Taxobox color violet virus group IV familia Leviviridae genus Levivirus species Bacteriophage MS2 The bacteriophage MS2 is an icosahedral bacteriophage ref Valeg rd, et al., The three dimensional structure of the bacterial virus MS2, Nature, 345 6270 36 41, 1990 ref with a diameter of 27 34 nm Citation needed date January 2010 and an isoelectric point pI of 3.9 ref Dowd, et al., Delineating the Specific Influence of Virus Isoelectric Point and Size on Virus Adsorption and Transport Through Sandy Soils, AEM, 64 2, 1998 ref . MS2 phage can be propagated in Escherichia coli , commonly E. coli American Type Culture Collection ATCC 15597. Citation needed date January 2010 Genetics This bacteriophage phage has a very small genome which is 3,569 nucleotides long ref Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M., Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA primary and secondary ... RNA sequence of Bacteriophage MS2 was determined, compared to the DNA sequence of the Phi X174 phage ... sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. Nature 265 5596 687 95. ref These two genomes were the first ..., The structure of the DNA of bacteriophage PhiX 174. III. Ultracentrifuge evidence for a ring structure, J. Mol. Biol. 5 424 434, 1962 ref . In 1972 a gene of Bacteriophage MS2 was the first gene of which ... sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12 237 5350 82 ... G, Ysebaert M, Van de Kerckhove J, Nolf F, Van Montagu M., A protein gene of bacteriophage MS2, Nature ... of bacteriophage MS2 RNA, Biochimie. 1971 53 4 495 506 ref ref Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck ... G, Ysebaert M., Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA primary and secondary ... 1036. ref see transcriptional bursting . See also Phi X174 phage Bacteriophage External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... nuccore EF204939.1 J20 References references DEFAULTSORT Bacteriophage Ms2 Category Bacteriophages ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Rfam box acc RF00044 description Bacteriophage pRNA abbreviation Phage pRNA avg length 193.80 avg identity 79.00 type Gene se Finn RD ss Predicted ILM release 10.0 Bacteriophage pRNA is a ncRNA element. During replication of linear dsDNA viruses, the viral genome is packaged into the pre formed viral procapsid . The packaging of DNA into the procapsid requires a molecular motor , which uses ATP as energy to accomplish the energetically unfavorable motion. In some bacteriophage, an RNA pRNA molecule is a vital component of this motor. ref name pmid12206459 cite journal author Guo P title Structure and function of phi29 hexameric RNA that drives the viral DNA packaging motor review journal Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. volume 72 issue pages 415 72 year 2002 pmid 12206459 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 02 72076 X ref Structural analyses of the packaging motor have demonstrated that the pRNA molecule has fivefold symmetry when attached to the prohead. ref name pmid11562164 cite journal author Morais MC, Tao Y, Olson NH, et al. title Cryoelectron microscopy image reconstruction of symmetry mismatches in bacteriophage phi29 journal J. Struct. Biol. volume 135 issue 1 pages 38 46 year 2001 pmid 11562164 doi 10.1006 jsbi.2001.4379 ref ref name pmid11130079 cite journal author Simpson AA, Tao Y, Leiman PG, et al. title Structure of the bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor journal Nature volume 408 issue 6813 pages 745 50 year 2000 pmid 11130079 doi 10.1038 35047129 ref ref name pmid10957642 The pRNA is thought to be bound by the capsid connector protein. ref ... and initial X ray analysis of the head tail connector of bacteriophage phi29 journal Acta ... is required for in vitro packaging of bacteriophage phi 29 DNA journal Science volume 236 issue 4802 ... subtilis bacteriophage RNA required for DNA packaging journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 265 issue ... name Bacteriophage pRNA DEFAULTSORT Bacteriophage Prna Category Non coding RNA molecular cell biology ... more details
