of an axoneme Image Chlamydomonas TEM 17.jpg thumb Micrograph of thin x section cut through Chlamydomonas axoneme Image IFTsimplified.JPG thumb A simplified model of intraflagellar transport. Numerous ... core consists of a cytoskeleton cytoskeletal structure called the axoneme . ref Cite pmid 11086017 ref The axoneme serves as the skeleton of these organelles , both giving support to the structure ... between cilia and flagella, the internal structure of the axoneme is common to both. Structure Inside cilia and flagella is a microtubule based cytoskeleton called the axoneme. The axoneme of primary cilia typically has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets called a 9 0 axoneme , and the axoneme ... a 9 2 axoneme . The axonemal cytoskeleton acts as a scaffolding for various protein complexes and provides ... of the axoneme is the microtubule each axoneme is composed of several microtubules aligned in Parallel .... Besides the microtubules, the axoneme contains many protein s and protein complexes necessary ... out in a synchronized fashion, with the microtubules on one side of the axoneme being pulled down and those on the other side pulled up, the axoneme as a whole can bend back and forth. This process ... spoke is another protein complex of the axoneme. Thought to be important in regulating the motion of the axoneme, this T shaped complex projects from each set of outer doublets toward the central ... nexin linkages . Non motile primary cilia The axoneme structure in non motile primary cilia shows ..., and there is no pair of central microtubule singlets. This organization of axoneme is referred ... Science pmid 16223997 cite journal title The 9 2 Axoneme Anchors Multiple Inner Arm Dyneins and a Network ... issue 5 pmc 2174360 cite journal title An Integrative Model of Internal Axoneme Mechanics and External ... more details
File Eukaryotic flagellum.svg thumb 200px Nexin can be located on this cross section of an axoneme Nexin is a proteinous inter doublet linkage that prevents microtubule s in the outer layer of axoneme s from movement with respect to each other. Otherwise vesicular transport protein s such as dynein would dissolve the whole structure. ref name boron26 cite book author Walter F., PhD. Boron title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approach publisher Elsevier Saunders location year 2003 pages 1300 isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 26 ref See also Sorting nexin References reflist Organelles Category Proteins fr nexine ... more details
More footnotes date April 2010 Image Axoneme cross section.svg thumb 280 Diagram of a cross section of the axoneme microtubule array present in all undulipodia. 1 A. and 1 B. Tubulin dimer units. 2. Central pair inside the central sheath. 3. Inner and outer arm of dynein . 4. Radial spoke. 5. Nexin . 6. Plasma membrane . File Eukaryotic flagellum.svg thumb left 200px Cross section of an axoneme An undulipodium or 9 2 organelle is an intracellular projection of a eukaryotic cell containing a microtubule array. Both eukaryotic flagella and eukaryotic cilia are considered undulipodia. ref name db2004 http www.encyclopedia.com doc 1O6 undulipodium.html A Dictionary of Biology , 2004, accessed 2010 04 06. ref This is a tertiary source, which is not the best source for Wikipedia per Wikipedia RS Primary.2C secondary.2C and tertiary sources however, I ve not yet been able to locate a secondary source to support this claim. N2e, 2010 04 06 Eukaryote Eukaryotic cilia are structurally identical to eukaryotic flagella, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and or length. ref name Haimo JCB198112 cite journal author Haimo LT, Rosenbaum JL title Cilia, flagella, and microtubules journal J. Cell Biol. volume 91 issue 3 Pt 2 pages 125s 130s year 1981 month December pmid 6459327 doi 10.1083 jcb.91.3.125s url pmc 2112827 ref Flagella use a whip like action to create movement of the whole cell, such as the movement of spermatozoon sperm in the reproductive tract, and also create water movement as in the choanocyte s of sponge s. Citation needed date March 2010 Motile or secondary cilia are more numerous, with multiple cilia per cell, move in a wave like action, and are responsible for movement in organisms such as ciliates and Platyhelminthes , but also move extracellular substances in animals, such as the Respiratory epithelium Mucociliary Escalator ciliary escalator ... arrangement of microtubules known as an axoneme . At the base of the extension lies a structure called ... more details
