Other uses Refimprove date December 2007 In physics , backscatter or backscattering is the reflection of wave s, particles, or signals back to the direction they came from. It is a diffuse reflection due to scattering , as opposed to specular reflection like a mirror. Backscattering has important applications in astronomy , photography and medical ultrasonography . Backscatter of waves in physical space Backscattering occurs in quite different physical situations. The incoming waves or particles can be deflected from their original direction by quite different mechanisms Diffuse reflection from large particles and Mie scattering , causing alpenglow and gegenschein , and showing up in weather radar inelastic collisions between electromagnetic waves and the transmitting medium Brillouin scattering and Raman scattering , important in fiber optics, see below elastic collisions between accelerated ions and a sample Rutherford backscattering Bragg s law Bragg diffraction from crystals, used in inelastic ... scattering , used in Backscatter X ray imaging. Sometimes, the scattering is more or less isotropic ... factors. The strongest backscatter comes from hail and large graupel solid ice due to their sizes ... backscatter, being stronger with large drops such as from a thunderstorm and much weaker with small droplet s such as mist or drizzle . Snow has rather weak backscatter. Backscatter in waveguides ... of optical fibers. Backscatter in photography main Orb photographic The term backscatter in photography ... referred to as orb artifacts . Photographic backscatter can result from snowflakes, rain ... publisher url http www.ghostgadgets.com knowledge orbs.html ref Backscatter on the internet A form of backscatter can happen when someone who is using an IP address scrambler executes a DDoS Or Dos ..., as opposed to the real host server. See also Scattering Backscatter X ray in security scanning ... transfer optics de R ckstreuung fr Diffusion des ondes it Backscatter pl Rozpraszanie wsteczne ... more details
Backscatter is the reflection of waves, particles or signals. The term may also refer to Backscatter X ray , a new type of imaging technology Denial of service attack BackscatterBackscatter DDOS , a side effect of denial of service attacks on computer resources Backscatter e mail , a side effect of e mail spam, viruses or worms disambig de Backscatter ... more details
Backscatter also known as outscatter , misdirected bounces , blowback or collateral spam is incorrect automated bounce message s sent by mail servers, typically as a side effect of incoming email spam spam . Recipients of such messages see them as a form of unsolicited bulk email or Email spam spam since they were not solicited by the recipients, are substantially similar to each other and are delivered in bulk quantities. Systems that generate email backscatter can end up being listed on various DNSBL s and be in violation of internet service provider s Terms of Service . Backscatter occurs because computer worm worms and spam messages often forge their envelope sender sender address, and mailservers configured by naive administrators send a bounce message to this address. Measures to reduce ... a bounce message back to the supposed sender indicating that message delivery failed. Backscatter ... spam spam messages helps reduce backscatter, but there are also several other common approaches Preventing ... Mail transfer agent s MTAs which forward mail can avoid generating backscatter by using a transparent ... of measures to judge whether a return address has been forged. Filtering backscatter While preventing backscatter is desirable, it is also possible to reduce its impact by filtering for it, and many ... spamassassin VBounceRuleset The Virus Bounce Ruleset is a SpamAssassin ruleset to catch backscatter ref backscatter emails as spam. In addition, systems using schemes such as Bounce Address Tag ... year 2004 format PDF publisher Techzoom format paper . Citation url http www.postfix.org BACKSCATTER README.html title Postfix contribution Backscatter format readme . Citation url http spamlinks.net prevent secure backscatter.htm title SpamLinks contribution Backscatter . Citation title RFC 3834 ... publisher PC World . DEFAULTSORT Backscatter E Mail Category Spamming Category Email authentication de Backscatter E Mail pl Backscatter ... more details