Multiple issues orphan December 2009 lead too short December 2009 onesource December 2009 T5 bacteriophage ref http www.uniprot.org taxonomy 10726 Enterobacteria phage T5 ref is a caudal virus who belongs to siphoviridae family. It s a lytic phage that infect Escherichia coli E. coli . T5 consists of a 90 nm large icosahedral capsid containing a 121750 bp dsDNA and a 250 nm long flexible and non contractile tail ref Effantin G. et al. Bacteriophage T5 structure reveals similarities with HK97 and T4 suggesting evolutionary relationships. J Mol Biol. 2006 361, 993 1002 ref . References Reflist Category Bacteriophages Category Viruses fr Bact riophage T5 ... more details
Taxobox color violet virus group IV familia Leviviridae genus Bacteriophage Q Bacteriophage Q is an icosahedral virus with a diameter of 25 nm. Its host is Escherichia coli . Q enters its host cell through the side of the F pilus . Genetics The genome of Q is 4218 nucleotides long. The genome has three open reading frame s and encodes four protein s A1, A2, CP and q replicase . The genome is highly structured, which regulates gene expression and protects the genome from host RNase s. Protein A2 A2 is called the maturation protein due to its lysis activity. One copy of A2 is present per virion. The mechanism of lysis is similar to that of penicillin A2 inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan by inhibiting the enzyme UDP N acetylglucosamine 1 carboxyvinyltransferase MurA , which catalyzes the first committed step of peptidoglycan synthesis. A2 also functions in host cell recognition and cell entry. When A2 binds to the sex pilus of the bacterium, A2 cleaves and forms a pore into the host. Category Bacteriophages es Bacteri fago Q ... more details
to prevent or reverse eutrophication . In sediments Marine bacteriophage form an important part of deep ... of deep sea sediments in biogeochemical cycles, marine bacteriophage must influence ... plankton state expanded aquatic ecosystem topics expanded none DEFAULTSORT Marine Bacteriophage ... more details
M13 is a filamentous phage filamentous bacteriophage composed of circular single stranded DNA ssDNA which is 6407 nucleotides long encapsulated in approximately 2700 copies of the major coat protein P8, and capped with 5 copies of two different minor coat proteins P9, P6, P3 on the ends. The minor coat protein P3 attaches to the receptor at the tip of the F pilus of the host Escherichia coli . Infection with filamentous phages is not lethal, however the infection causes turbid plaques in E. coli . It is a non lytic virus. However a decrease in the rate of cell growth is seen in the infected cells. M13 plasmids are used for many recombinant DNA processes, and the virus has also been studied for its uses in nanostructures and nanotechnology . Phage particles The phage coat is primarily assembled from a 50 amino acid protein called pVIII or p8 , which is encoded by gene VIII or g8 in the phage genome . For a wild type M13 particle, it takes approximately 2700 copies of p8 to make the coat about 900 nm long. The coat s dimensions are flexible though and the number of p8 copies adjusts to accommodate the size of the single stranded genome it packages. For example, when the phage genome was mutated to reduce its number of DNA bases from 6.4 kb to 221 bp http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?db pubmed&cmd Retrieve&dopt AbstractPlus&list uids 1469710&query hl 1&itool pubmed docsum , then the number of p8 copies was decreased to fewer than 100, causing the p8 coat to shrink in order to fit the reduced genome. The phage appear to be limited at approximately twice the natural DNA content. However, deletion of a phage protein p3 prevents full escape from the host E. coli , and phage that are 10 20X the normal length with several copies of the phage genome can be seen shedding from the E. coli host. There are four other proteins on the phage surface, two of which have been ... Bacteriophage Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology fr Phage M13 it Fago M13 ... more details