about the structure within biological organisms the aspect of bicycle wheel design Bicycle wheel Lacing The radial spoke is a multi unit protein structure found in the axoneme s of eukaryotic cilia and flagella . ref name Karp2009 cite book author Gerald Karp title Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments url http books.google.com books?id arRGYE0GxRQC&pg PA342 accessdate 25 November 2010 date 19 October 2009 publisher John Wiley and Sons isbn 9780470483374 pages 342 ref Although experiments have determined the importance of the radial spoke in the proper function of these organelle s, its structure and mode of action remain poorly understood. Cellular location and structure File Eukaryotic flagellum.svg thumb 250px The radial spoke shown in an axoneme cross section Radial spokes are T shaped structures present inside the axoneme. Each spoke consists of a head and a stalk, while each of these sub structures is itself made up of many protein subunits. ref name pmid16507594 cite journal author Yang P, Diener DR, Yang C, et al. title Radial spoke proteins of Chlamydomonas flagella journal J. Cell. Sci. volume 119 issue Pt 6 pages 1165 74 year 2006 month March pmid 16507594 pmc 1973137 doi 10.1242 jcs.02811 url http jcs.biologists.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 16507594 ref In all, the radial spoke is known to contain at least 17 different proteins, ref name pmid11402073 cite journal author Yang P, Diener DR, Rosenbaum JL, Sale WS title Localization of calmodulin and dynein light chain LC8 in flagellar radial spokes journal J. Cell Biol. volume 153 issue 6 pages 1315 26 year 2001 month June pmid 11402073 pmc 2192029 doi url http www.jcb.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11402073 ref with 5 located in the head and at least 12 making up the stalk. The spoke stalk binds to the A tubule of each microtubule outer doublet, and the spoke head faces in towards the center of the axoneme see illustration at right . Function The radial spoke is known to play a role i ... more details
section of an axoneme, with axonemal dynein arms Axonemal dynein come in multiple forms that contain ... tail or stem that attaches to a neighboring microtubule of the same axoneme . Each dynein molecule thus forms a cross bridge between two adjacent microtubules of the ciliary axoneme. During ... more details
Intraflagellar transport or IFT is the cellular process essential for the formation and maintenance of eukaryotic cilia and flagella . IFT, first discovered in 1993 by graduate student Keith Kozminski while working in the lab of Dr. Joel Rosenbaum at Yale University , is phylogenically well conserved, and it seems to be present in the cilia and flagella of most species, with Plasmodium falciparum being a notable exception. ref http www.pandasthumb.org archives 2007 06 of cilia and si.html ref The process of IFT has been best characterized in the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as well as the sensory cilia of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . It has been suggested that IFT proteins also function outside of cilia. ref name pmid20368623 cite journal author Sedmak T, Wolfrum U title Intraflagellar transport molecules in ciliary and nonciliary cells of the retina journal J. Cell Biol. volume 189 issue 1 pages 171 86 year 2010 month April pmid 20368623 pmc 2854383 doi 10.1083 jcb.200911095 url http www.jcb.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 20368623 ref Biochemistry Image IFTsimplified.JPG thumb A simplified model of intraflagellar transport. IFT describes the bi directional movement of non membrane bound particles along the doublet microtubules of the flagellar axoneme , between the axoneme and the plasma membrane. Studies have shown that the movement of IFT particles along the microtubule is carried out by two different microtubule based motors the anterograde towards the flagellar tip motor is kinesin 2, and the retrograde towards the cell body motor is cytoplasmic dynein 1b. IFT particles carry axonemal subunits to the site of assembly at the tip of the axoneme thus, IFT is necessary for axonemal growth. Therefore, since the axoneme needs a continually fresh supply of proteins, an axoneme with defective IFT machinery will slowly shrink in the absence of replacement protein subunits. In healthy flagella, IFT particles reverse direction at the tip of the ... more details
Image Eukarya Flagella.svg thumb right Eukaryotic flagella. 1 axoneme, 2 cell membrane, 3 IFT IntraFlagellar Transport , 4 Basal body, 5 Cross section of flagella, 6 Triplets of microtubules of basal body. Image Chlamydomonas TEM 09.jpg thumb right Longitudinal section through the flagella area in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . In the cell apex is the basal body that is the anchoring site for a flagellum. Basal bodies originate from and have a substructure similar to that of centrioles, with nine peripheral microtubule triplets see structure at bottom center of image . A basal body also called a basal granule or kinetosome is an organelle formed from a centriole , and a short cylindrical array of microtubules . It is found at the base of a eukaryotic undulipodium cilium or flagellum and serves as a nucleation site for the growth of the axoneme microtubules. Centrioles, from which basal bodies are derived, act as anchoring sites for proteins that in turn anchor microtubules within centrosomes, one type of microtubule organizing center MTOC . These microtubules provide structure and facilitate movement of vesicles and organelles within many eukaryotic cells. Basal bodies,however, are specifically the bases for cilia and flagella that extend out of the cell. Basal bodies are derived from centrioles through a largely mysterious process. They are structurally the same, each containing a microtubule triplet 9 3 helocoidal configuration forming a hollow cylinder. Regulation of basal body production and spatial orientation is a function of the nucleotide binding domain of tubulin. ref Y. Shang, C. C. Tsao, and M. A. Gorovsky. 