File Backscatter large.jpg thumb Backscatter technology produces an image that resembles a chalk etching ... Backscatter Device.jpg thumb Backscatter Unit Backscatter X ray is an advanced X ray Medical imaging ... in transmission through the target. In contrast, backscatter X ray detects the radiation that backscatter ... Backscatter technology is based on the X ray compton scattering effect of X rays , a form of ionizing ... the object, backscatter X ray detects the radiation that reflects from the object and forms an image. The backscatter pattern is dependent on the material property, and is good for imaging organic material. In contrast to millimeter wave scanner s which create a 3D image, backscatter X ray scanners ... Technology publisher Transportation Security Administration accessdate December 31, 2009 ref Backscatter .... ref US patent reference number 5181234 y 1993 m 01 d 19 inventor Steven W. Smith title X ray Backscatter ... Some backscatter X ray scanners can scan much larger objects, such as trucks and containers. This scan ... August 16, 2010 ref The Z Backscatter Van , or ZBV, from AS&E is a mobile backscatter X ray ... that DHS had withheld nearly 1000 pages of documents related to the Z backscatter vans and other mobile backscatter devices. ref http epic.org privacy body scanners Mobile Body Scanner Complaint.pdf ... cleanup section date November 2010 See also Full body scanner Controversies Privacy File Backscatter ... Administration s research lab taken with backscatter x ray system Backscatter x ray technology ... October 17, 2010 ref The ACLU refers to backscatter x rays as a virtual strip search . ref cite web ... to try backscatter over the traditional pat down in secondary screening. ref cite web url http ... 16, 2010 ref It is possible for backscatter X raying to produce photo quality images of what s going ... private areas. ref name layton Layton, Julia. Do Backscatter X Ray Systems Pose a Risk to Frequent ... Backscatter X Ray Screening Technology . HowStuffWorks. ref According to the TSA, further distortion ... more details
File Ebsd.jpg thumb An electron backscatter diffraction pattern File EBSD Si.png thumb An electron backscatter diffraction pattern of monocrystalline silicon, taken at 20 kV with a field emission electron source Electron backscatter diffraction EBSD , also known as backscatter Kikuchi diffraction BKD is a microstructural crystallography crystallographic technique used to examine the crystallographic orientation of many materials, which can be used to elucidate texture or preferred orientation of any crystalline or polycrystalline material. EBSD can be used to index and identify the seven crystal system s, and as such it is applied to crystal orientation mapping, defect studies, Phase matter phase identification, grain boundary and morphology studies, regional heterogeneity investigations, material discrimination, microstrain mapping, and using complementary techniques, physico chemical identification. Traditionally these types of studies have been carried out using X ray diffraction XRD , neutron diffraction and or electron diffraction in a Transmission electron microscopy TEM . Experimentally EBSD is conducted using a Scanning Electron Microscope SEM equipped with an EBSD detector containing at least a phosphor screen, compact lens and low light CCD camera chip. Commercially available EBSD systems typically come with one of two different CCD cameras for fast measurements the CCD chip has a native resolution of 640x480 pixels for slower, and more sensitive measurements, the CCD chip resolution can go up to 1600x1200 pixels. However, with higher resolutions the readouts are more ... towards the diffraction camera to increase the contrast in the resultant electron backscatter diffraction ... the phosphor screen onto the CCD camera. Electrons can backscatter within the material as these backscattering ... causing it to fluorescence fluoresce . An electron backscatter diffraction pattern EBSP is formed ... Backscatter Diffraction es Difracci n de electrones por retrodispersi n it Diffrazione da retrodiffusione ... more details
Diagnostic infobox Name Whole body imaging Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 MeshID D051598 OPS301 OtherCodes Whole body imaging WBI refers to the internal display of the entire body in a single procedure. It may refer to one of two types of body imaging technologies used for security screening such as in airports Millimeter wave scanner Backscatter X ray In medical imaging , it may also refer to full body CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging . Medical imaging Category X ray computed tomography medicine stub ... more details
Z Backscatter Van ZBV NII Non Intrusive Inspection, JPE CBD, US Army Project Manager Force Protection Systems, IED Threat Detection, pdf from http www.jpeocbd.osd.mil fps Docs Brochure 20for 20NII 20Aug2008.pdf osd.mil , Aug 2008. Retr May 2011 PD USGov Military Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Svenbot priority true ... more details