. For these reasons, bacteriophage s i.e. virus es that infect bacteria are especially favored ... Disease. Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. Bibliography http en.citizendium.org wiki Bacteriophage ... of bacteriophage T7. Genetics 161 11 20. Oakley, T. H., and C. W. Cunningham, 2000. Independent contrasts succeed where ancestor reconstruction fails in a known bacteriophage phylogeny. Evolution ..., 1997. Parallel molecular evolution of deletions and nonsense mutations in bacteriophage T7. Mol ..., 1993. Experimental molecular evolution of bacteriophage T7. Evolution 47 993 1007. Hillis, D.M. ... in bacteriophage Q RNA affecting host factor dependence of Q replicase. J. Mol. Biol. 295 149 ... Costs of Niche Expansion in the RNA Bacteriophage 6. Genetics 172 751 757. Pepin, K. M., M .... Infection and removal of L forms of Listeria monocytogenes with bred bacteriophage. Int. J. Food ..., and S. Adhya. 1996. Long circulating bacteriophage as antibacterial agents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... mutation in the DNA bacteriophage X174. Genetics. 170 989 999. Poon, A., and L. Chao. 2004. Drift increases the advantage of sex in RNA bacteriophage 6. Genetics 166 19 24. Holder, K. K., and J. J .... Badgett, and H. A. Wichman. 2000. Big benefit mutations in a bacteriophage inhibited with heat. Mol .... 2005. The rate of compensatory mutation in the DNA bacteriophage X174. Genetics. 170 989 999. Heineman ... re evolution of lysis in a bacteriophage deleted for its lysin gene. J. Mol. Evol. 61 181 191. Hayashi ... of TabR bacteria Hosts that restrict bacteriophage T4 rII mutants Mol. Gen. Genet. 188 60 68 ... bacteriophage T4 gene 32 mutants Mol. Gen. Genet. 188 69 76. There are many examples in the early ... 75 78. Wang, I. N. 2006. Lysis timing and bacteriophage fitness. Genetics 172 17 26. Abedon, S. T., P. Hyman, and C. Thomas. 2003. Experimental examination of bacteriophage latent period evolution as a response ... the advantage of sex in RNA bacteriophage Turner, P. E., and L. Chao. 1998. Sex and the evolution of intrahost ... more details
A coliphage is a type of bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli . Examples include Bacteriophage lambda and Leviviridae . External links MeshName Coliphages ru Category Viruses Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology Virus stub ... more details
Orphan date June 2009 Unreferenced date June 2009 An actinophage is a bacteriophage that attacks species of the order Actinomycetales . Category Viruses Virus stub ... more details
Polynucleotide kinase or PNK is a T7 phage T7 bacteriophage or bacteriophage T4 T4 bacteriophage enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a gamma phosphate from Adenosine triphosphate ATP to the free hydroxyl end of the 5 DNA or RNA . The resulting product could be used to end label DNA or RNA, or in a ligation reaction. External links http www.vivo.colostate.edu hbooks genetics biotech enzymes pnk.html Vivo http www.neb.com nebecomm products productM0236.asp New England Biolabs T4 PNK page Other Languages DEFAULTSORT Polynucleotide Kinase Category Enzymes Cell biology stub fr Polynucl otide kinase ... more details
Phage is the shortened form of bacteriophage , a virus that infects bacteria. Phage from Greek phagein, to eat may also refer to In virology Enterobacteria phage T2 , virulent bacteriophage of the T4 like viruses genus Enterobacteria phage T4 , phage that infects E. coli bacteria Lambda phage , temperate bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli M13 phage , filamentous bacteriophage composed of circular single stranded DNA P22 phage , virus that infects salmonella Phi X174 phage , the first organism to have its genome sequenced Pseudomonas phage 6 , the best studied bacteriophage of the family Cystoviridae T7 phage , phage capable of infecting susceptible bacterial cells In molecular biology Phage display , test to screen for protein interactions by integrating multiple genes from a gene bank into phages Phage ecology , the study of the interaction of bacteriophage with their environments Phage monographs , books published on the topic of bacteriophage Phage therapy , alternative disease treatment to antibiotics In cellular biology Phagocyte , a cell that ingests foreign cells, viruses, and debris Macrophage , a large phagocyte that originates from a monocyte In other fields Phage Voyager episode Phage Voyager episode , the fifth episode of the television series Star Trek Voyager Phage comics , supervillain from the Spider Man comic books Shadow Galactica Phage Phages , monsters of the day in the final season of Sailor Moon Sailor Stars List of characters in Magic The Gathering P Phage Phage, the Untouchable a character from Magic the Gathering Phages EP Phages , an EP by Canadian rock group The Most Serene Republic Phage computer virus Phage , a computer virus affecting the Palm OS operating system Phages, or Knights of Avalon, are generically engineered humans in the novel Dances on the Snow , trained from an early age to fight any threat to the Human Empire. disambig nl Phage ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Biopanning is an affinity selection technique which selects for Peptide peptides that bind to a given Biological target target ref Ehrlich GK, Berthold W, and Bailon P. Phage display technology. Affinity selection by biopanning. Methods in molecular biology . 