2005. Mutational analyses reveal a novel function of the nucleotide binding domain of gamma tubulin in the regulation of basal body biogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 171 6 1035 44. PMID 16344310 ref Flagellum flagella are basically attached to the cell membrane from a basal granule. References reflist External links BUHistology 21804loa Ultrastructure of the Cell ... more details
Taxobox name Tetrapulmonata image image caption image width 250px status extinct regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Arachnid a unranked ordo Tetrapulmonata unranked ordo authority Shultz, 1990 subdivision ranks Orders subdivision Uropygid Thelyphonida Schizomida Amblypygi Spider Araneae Tetrapulmonata is a non ranked supra ordinal group of Arachnida arachnids . It is composed of Uropygid Thelyphonida , Schizomid a, Amblypygid Amblypygi and Spider Araneae . Etymology It receives its name from the presence of paired book lung s occupying the second and third opisthosomal segments, although the posterior pair is absent in Schizomida. Previous synonym s of this lineage are rejected Caulogastra small Pocock, 1983 small refers to pedicel , which is Symplesiomorphy symplesiomorphic for the lineage and Convergent evolution convergent with Solifugae , and Arachnidea small Van der Hammen, 1977 small is easily confused with Arachnid a. Types Other Synapomorphy synapomorphies of Tetrapulmonata include a large postcerebral pharynx reduced in Uropygi , prossomal endosternite with four segmental components, subchelate chelicerae , a complex coxotrochanteral joint in the walking legs, a pretarsal depressor muscle arising in the patella convergent with Dromopoda, lost in Amblypygi , a pedicel formed, in part, by ventral elements of the second opisthomal segment and a spermatozoon axoneme a 9 3 microtubule arrangement. ref cite journal author Jeffrey W. Shultz year 1990 title Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of Arachnida journal Cladistics journal Cladistics volume 6 issue 1 pages 1 38 doi 10.1111 j.1096 0031.1990.tb00523.x ref References reflist Category Arachnids ca Tetrapulmonat es Tetrapulmonata ... more details
and flagella is a microtubule based cytoskeleton called the axoneme . The axoneme of primary cilia typically has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets called a 9 0 axoneme , and the axoneme of a motile ... a 9 2 axoneme . The axonemal cytoskeleton acts as a scaffolding for various protein complexes and provides ... and the stability of the cilium. A transition zone between the basal body and the axoneme serves ... more details
PBB geneid 81492 Radial spoke head protein 6 homolog A RSPH6A also known as radial spoke head like protein 1 RSHL1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSPH6A gene . ref name pmid11237735 cite journal author Eriksson M, Ansved T, Anvret M, Carey N title A mammalian radial spokehead like gene, RSHL1, at the myotonic dystrophy 1 locus journal Biochem Biophys Res Commun volume 281 issue 4 pages 835 41 year 2001 month Mar pmid 11237735 pmc doi 10.1006 bbrc.2001.4465 ref ref name entrez Function Radial spoke head protein 6 homolog A is similar to a sea urchin radial spoke head protein. Radial spoke protein complexes form part of the axoneme of eukaryotic flagella and are located between the axoneme s outer ring of doublet microtubule s and central pair of microtubules. In Chlamydomonas , radial spoke proteins are thought to regulate the activity of dynein and the symmetry of flagellar bending patterns. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene RSHL1 radial spokehead like 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 81492 accessdate ref Clinical significance The RSPH6A gene maps to a region of chromosome 19 that is linked to primary primary ciliary dyskinesia ciliary dyskinesia 2 CILD2 . ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 cite journal author Maruyama K, Sugano S title Oligo capping a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. journal Gene volume 138 issue 1 2 pages 171 4 year 1994 pmid 8125298 doi 10.1016 0378 1119 94 90802 8 cite journal author Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. title Construction and characterization of a full length enriched and a 5 end enriched cDNA library. journal Gene volume 200 issue 1 2 pages 149 56 year 1997 pmid 9373149 doi 10.1016 S0378 1119 97 00411 3 cite journal author Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA title DNA cloning using in vitro site specific recombination. journal Genome Res. volume 10 issue 11 pa ... more details