eye effect.jpg Close up orb, showing purple fringing gallery Paranormal interpretation Orb backscatter ... photos a mathematical framework for orbs backscatter, using holography theory. http www.theorbzone.com The science behind orb backscatter . http orbs.videohq.tv The Orb Video Archive . http www.assap.org newsite htmlfiles Greatorbs.html How to take photos with orbs backscatter . http www.stephenfrink.com sf tips 10mistakes How to avoid orbs backscatter in underwater photos with orbs . http skeptoid.com ... more details
Edax is a Latin adjective meaning greedy, gluttonous, rapacious, voracious . In modern usage it may refer to Airports EDAX is the ICAO Code of Rechlin L rz Airfield located in northern Germany. Organizations EDAX, an instrumentation company providing Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy microanalysis, electron backscatter diffraction and micro X ray fluorescence x ray fluroescence systems Science Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy , an analytical technique that uses characteristic x ray radiation for elemental analysis compositional analysis Nabis edax , a type of damsel bug in the family Nabidae Andinomys edax , the Andean Mouse, a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae See also Tempus edax rerum Time devours things on the List of sundial mottos , and track 2 on Irr versible soundtrack , etc disambiguation DEFAULTSORT Edax Category Latin adjectives in current use ... more details
Summary The cockpit of NASA s Gulfstream G500 G550 Gulfstream GV with a synthetic vision system display. Several different HUD elements are visible, including the combiner in front of the pilot. The green glare in the lower right corner of the combiner is a result of backscatter of off axis light from the projection unit, as well as reflection from ambient light in the Cockpit aviation flight deck . Because the combiner has a pronounced vertical and horizontal curve to help focus the image, compensation is applied to the display symbols to make them appear flat when projected onto the curved surface. When not in use, this combiner can swing up and lock in a stowed position. The Projector Unit in the Gulfstream GV image would be directly above the pilot s head. Image credit NASA Jeff Caplan Original Location http www.nasa.gov images content 65835main svs cockpit 330x248.jpg Licensing PD USGov NASA Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Svenbot priority true ... more details
and coherent backscatter. Overview The phase angle is defined as the angle between the observer ... 5 July 2011 ref Coherent backscatter main Coherent backscattering An alternate theory for the increase in brightness during opposition is that of coherent backscatter. ref Hapke, B. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1990Icar...88..407H Coherent Backscatter An Explanation for the Unusual Radar Properties of Outer Planet Satellites Icarus 88 407 417. ref In the case of coherent backscatter, the reflected .... The increase in brightness is due to the reflected light combining coherently. Coherent backscatter ... at 2.2 cm with Cassini have shown that a strong coherent backscatter effect is required to explain the high ... A. Le Gall, L.C. Wye year 2011 title Anomalous radar backscatter from Titan s surface? journal ... rather than coherent backscatter. ref Burrati, B. J. Hillier, J. K. & Wang, M. 1996 http adsabs.harvard.edu ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image AlpenglowExplanation.PNG thumb right 340px Solar ray 1 is the lowest from the sun, so the sun is set. br Solar ray 2 is reflected in the snow clouds to the observer in blue . Image Kehlstein Hoher G ll Hohes Brett 270804.jpg thumb 250px right Alpenglow at sunset Kehlsteinhaus Kehlstein , Hoher G ll , Hohes Brett in the German Alps . Alpenglow from German language German Alpengl hen is an optical phenomenon . When the Sun is just below the horizon, a Horizontal plane horizontal red glowing band can sometimes be observed on the opposite horizon. Alpenglow is easiest to observe when mountains are illuminated but can also be observed when the sky is illuminated through backscatter ing. Since the Sun is below the horizon, there is no direct path for the light to reach the mountain. Instead, light reflects off airborne snow , water , or ice particles low in the atmosphere. It is this circumstance that separates a normal sunrise or sunset from alpenglow. Although the term may be loosely applied to any sunrise or sunset light seen on the mountains, true alpenglow is not direct sunlight and is only observed after sunset or before sunrise. In the absence of mountains, the Particulate aerosols in the eastern portion of the sky can be lighting illuminated in the same way by the remaining red scattered light straddling the border of the Earth s own shadow the Terminator solar terminator . This backscatter back scattered light produces a red band opposite the Sun. Image Alpenglow.png thumb 260px right Alpenglow in the northeast United States See also Golden hour photography Belt of Venus Commons Alpenglow Category Atmospheric optical phenomena af Alpegloei als Alpengl hen de Alpengl hen it Enrosadira no Alpegl d nn Alpegl d fi Alpengl hen sv Alpgl d ... more details