2000. 147 195 208 ref . This technique is often used for the selection of Antibody antibodies . Biopanning involves 4 major steps for peptide selection ref Mandecki W, Chen YC, and Grihalde N. A Mathematical Model for Biopanning Affinity Selection Using Peptide Libraries on Filamentous Phage. Journal of Theoretical Biology Journal of theoretical biology . 1995. 176 523 530 ref . The first step is to have phage display libraries prepared. This involves inserting foreign desired gene segments into a region of the bacteriophage genome, so that the peptide product will be displayed on the surface of the bacteriophage viron. The most often used are genes pIII or pVIII of M13 bacteriophage bacteriophage M13 ref Smith GP, and Scott JK. Libraries of peptides and proteins displayed on filamentous phage . Methods in Enzymology Methods in enzymology . 1993. 217 228 257 ref . Next step is the capturing step. It involves conjugating the phage library to the desired target. This procedure is termed panning. It utilizes the binding interactions so that only specific peptides presented by bacteriophage are bound to the target. For example, selecting antibody presented by bacteriophage with coated antigen in microtiter plates. The washing step comes after the capturing step to wash away the unbound phages from solid surface. Only the bound phages with strong affinity are kept. The final step involves the elution step where the bound phages are eluted though changing of pH. The end result is the peptides produced by bacteriophage are specific. The resulting filamentous phages can infect Gram negative Gram negative bacteria once again to produce phage libraries. The cycle can occur many times resulting w ... more details
Taxobox virus group iv familia Leviviridae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Levivirus br Allolevivirus The Leviviridae are a family of virus es, including the following genera Genus Levivirus type species Bacteriophage MS2 Enterobacteria phage MS2 Genus Allolevivirus type species Bacteriophage Q Enterobacteria phage Q External links http www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 163.html Viralzone Leviviridae Category Viruses Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology Virus stub ar ca Leviv rid es Leviviridae zh ... more details
A filamentous phage is a type of bacteriophage shaped like a rod filament. Filamentous phages usually contain a genome of single stranded DNA and infect Gram negative bacteria . Types of filamentous phage Ff phages these infect E. coli that carry the Fertility factor F episome M13 bacteriophage f1 phage fd phage Ike phage N1 phage References J Bacteriol 185 8 2628 J Bacteriol 180 12 3245 J Virol 63 8 3284 DEFAULTSORT Filamentous Phage Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology Virus stub es Fagos filamentosos ... more details
Orphan date December 2009 Endolysin is a generic term describing an enzyme that degrades the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall, resulting in lysis of the bacterial cell. ref Young, R. 1992 Bacteriophage lysis mechanism and regulation. Microbiol. Rev. 56 430 81. ref At the end of the bacteriophage replication cycle, bacteriophages have to release their newly formed Progeny genetic descendant progeny . The major barrier to overcome is the peptidoglycan . To degrade this layer, bacteriophages contain endolysins. Depending on the bond these enzymes cleave, we can distinguish muramidase s lysozyme , transglycosylase s, amidase s or endopeptidase s. References references Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology Enzyme stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Taxobox name Epsilon 15 ordo Caudovirales familia viridae subfamilia virinae genus virus virus group I Epsilon 15 is a bacteriophage