Image Complete diagram of a human spermatozoa en.svg thumb 300px Complete diagram of a human spermatozoon Spermiogenesis is the final stage of spermatogenesis , which sees the maturation of spermatid s into mature, motile spermatozoon spermatozoa . The spermatid is more or less circular cell containing a nucleus Golgi apparatus, centriole and mitochondria. All these components take part in forming the spermatozoon. Phases The process of spermiogenesis is traditionally divided into four stages the Golgi phase, the cap phase, the acrosomal phase, and the maturation stage. ref http anatomy.iupui.edu courses histo D502 D502f04 lecture.f04 Malef04 Male 20Reproduction 06.htm ANAT D502 Basic Histology Bot generated title ref Golgi phase The spermatids, which up until now have been mostly Symmetry biology radially symmetrical , begin to develop polarity. The head forms at one end, and the Golgi apparatus creates enzymes that will become the acrosome . At the other end, it develops a thickened mid piece, where the mitochondrium mitochondria gather and the distal centriole begins to form an axoneme . Spermatid DNA also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed. The DNA is packaged first, with specific nuclear basic proteins, which are subsequently replaced with protamine s during spermatid elongation. The resultant tightly packed chromatin is transcriptionally inactive. Cap phase The Golgi apparatus surrounds the condensed nucleus, becoming the acrosome acrosomal cap . Image Gray1150.png thumb 300px Note how the tails of the sperm point inward. This orientation occurs during the acrosomal phase. Acrosomal phase One of the centriole s of the cell elongates to become the tail of the sperm. A temporary structure called the manchette assists in this elongation. During this phase, the developing spermatozoa orient themselves so that their tails point towards the center of the lumen, away from the epithelium. Maturation phase The excess cytoplasm , known as residual bodies , i ... more details
PBB geneid 345895 Radial spoke head protein 4 homolog A , also known as radial spoke head like protein 3 , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSPH4A gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene radial spoke head 4 homolog A Chlamydomonas url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 345895 accessdate ref ref name pmid19200523 cite journal author Castleman VH, Romio L, Chodhari R, Hirst RA, de Castro SC, Parker KA, Ybot Gonzalez P, Emes RD, Wilson SW, Wallis C, Johnson CA, Herrera RJ, Rutman A, Dixon M, Shoemark A, Bush A, Hogg C, Gardiner RM, Reish O, Greene ND, O Callaghan C, Purton S, Chung EM, Mitchison HM title Mutations in radial spoke head protein genes RSPH9 and RSPH4A cause primary ciliary dyskinesia with central microtubular pair abnormalities journal Am. J. Hum. Genet. volume 84 issue 2 pages 197 209 year 2009 month February pmid 19200523 pmc 2668031 doi 10.1016 j.ajhg.2009.01.011 url issn ref Function TRadial spoke head protein 4 homolog A appears to be a component the radial spoke head, as determined by homology to similar proteins in the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other ciliates. Radial spokes, which are regularly spaced along cilia , sperm, and flagella axoneme s, consist of a thin stalk and a bulbous head that form a signal transduction scaffold between the central pair of microtubule s and dynein . ref name entrez Clinical significance Mutations in the RSPH4A gene are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia . ref name pmid19200523 References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 cite journal author Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB title Normalization and subtraction two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. journal Genome Res. volume 6 issue 9 pages 791 806 year 1996 pmid 8889548 doi 10.1101 gr.6.9.791 cite journal author Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. title Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full length human and mouse cDNA sequences. journal ... more details