TMDA is an open source software application designed to reduce the amount of spamming spam spam e mail Internet junk mail a user receives. TMDA s main difference from other anti spam systems is the use of a controversial Challenge response spam filtering challenge response system that bulk mailing machines and programs are either unwilling to save bandwidth or unable due to lack of programming to answer. The technical countermeasures used by TMDA to thwart spam include Whitelists Whitelists are essentially an accept list . All messages from addresses in these lists are automatically allowed through no matter what the content is. Blacklists Blacklists are a block list . All messages from addresses in these lists are automatically blocked. Challenge response spam filtering Challenge response C R A controversial system in which challenge emails are sent to unfamiliar sending addresses in an attempt to validate those addresses and their associated emails. Legitimate senders who are not yet approved are thus tasked with an additional response effort in sending mail. Also, as spam is often crafted with forged sending addresses, people, otherwise unrelated to the incident, may be sent Challenge response spam filtering Challenges sent to forged email addresses spurious challenges a form of backscatter e mail backscatter . Tagged addresses Special purpose e mail addresses such as time dependent addresses, or addresses which only accept certain kinds of communication. These increase the transparency of TMDA for unknown senders by allowing them to safely circumvent the challenge response system. External links http www.tmda.net TMDA homepage http tmda.sourceforge.net cgi bin moin.cgi TmdaHistory TMDA history Category Spam filtering de Tagged Message Delivery Agent ... more details
An autoresponder is a computer program that automatically answers e mail sent to it. They can be very simple or quite complex. The first autoresponders were created within mail transfer agent s that found they could not deliver an e mail to a given address. These create bounce message s such as your e mail could not be delivered because... type responses. Today s autoresponders need to be careful to not generate Backscatter e mail e mail backscatter , which can result in the autoresponses being considered E mail spam . Autoresponders are often used as e mail marketing tools, to immediately provide information to their prospective customers and then follow up with them at preset time intervals. Such follow up autoresponders can be divided into two categories Outsourced ASP model &mdash these autoresponders operate on the provider s infrastructure and are usually configurable via a web based control panel. The customer pays a monthly usage fee. This is easiest to implement for the end user. Server side &mdash enables users to install the autoresponder system on their own server. This requires technical skills. Autoresponders are also incorporated into electronic mailing list software, to confirm subscriptions, unsubscriptions, posts, and other list activities. See also gnarwl procmail mail delivery agent squeeze page External links http partmaps.org era mail autoresponder faq.html Moronic Mail Autoresponders A FAQ From Hell http www.autorespondermultimedia.net autoresponder autoresponder que es un autorespondedor Gueiner Mail Autoresponders A FAQ http www.spamcop.net fom serve cache 329.html Why are auto responders bad? a SpamCop FAQ RFC 3834 Recommendations for Automatic Responses to Electronic Mail RFC 5230 Sieve Email Filtering Vacation Extension Category Email de Autoreply it Autoresponder nl Autoresponder pl Autoresponder ... more details
