected as the basis for the W3C Standard for Binary XML EXI Extensible Binary Meta Language EBML from Matroska Wireless Binary XML WBXML .NET Binary Format XML Data ... Binary NUX BNUX format by NUX project http sourceforge.net projects xmill XMill , schema independent ... XML compression format Other projects that have functionality related to or competing with binary ... DEFAULTSORT Binary Xml Category XML de Binary XML fr XML binaris ... more details
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