virus that attacks the salmonella bacterium bacteriophage means bacteria eater . The virus, as well as other bacteriophages, are not harmful to human s. Researchers at many locations around the world are looking into the possibility of using phages such as Epsilon 15 to combat bacteria. References cite journal author Jiang W, Chang J, Jakana J, Weigele P, King J, Chiu W title Structure of epsilon15 bacteriophage reveals genome organization and DNA packaging injection apparatus journal Nature year 2006 pages 612 6 volume 439 issue 7076 pmid 16452981 doi 10.1038 nature04487 pmc 1559657 External links http microimm.queensu.ca Phage E15 Epsilon15 start here.htm Epsilon 15 Gene Analysis Dead link date August 2009 http news.uns.purdue.edu UNS html4ever 2006 060201.Jiang.salmonella.html Biologists build better software, beat path to viral knowledge February 1, 2006 Category Viruses Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology Virus stub ca psilon 15 es psilon 15 ... more details
File phiX174.jpg thumb right 180 px Structure of phage phi X 174 capsid Taxobox virus group ii familia Microviridae genus Microvirus species phi X 174 phage The phi X 174 or phi X bacteriophage was the first DNA based genome to be sequenced. This work was completed by Fred Sanger and his team in 1977. ref cite journal author Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M title Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA journal Nature date 1977 02 24 volume 265 issue 5596 page 687 695 ref In 1962, Walter Fiers had already demonstrated the physical, covalently closed circularity of phi X 174 DNA. ref cite journal author Fiers W, Sinsheimer RL title The structure of the DNA of bacteriophage PhiX 174. III. Ultracentrifuge evidence for a ring structure journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 5 page 424 434 year 1962 ref This bacteriophage phage has a very small amount of DNA . Phi X has 11 gene s in 5386 bases it is single stranded in a circular topology several of these genes express similar function in two groups. The GC content is 44 and 95 of nucleotides are coding genes. In 2003, it was reported that the whole genome of phi X 174 had been assembled synthetically from scratch. ref Cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.2237126100 volume 100 issue 26 pages 15440 15445 last Smith first Hamilton O. coauthors Clyde A. Hutchison, Cynthia Pfannkoch, J. Craig Venter title Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly phi X174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences accessdate 2007 10 08 date 2003 12 23 url http www.pnas.org cgi content abstract 100 26 15440 ref Phi X is regularly used as a Scientific control Positive and negative control positive control in DNA sequencing due to its relatively small genome size in comparison to other organisms and the extensive work that has been done on it. See also Bacteriophage MS2 References Reflist External links http www.fermen ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 Context date October 2009 For the dietary behaviour term, see polyphagy . Polyphage are genomic Oligomer multimers of bacteriophage all encapsulated, one after the other, within the same set of coat protein s. Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology bacteria stub ... more details
P22 can refer to P22 phage , a bacteriophage virus that infects bacteria P22 phosphor, a common phosphor used in CRTs Walther P22 , a semi automatic pistol manufactured by Walther Sportwaffen P22 type foundry , a digital type foundry that creates fonts and also a List of National Roads in Latvia Latvian first class State road disambig ... more details
Orphan date March 2011 A corynebacteriophage is a DNA containing bacteriophage specific for corynebacteria . It introduces toxigenicity into strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae . ref cite book title Stedman s Medical Dictionary editor Julie K. Segman publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Baltimore, Maryland year 2006 edition 28th pages 449 isbn 0 7817 3390 1 ref References reflist Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology Virus stub ... more details