Vern Edward Paxson is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley . He also works as an Internet researcher based at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley, California . His interests range from transport protocols to intrusion detection and worms. He is an active member of the IETF community and served as the chair of the Internet Research Task Force IRTF from 2001 until 2005. From 1998 to 1999 he served on the IESG as Transport Area Director of the IETF. In 2006 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery . Paxson is also the original author of the flex lexical analyser flex lexical analyzer and the Bro software Bro intrusion detection system. Denial of service attack Backscatter Backscatter is a term coined by Vern Paxson to describe Internet background noise resulting from a DDoS attack using multiple spoofed addresses. ref Moore et al. http www.caida.org publications papers 2001 BackScatter usenixsecurity01.pdf Inferring Internet Denial of Service Activity , 2001 ref References references External links http www.icir.org vern Vern Paxson s homepage Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Paxson, Vern ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Paxson, Vern Category University of California, Berkeley faculty Category American computer programmers Category Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery Category Living people Category People associated with computer security compu bio stub ... more details
speed and direction. Viewed from different azimuth angles, the observed backscatter from these waves ... empirical form that relates the scatterometer backscatter and the vector wind. Retrieval requires ... making several backscatter measurements of the same spot on the ocean s surface from different azimuth ... useful for monitoring Tropical cyclone hurricane s. Scatterometer backscatter data are applied ... more details
A network telescope also known as a darknet , Internet motion sensor or black hole ref name ieee cite web url http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpls abs all.jsp?arnumber 1550875 title Defining and Evaluating Greynet s Sparse Darknets publisher ieeexplore.ieee.org accessdate 2008 06 24 ref is an Internet system that allows one to observe different large scale events taking place on the Internet. The basic idea is to observe traffic targeting the dark unused address space of the network. Since all traffic to these addresses is suspicious, one can gain information about possible network attacks random scanning worms, and DDoS Internet background noise Backscatter Noise backscatter as well as other misconfigurations by observing it. The resolution of the Internet telescope is dependent on the number of dark addresses it monitors. For example, a large Internet telescope that monitors traffic to 16,777,216 addresses a 8 Internet telescope in IPv4 , has a higher probability of observing a relatively small event than a smaller telescope that monitors 65,536 addresses a 16 Internet telescope . A variant of a network telescope is a sparse darknet, or greynet, consisting of a region of IP address space that is sparsely populated with darknet addresses interspersed with active or lit IP addresses. ref name ieee See also Honeypot computing External links http www.caida.org research security telescope CAIDA Network Telescope Research http www.simwood.com 2011 08 an introduction to the simwood darknet Simwood eSMS Darknet Project http www.team cymru.org Services darknets.html Team Cymru Darknet Project References Moore et al. http www.caida.org publications papers 2004 tr 2004 04 tr 2004 04.pdf Network Telescopes Technical Report , 2004 reflist Category Internet terminology compu network stub ... more details
AGDS are the most commonly used technologies. Multibeam systems acquire both bathymetry depth and backscatter intensity data, with full bottom coverage possible. Multibeam backscatter was previously .... Recent advances in multibeam backscatter processing and analysis methods have increased the range of applications for which multibeam systems can be used. New methods of analyzing backscatter data, have increased its potential for seabed characterization. Backscatter data resolution has also increased significantly with the introduction of snippet data. Snippet data is raw backscatter time series ... tgpi backscatter.htm Lockhart et. al., 2007 . This has allowed multibeam backscatter data to be of a quality ... used in satellite remote sensing to quantitatively analyze the multibeam backscatter intensity data ... more details
