Infobox Disease Name Pre Renal Azotemia Image Caption DiseasesDB 26060 ICD10 ICD10 R 79 8 r 70 ICD9 ICD9 790.6 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D053099 Azotemia is a medical condition ... location Philadelphia, Pa. isbn 0 7216 0187 1 pages 960, 1012 ref Types Azotemia has three classifications ... forms of azotemia are characterized by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate GFR of the kidneys ... to creatinine ratio BUN Cr is a useful measure in determining the type of azotemia. A normal BUN ... year 2007 publisher Mosby edition 2nd isbn 0 323 04414 X pages 396 398 ref Prerenal azotemia Prerenal azotemia is caused by a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, which can be caused by shock, decreased ... failure among other things. ref name robbins7 The BUN Cr in prerenal azotemia is greater than 20. The reason ... urine osmolarity. Renal azotemia Renal azotemia acute renal failure typically leads to uremia . It is an intrinsic ... . ref name goljanpath The BUN Cr in renal azotemia is less than 10. Citation needed date July 2009 ... to higher amount of creatinine in the blood. ref name goljanpath Postrenal azotemia hydronephrosis Blockage of urine flow in an area below the kidneys results in postrenal azotemia. It can be caused by congenital ... by kidney or bladder stone s. ref name robbins7 Like in prerenal azotemia, there is no inherent ... . ref name goljanpath The BUN Cr in postrenal azotemia is 15. ref http www.consultation.ayurvediccure.com types of azotemia ref The increased nephron tubular pressure causes increased ... prerenal azotemia Decreased or absent urine output oliguria or anuria . Fatigue Asterixis Decreased ... while creatinine is not. In congestive heart failure a cause of pre renal azotemia or any other ... and therefore does not rise significantly. Stasis of urine in post renal azotemia has the same effect. Prompt treatment of some causes of azotemia can result in restoration of kidney function ... of the condition that caused the azotemia. See also Kidney failure Uremia Nephrology Glomerulonephritis ... more details
Orphan date March 2009 Sickle cell nephropathy is a type of nephropathy associated with sickle cell disease , it causes renal complications as a result of sickling of red blood cells in the microvasculature . The hypertonic and relatively Hypoxia medical hypoxic environment of the renal medulla , coupled with the slow blood flow in the vasa recta , favors sickling of red blood cells, with resultant local infarction papillary necrosis . Functional renal tubules tubule defects in patients with sickle cell disease are likely the result of partial ischemic injury to the renal tubules . Also the sickle cell disease in young patients is characterized by renal hyperperfusion , glomerular hypertrophy , and hyperfiltration . Many of these individuals eventually develop a glomerulopathy leading to glomerular proteinuria present in as many as 30 and, in some, the nephrotic syndrome . Co inheritance of Deletion genetics microdeletions in the globin gene thalassemia appear to protect against the development of nephropathy and are associated with lower mean arterial pressure and less proteinuria . Mild azotemia and hyperuricemia can also develop. Advanced renal failure and uremia occur in 10 of cases. Pathologic examination reveals the typical lesion of hyperfiltration nephropathy namely, focal segmental glomerular sclerosis . This finding has led to the suggestion that anemia induced hyperfiltration in childhood is the principal cause of the adult glomerulopathy. Nephron loss secondary to ischemic injury also contributes to the development of azotemia in these patients. In addition to the glomerulopathy described above, renal complications of sickle cell disease include cortical infarcts leading to loss of function, persistent hematuria , and perinephric hematomas . Renal papilla Papillary infarcts , demonstrable radiographically in 50 of patients with sickle trait, lead to an increased risk of bacterial infection in the scarred renal tissues and functional tubule abnormalities. ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB 33950 ICD10 ICD10 R 27 8 r 25 ICD9 ICD9 781.3 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D020820 Asterixis also called the flapping tremor , or liver flap is a tremor of the wrist when the wrist is Extension kinesiology extended dorsiflexion , sometimes said to resemble a bird flapping its wings. The term derives from the Greek language Greek a , not and st rixis , fixed position . Associated conditions and presentation Usually there are brief, arrhythmic interruptions of sustained voluntary muscle contraction causing brief lapses of posture, with a frequency of 3 5 Hz. It is bilateral, but may be asymmetric. It can be a sign of hepatic encephalopathy , damage to brain cells due to the inability of the liver to metabolize ammonia to urea . The cause is thought to be related to abnormal ammonia metabolism . Asterixis is seen most often in drowsy or stuporous patients with metabolic encephalopathies , especially in decompensated cirrhosis or acute hepatic failure . It is also seen in some patients with renal failure and azotemia , and in carbon dioxide toxicity . It can also be a feature of Wilson s disease . History R.D. Adams and J.M. Foley first described asterixis in 1949 in patients with severe liver failure and encephalopathy. ref Adams RD, Foley JM. The neurological changes in the more common types of severe liver disease. Trans American Neurology Association 1949 74 217 219. ref References reflist External links GPnotebook 932511743 http escuela.med.puc.cl paginas publicaciones Guias DHC imagenes paginas f dhc f40.html Diagram med sign stub Nervous and musculoskeletal system symptoms and signs Category Neurology de Asterixis es Asterixis fr Ast rixis it Asterissi pl Asterixis pt Aster xis fi Asterixis ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Urea.png Caption Urea DiseasesDB 26060 ICD10 ICD10 N 19 n 17 , ICD10 R 39 2 r 30 ICD9 ICD9 585 ICD9 586 , ICD9 788.