of bacteriophage research. In 1938, the Institute of Bacteriophage Research and the Institute ..., Epidemiology and Bacteriophage was formed. It existed until 1951 and was authorized by the People ... again and emerged as the Scientific Industrial Union Bacteriophage SIU Bacteriophage . Around that time, its scientific portion was renamed the George Eliava Research Institute of Bacteriophage. Based on the original intentions of D Herelle and Eliava, the Bacteriophage Institute retained ... of bacteriophage drugs. Patients with serious infectious diseases came from all over the Soviet Union ... of research on bacteriophage nearly went down the drain. Thousands of bacteriophage samples ..., they recognized the importance of the research and also that of continued bacteriophage therapy. The situation ... fleas...ad infinitum Therapeutic Bacteriophage Redux, by Joshua Lederberg, Raymond and Beverly ... more details
Image Bacterial lawn 01.jpg thumb right A bacterial lawn used in antibiotic resistance testing. Bacterial lawn is a term used by microbiologist s to describe the appearance of bacteria l Colony biology colonies when all the individual colonies on a petri dish agar plate merge together to form a field or mat of bacteria. Bacterial lawns find use in screens for antibiotic resistance and bacteriophage titering. Bacterial lawns often of Serratia marcescens are also used extensively when as an assay method when using bacteriophage as tracers in studies of groundwater flow. Although occasionally used as a synonym for biofilm , the term primarily applies to the simple, clonal, unstructured mats of organisms that typically only form on laboratory growth media. Biofilms&mdash the aggregated form of microorganism s most commonly found in nature &mdash are generally more complex and diverse and marked by larger quantities of extracellular structural matrix relative to the cellular Biomass ecology biomass . References cite book author Madigan, Michael Martinko, John editors title Brock Biology of Microorganisms edition 11th ed. publisher Prentice Hall year 2005 isbn 0 13 144329 1 DEFAULTSORT Bacterial Lawn Category Bacteria Category Microbiology terms Category Microbiology de Bakterienrasen ... more details
A viral plaque is a visible structure formed within a cell culture , such as bacterium bacteria l cultures within some nutrient medium e.g. agar . The bacteriophage virus es replicate and spread, thus generating regions of cell destructions known as plaques . Counting the number of plaques can be used as a method of virus quantification . These plaques can sometimes be detected visually using colony counter s, in much the same way as bacterial colonies are counted however, they are not always visible to the naked eye, and sometimes can only be seen through a microscope , or using techniques such as staining or immunofluorescence . Special computer systems have been designed with the ability to scan samples in batches. File M. smegmatis plaque.jpg thumb Plaques from a virus isolated from a compost heap near UCLA. The bacteria is M. smegmatis. See also virus quantification Assay Viral culture Virus Virology External links An image of http www.microbiologybytes.com video Bacteriophages.html Bacteriophage plaques in agar DEFAULTSORT Viral Plaque Category Virology Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology he ... more details
Letter NumberCombination T4 T6 S5 U5 T5 or T 5 can refer to T5 engine T5 fluorescent lamp T5 A free piston driven reflected shock tunnel at Caltech, a hypersonic wind tunnel Borg Warner T 5 transmission Ford T5, a Ford Mustang built for export to Germany Fuji T 5 , a 1988 Japanese turboprop driven primary trainer aircraft Tungsten T5 , a PDA and also London Heathrow Terminal 5 Tapestry programming Tapestry 5 , a Java based Web application framework Fifth thoracic vertebrae Fifth spinal nerve Tele 5 Poland , a TV channel Thunderbird 5, an episode in the Thunderbirds TV series Thunderbird TV series In topology , a Normal space completely normal and hausdorff space Trikke 5, a 3 wheeled cambering vehicle Volkswagen Eurovan , a van Telecinco , a Spanish TV channel Turkmenistan Airlines , IATA airline designator the fifth Edition of the role playing game Traveller role playing game Traveller Tekken 5 , a fighting video game a model of the OS T1000 train of the Oslo Metro bacteriophage T5 , a bacteriophage Letter NumberCombDisambig de T5 es T5 desambiguaci n fr T5 it T5 ja T5 ... more details
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