Wikify date December 2009 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer Image Ball Engineer with SBUV 2.png thumb Technician preparing the SBUV 2 instrument for calibration in a vacuum chamber at Ball Aerospace in Boulder, CO. The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer, or SBUV 2, is a series of operational remote sensors on NOAA weather satellites which monitor the density and distribution of ozone in the Earth s atmosphere from six to 30 miles. SBUV 2 looks down at the Earth s atmosphere and the reflected sunlight at wavelengths characteristic of ozone. The SBUV 2 wavelength channels range from 252 nanometer nm to 340 nm. Ozone is measured as a ratio of sunlight incident on the atmosphere to the amount of sunlight scattered back into space. From this information, the total ozone between the instrument and the ground can be calculated. The SBUV 2 measures solar irradiance and Earth radiance backscattered solar energy in the near ultraviolet spectrum 160 to 400 nm . The SBUV is capable of determining the global ozone concentration in the stratosphere to an absolute accuracy of 1 percent the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone to an absolute accuracy of 5 percent the long term solar spectral irradiance from 160 to 400 nm Photochemical process and the influence of trace constituents on the ozone layer. The Ball Aerospace built SBUV 2 helped to discover the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1987, and continues to monitor this phenomenon. Atmospheric ozone absorbs the sun s ultraviolet rays, which are believed to cause gene mutations, skin cancer , and cataracts in humans. Ultraviolet rays may also damage crops and aquatic ecosystems. The first SBUV 2 launch was in 1984, with the last instrument in this series being launched in 2009 aboard the NOAA 19 spacecraft. External links http www.ballaerospace.com page.jsp?page 93 Ball Aerospace SBUV 2 http goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov poes instruments sbuv.html POES Project http www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov action sbuv2.htm NOAA ... more details
Infobox Company company name American Science and Engineering, Inc. company logo File AS&E logo.svg 180px traded as nasdaq ASEI company type foundation 1958 location Billerica, Massachusetts key people industry Instrumentation products revenue Dollars 166 million 2010 ref name history operating income net income num employees 360 ref name history AS&E, http www.as e.com american science and engineering history.asp History ref parent subsid homepage http www.as e.com www.as e.com footnotes American Science and Engineering Inc, AS&E is a US manufacturer of X ray equipment and related technologies, originating in 1958 as a developer for NASA , with an early focus on X ray astronomy led by Riccardo Giacconi . ref name history Among other developments Giacconi s team made possible the Einstein Observatory the first full imaging X ray telescope, launched 1978 , and Giacconi s work at AS&E saw him win the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics . ref name history Among other things, AS&E provides backscatter X ray equipment for airports and other locations where security scanning is required, and has developed a mobile backscatter X ray van ZBV . ref Forbes , 24 August 2010, http blogs.forbes.com andygreenberg 2010 08 24 full body scan technology deployed in street roving vans Full Body Scan Technology Deployed In Street Roving Vans ref ref Dave Lindorff , CounterPunch , 1 October 2010, http www.counterpunch.org lindorff10012010.html Now the Government is X Raying You While You Drive ref AS&E is listed on the NASDAQ ASEI . References Reflist External links http www.as e.com AS&E US company stub Category X ray equipment manufacturers Category Companies established in 1958 Category Companies listed on NASDAQ Category Manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts ... more details
Infobox software name MagicSpam developer LinuxMagic http www.linuxmagic.com status Active latest release version 1.0.5 3 ref cite web title MagicMail News and Announcements accessdate 2011 07 18 url http forums.wizard.ca viewtopic.php?f 17&t 15337&sid 0901d921f82d87df66a2744d4cacd3eb ref latest release date release date 2011 02 17 genre Spam filter Email spam filter license Commercial website http www.magicspam.com MagicSpam is an anti spam computer program designed to be integrated with an email server to automatically prevent Spam electronic spam from reaching an email user s inbox. MagicSpam uses a variety of anti spam techniques , but focuses on preventing spam from being processed by an email server . It blocks spam during the SMTP handshake phase to lower server load and reduce Bandwidth computing bandwidth use. It is available for integration with popular email servers and is updated daily. Much of the MagicSpam technology is used in the MagicMail email server, also developed by LinuxMagic. Spam Fighting Techniques The following anti spam techniques are employed