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 2341 MeshID D014511 Uremia or uraemia see American and British English spelling differences Simplification of ae and oe spelling differences is a term used to loosely describe the illness accompanying renal failure kidney failure also called renal failure , in particular the nitrogenous waste products associated with the failure of this organ. ref DorlandsDict eight 000113275 uremia ref In kidney failure, urea and other waste products, which are normally excreted into the urine , are retained in the blood. Early symptoms include Anorexia symptom anorexia and lethargy, and late symptoms can include decreased mental acuity and coma. Other symptoms include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, cold, bone pain, itch, shortness of breath, and seizures. It is usually diagnosed in kidney dialysis patients when the glomerular filtration rate , a measure of kidney function, is below 50 of normal. ref cite journal author Meyer TW and Hostetter, TH title Uremia journal N Engl J Med volume 357 issue 13 pages 1316 year 2007 pmid 17898101 doi 10.1056 NEJMra071313 ref Azotemia is another word that refers to high levels of urea, but is used primarily when the abnormality can be measured chemically but is not yet so severe as to produce symptoms. Uremia can also result in uremic pericarditis . There are many dysfunctions caused by uremia affecting many systems of the body, such as blood lower levels of erythropoietin , sex lower levels of testosterone estrogen and bones osteoporosis and metastatic calcifications . Physical signs, symptoms and laboratory findings asterixis and tremor lethargy deterioration in mental status, encephalopathy, seizures hyperreflexia and upgoing toes uremic fetor pericarditis and or bruising from platelet dysfunction fall in BP and body temperature nausea vomitt ... more details
Urethrostomy is a surgical procedure that creates a permanent opening in the urethra , commonly to remove obstructions to urine flow. The procedure is most often performed in male cats, where the opening is made in the perineum . ref http www.petplace.com cats what is a perineal urethrostomy page1.aspx PetPlace What is a Perineal Urethrostomy? ref History For many years perineal urethrostomy has been used in cattle, sheep and goats, especially young males that have been castrated at a young age, for obstruction by uroliths. However, the anatomy of the male cat is quite different and the urethra is very small in diameter. Perineal urethrostomy in the male cat was developed in 1962 and published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association in 1963. ref cite journal last Carbone first M.G. title Perineal Urethrostomy to Relieve Urethral Obstruction in the Male Cat journal Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association volume 143 date July 1, 1963 pages 34 39 pmid 14018555 ref It was modified in 1967, ref cite journal last Carbone first M.G. title A Modified Technique for Perineal Urethrostomy in the Male Cat journal Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association volume 151 date Aug. 1, 1967 pages 301 305 pmid 6068180 issue 3 ref and further modified in 1971. ref cite journal last Carbone first M.G. title Urethral Surgery in the Cat journal Veterinary Clinics of North America volume 1 issue 2 date May 1971 ref Pre surgical considerations Since animals are potentially suffering from severe metabolic derangements at the time of initial presentation, animals need to be stabilized prior to surgery. Common physiologic derangements noted on bloodwork are elevated kidneys values azotemia and elevated potassium levels hyperkalemia . The presence of profound sedation, low body temperature, and or a slow heart rate bradycardia are usually associated with more severe blood derangements. Ideally, the urethral obstructon is removed or temporarily byp ... more details
Other uses File Cholecalciferol 3d.png thumb Cholecalciferol D sub 3 sub File Calcium regulation.png thumb Human homeostasis Calcium Calcium regulation in the human body. ref cite book chapter The Parathyroid Glands and Vitamin F page 1094 author Walter F., PhD. Boron title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch publisher Elsevier Saunders year 2003 isbn 978 1 4160 2328 9 ref The role of vitamin D is shown in orange. Vitamin D is a group of fat soluble secosteroids , the two major physiologically relevant forms of which are vitamin D sub 2 sub ergocalciferol and vitamin D sub 3 sub cholecalciferol . Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D sub 2 sub or D sub 3 sub or both. Vitamin D sub 3 sub is produced in the skin of vertebrate s after exposure to ultraviolet B light from the sun or artificial sources, and occurs naturally in a small range of foods. In some countries, staple foods such as milk, flour and margarine are artificially fortified with vitamin D, and it is also available as a supplement in pill form. ref name IoM250 cite book title DRI, Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride publisher National Academy Press location Washington, D.C year 1997 page 250 isbn 0 309 06350 7 url http www.nap.edu openbook.php?isbn 0309063507&page 250 ref Food sources such as fatty fish , Egg food eggs , and Red meat meat are rich in vitamin D and are often recommended for consumption to those suffering vitamin D deficiency . ref name austpre01 cite journal author Joshi, D Center, J Eisman, J title Vitamin D deficiency in adults journal Australian Prescriber year 2010 volume 33 issue 4 pages 103 6 url http www.australianprescriber.com magazine 33 4 103 6 ref Light exposed mushrooms and vitamin D mushrooms may provide up to 100 of the recommended Daily Value of vitamin D. ref name Bowerman cite news url http articles.latimes.com 2008 mar 31 health he eat31 title If mushrooms see the light work Los Angeles Times ... more details
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