Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 mult MeshID D019771 OPS301 OtherCodes An axotomy is the cutting or otherwise severing an axon . Derived from axo axon and tomy surgery . This type of denervation is often used in experimental studies on neuron al physiology and neuronal death or survival as a method to better understand ICD 10 Chapter VI Diseases of the nervous system nervous system diseases . ref name MedDictionary http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?axotomy Online Medical Dictionary ref Axotomy may cause neuronal cell death, espeically in embryo nic or neonatal animals, as this is the period in which neuron s are dependent on their targets for the supply of survival factors. In mature animals, where survival factors are derived locally or via autocrine loops, axotomy of peripheral neurons and motor neuron motoneurons can lead to a robust regenerative response without any neuronal death. In both cases, autophagy is observed to markedly increase. Autophagy could either clear the way for neuronal degeneration or it could be a medium for cell destruction. ref name Rub Rubinsztein DC et al. 2005 Autophagy and Its Possible Roles in Nervous System Diseases, Damage and Repair. Autophagy 1 1 11 22. PMID 16874045 ref See also Diffuse axonal injury Neurectomy Neurosurgery Wallerian degeneration References reflist Neurosurgical procedures Category Neurology procedures Cell biology stub de Axotomie ... more details
chromatolysis is much less common, but has been reported to occur after axotomy and ischemia ... volume 6 pages 16 year 2005 pmid 15774011 pmc 1079867 ref Axotomy When an axon is injured, the whole ... due to axotomy can be explained by the alteration of the cell s cytoskeleton . The cytoskeleton maintains ... following axotomy is that the shortening of the axon prevents the incorporation of the axonal ... 15774011 pmc 1079867 ref Axotomy also induces the loss of basophilic staining in the event of central .... Acrylamide intoxication resembles neural axotomy histologically and mechanically. In each case ... that axotomy is one of the most direct inducers of chromatolysis and if further research were ... more details
Further NAD NAD sup sup Further Kynurenine pathway Considering the importance of NAD NAD sup sup in energy metabolism , DNA repair and Transcription genetics transcriptional regulation, maintaining intracellular NAD sup sup reserves emerges as a major therapeutic target for the treatment of several age related degenerative disease s, including Alzheimer s disease Belenky et al., 2007 . In particular, increased nuclear NAD sup sup biosynthesis and consequent activation of SIRT1 has been shown to protect mouse neuron s from mechanical and chemical injury Bedalov and Simon, 2004 . Overexpression of several enzymes of the NAD sup sup salvage pathway, including nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase PNC1 and nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 NMNAT1 have been shown to extend lifespan in rat models by activating SIRT1 and promoting p53 deacetylation van der Veer et al., 2007 Porcu and Chiarugi, 2005 Arraki et al., 2004 Berger et al., 2004 Bedalov and Simon, 2004 . As 1 1 stoichiometry exists between the intracellular NAD sup sup content and sirtuin mediated deacetylation Grozinger and Schreiber, 2002 , promotion of NAD sup sup anabolism appears as an important therapeutic target for promoting sirtuin function in neuronal cells during periods of repeated oxidative stress observed in Alzheimer s disease. Increased NMNAT1 activity has also been shown to protect against axon al degeneration in Wallerian degeneration slow Wlds mice Arraki et al., 2004 . Exogenous administration of NAD sup sup prior to axotomy also delayed axonal degeneration, but to a lesser extent in NMNAT1 expressed mice, further indicating the importance of maintaining intracellular NAD sup sup pools as a preventive measure against axonal degradation Arraki et al., 2004 Bedalov and Simon, 2004 . In the absence of exogenous NAD sup sup , PARP inhibition increased the survival of dorsal root ganglion cultures following mechanical injury. No protective effect on Wallerian degeneration Wlds mice wa ... more details
PBB geneid 51083 Drugbox verifiedrevid 403760667 IUPAC name image alt Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA OTC, Rx only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD Benz POM, CD Anab POM or CD Inv POM legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number ATCvet ATC prefix none if uncategorised ATC suffix PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 501079 Chemical data chemical formula C146 H213 N43 O40 molecular weight 3210.5 Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene , ref name pmid7508413 that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals. Galanin signaling occurs through three G protein coupled receptors . ref name receptors The functional role of galanin remains largely unknown however, galanin is predominately involved in the modulation and inhibition of action potentials in neurons . Galanin has been implicated in many biologically diverse functions, including nociception , waking and sleep regulation, cognition, feeding, regulation of mood, regulation of blood pressure, it also has roles in development as well as acting as a trophic factor . ref name pmid18500643 Galanin is linked to a number of diseases including Alzheimer s disease , epilepsy as well as Major depressive disorder depression , eating disorders and cancer . ref name pmid16052044 ref name pmid15944034 Galanin appears to have neuroprotection neuroprotective activity as its biosynthesis is increased 2 10 fold upon axotomy in the peripheral nervous system as well as when seizure activity occurs in the brain. It may also promote neurogenesis . ref name receptors Galanin i ... more details
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