by MagicSpam Blacklist Mastering System BMS Best Practices Validation Content filtering Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Related Requests For Comments Enforces RFC Standards HELO EHLO Checking Blocks spam electronic spam at SMTP layer to eliminate Backscatter e mail backscatter SMTP Mail server profiling Spam electronic Spam Template feature Reverse DNS lookup PTR Reverse DNS Checks e mail filtering Rule Based Filtering Whitelisting Whitelists Custom Policies Compatible Mail Servers MagicSpam is commercially available for the following email servers cPanel MagicMail MailEnable Plesk Postfix software Postfix Zimbra See also Antispam E mail spam Spam electronic Spam References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http www.magicspam.com MagicSpam.com http www.linuxmagic.com LinuxMag ... more details
publisher RIPE NCC accessdate 30 April 2011 ref Backscatter is a term coined by Vern Paxson to describe ... Moore et al. http www.caida.org publications papers 2001 BackScatter usenixsecurity01.pdf Inferring Internet Denial of Service Activity , 2001 ref This Denial of service attack Backscatterbackscatter ... more details
ADM Aeolus , or, in full, Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus , is an ESA satellite that is due for launch in 2013. ref name tellus cite journal doi 10.1111 j.1600 0870.2007.00296.x title Tellus A Special issue with manuscripts related to ESA s Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus ref ADM Aeolus will be the first equipment capable of performing global wind component profile observation and will provide much needed information to improve weather forecasting . The Aeolus satellite is an integral part of the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission ADM that is planned by the European Space Agency ESA as the second Earth Explorer Core Mission. The central aim of this mission is to further the knowledge of the Earth s atmosphere and weather systems. By recording and monitoring the weather in different parts of the world, Aeolus will allow scientists to build complex models of our environment, which can then be used to help predict how that environment will behave in the future. These predictions will be useful in the short term, since they can be applied to Numerical Weather Prediction NWP in order to make forecasts more accurate. The mission will thus improve the knowledge of all sorts of weather phenomena, from global warming to the effects of pollution. The wind component profiles will be measured by the Aeolus payload, namely the Atmospheric Laser Doppler Lidar Instrument Aladin . This is a direct detection Lidar incorporating a fringe imaging receiver analysing aerosol and cloud backscatter and a double edge receiver analysing molecular backscatter . The processing of the backscatter signals will produce line of sight wind component profiles above thick clouds or down to the surface in clear air along the satellite track, every 200 km. Wind information in thin cloud or at the tops of thick clouds is also attainable. From the data processing, information on other elements like clouds and aerosols can also be extracted. The data will be disseminated to the main NWP centres in ... more details
Blowback may refer to one of the following Blowback intelligence Blowback firearms Blowback forensics , vacuum effect created in the barrel of a firearm when it is discharged Blowback military Negative effects suffered from one s own weapons, such as nuclear fallout blown onto one s own troops or civilian population Blowback film a 2000 film Blowback book a 2000 book on American Empire by Chalmers Johnson ISBN 0805075593. Blowback album a 2001 release by rapper Tricky Blowback 2005 novel a novel by Brad Thor Blowback 2010 novel the third novel in the Laskhar novel Lashkar series by Mukul Deva Blowback jurisprudence The practice of printing electronic documents to paper blowing them back to tangible form . In electronic discovery in civil litigation , documents are often produced between parties on CD or DVD because the cost of production and delivery of documents on disk is significantly less than production and delivery of paper and because the electronic versions may allow keyword searching or examination of metadata . Blowback smoking A practice in smoking of cannabis, also known as a shotgun. Another term for backscatter e mail An aerodynamic phenomenon affecting helicopter rotors. Also called flap back . Blowback game An indie role playing game by Elizabeth Shoemaker. Blowback episode Blowback a FlashForward episode. disambig fr Blowback ... more details
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