Taxobox name Alveolata image Ceratium furca.jpg image caption Ceratium furca fossil range Ediacaran ref cite journal first C. W. last Li coauthors et al. title Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China journal Geological Society, London, Special Publications year 2007 volume 286 pages 151 156 doi 10.1144 SP286.11 ref Recent domain Eukarya regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata subdivision ranks Phyla subdivision Ciliophora br Apicomplexa br Dinoflagellate Dinoflagellata The alveolates with cavities ref cite web url http www.memidex.com alveolate title alveolate work Memidex WordNet Dictionary Thesaurus accessdate 2011 01 26 ref are a major line of protist s. Phyla There are three phylum phyla , which are very divergent in form, but are now known to be close relatives based on various ultrastructural and genetic similarities Ciliate s, very common protozoa, with many short cilium cilia arranged in rows Apicomplexa , parasitic protozoa that lack Axoneme axonemal locomotive structures except in gamete s Dinoflagellate s, mostly marine flagellate s, many of which have chloroplast s Characteristics The most notable shared characteristic is the presence of cortical alveoli, flattened vesicle biology vesicle s packed into a continuous layer supporting the cell membrane membrane , typically forming a flexible pellicle. In dinoflagellates they often form armor plates. Alveolates have mitochondrion mitochondria with tubular cristae, and their flagella or cilia have a distinct structure. Classification The Apicomplexa and dinoflagellates may be more closely related to each other than to the ciliates. Both have plastids, and most share a bundle or cone of microtubule s at the top of the cell. In apicomplexans this forms part of a complex used to enter host cells, while in some colorless dinoflagellates it forms a peduncle used to ingest prey. Various other genera are closely related to these two groups, mostly flagellates with a sim ... more details
For the Canadian politician Keith Porter politician as Keith Porter redirects here Keith Roberts Porter 1912 1997 was a Canada Canadian Cell biology cell biologist . He did pioneering biology research using electron microscope electron microscopy of Cell biology cells ref name Cooper2000 cite book chapter Ch. 1 Section Electron Microscopy chapterurl http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books NBK9941 A139 author Cooper, Geoffrey M. title The Cell A Molecular Approach publisher Sinauer Associates location Sunderland MA year 2000 isbn 0 87893 106 6 edition 2nd url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books NBK9839 ref , such as work on the 9 2 microtubule structure in the axoneme of cilia . Porter also contributed to the development of other experimental methods for cell culture and Somatic cell nuclear transfer nuclear transplantation . He also was responsible for naming the endoplasmic reticulum ref name jexpmed porter cite journal author Porter KR, Claude A, Fullam EF title A Study of Tissue Culture Cells by Electron Microscopy journal J Exp Med. year 1945 pages 233 246 volume 81 issue 3 url http www.jem.org cgi content abstract 81 3 233 doi 10.1084 jem.81.3.233 pmid 19871454 pmc 2135493 ref . Keith Porter was born in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia Yarmouth , Nova Scotia on June 11, 1912, and became a citizen of the United States in 1947. He was an undergraduate at Acadia University and a graduate student at Harvard University . Starting in the late 1930s he did research at The Rockefeller University The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research . Porter helped found the American Society for Cell Biology and the Journal of Cell Biology. The Keith R. Porter Endowment for Cell Biology, founded in 1981, supports an annual Keith Porter Lecture at the conference of American Society for Cell Biology . ref http porterendowment.org Keith R. Porter Endowment for Cell Biology ref Porter moved to Harvard University in 1961 and to the University of Colorado at Boulder University of Colorado at Boulder, Colo ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 4957 Outer dense fiber protein 2 , also known as cenexin , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ODF2 gene . ref name pmid9045620 cite journal author Shao X, Tarnasky HA, Schalles U, Oko R, van der Hoorn FA title Interactional cloning of the 84 kDa major outer dense fiber protein Odf84. Leucine zippers mediate associations of Odf84 and Odf27 journal J Biol Chem volume 272 issue 10 pages 6105 13 year 1997 month Apr pmid 9045620 pmc doi 10.1074 jbc.272.10.6105 ref ref name pmid10072582 cite journal author Shao X, Murthy S, Demetrick DJ, van der Hoorn FA title Human outer dense fiber gene, ODF2, localizes to chromosome 9q34 journal Cytogenet Cell Genet volume 83 issue 3 4 pages 221 3 year 1999 month Mar pmid 10072582 pmc doi 10.1159 000015183 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ODF2 outer dense fiber of sperm tails 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 4957 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The outer dense fibers are cytoskeletal structures that surround the axoneme in the middle piece and principal piece of the sperm tail. The fibers function in maintaining the elastic structure and recoil of the sperm tail as well as in protecting the tail from shear forces during epididymal transport and ejaculation. Defects in the outer dense fibers lead to abnormal sperm morphology and infertility. This gene encodes one of the major outer dense fiber proteins. Multiple protein isoforms are encoded by transcript variants of this gene however, not all isoforms and variants have been fully described. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ODF2 outer dense fiber of sperm tails 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 4957 accessdate ref References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading c ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 140732 Sperm associated antigen 4 like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPAG4L gene . ref name pmid9691178 cite journal author Tarnasky H, Gill D, Murthy S, Shao X, Demetrick DJ, van der Hoorn FA title A novel testis specific gene, SPAG4, whose product interacts specifically with outer dense fiber protein ODF27, maps to human chromosome 20q11.2 journal Cytogenet Cell Genet volume 81 issue 1 pages 65 7 year 1998 month Oct pmid 9691178 pmc doi 10.1159 000014990 ref ref name pmid10373309 cite journal author Shao X, Tarnasky HA, Lee JP, Oko R, van der Hoorn FA title Spag4, a novel sperm protein, binds outer dense fiber protein Odf1 and localizes to microtubules of manchette and axoneme journal Dev Biol volume 211 issue 1 pages 109 23 year 1999 month Jul pmid 10373309 pmc doi 10.1006 dbio.1999.9297 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SPAG4L sperm associated antigen 4 like url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 140732 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Kierszenbaum AL, Tres LL title Bypassing natural sperm selection during fertilization the azh mutant offspring experience and the alternative of spermiogenesis in vitro. journal Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. volume 187 issue 1 2 pages 133 8 year 2003 pmid 11988320 doi 10.1016 S0303 7207 01 00692 X cite journal author Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. title The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full length cDNA project the Mammalian Gene Collection MGC journal Genome Res. volume 14 issue 10B pages 2121 7 year 2004 pmid 15489334 doi 10.1101 gr.2596504 pmc 528928 cite journal author Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. title Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full ... more details
PBB geneid 8701 Dynein heavy chain 11, axonemal is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAH11 gene . ref name pmid9256245 cite journal author Chapelin C, Duriez B, Magnino F, Goossens M, Escudier E, Amselem S title Isolation of several human axonemal dynein heavy chain genes genomic structure of the catalytic site, phylogenetic analysis and chromosomal assignment journal FEBS Lett volume 412 issue 2 pages 325 30 year 1997 month Sep pmid 9256245 pmc doi 10.1016 S0014 5793 97 00800 4 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene DNAH11 dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 11 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 8701 accessdate ref Function This gene encodes a member of the dynein heavy chain family. It is a microtubule dependent motor ATPase and has been reported to be involved in the movement of respiratory cilia. Mutations in this gene have been implicated in causing primary ciliary dyskinesia PCD, formerly called immotile cilia syndrome and Kartagener syndrome PCD with situs inversus totalis . Males with PCD are not sterile, but are infertile due to lack of sperm motility. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene DNAH11 dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 11 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 8701 accessdate ref . There are reports of subfertility and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy in women with PCD. ref cite journal author Blyth M, Wellesley D title Ectopic pregnancy in primary ciliary dyskinesia journal J Obstet Gynaecol volume 28 issue 3 pages 358 year 2008 month April pmid 18569496 doi 10.1080 01443610802058742 url ref References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Schwabe GC, Hoffmann K, Loges NT, et al. title Primary ciliary dyskinesia associated with normal axoneme ultrastructure is caused by DNAH11 mutations. journal Hum. Mutat. volume 29 issue 2 pages 289 98 year 2008 pmid 18022865 doi 10.1002 humu.20656 cite jour ... more details
different 9 0 axoneme rather than the 9 2 axoneme found in both flagella and motile cilia undulopodia ... Eukaryotic flagella. 1 axoneme, 2 cell membrane, 3 IFT IntraFlagellar Transport , 4 Basal body, 5 ... 200px Cross section of an axoneme Image Chlamydomonas TEM 09.jpg thumb left Longitudinal section ... of axoneme Along with cilia , flagella make up a group of organelles known as undulipodia . Structure ... flagellum called an axoneme . At the base of a eukaryotic flagellum is a basal body , blepharoplast ... . The flagellar axoneme also contains radial spoke s, polypeptide complexes extending from each ... more details
, radial spokes, etc. are missing or dysfunctional and thus the axoneme structure lacks the ability to move. Axoneme s are the elongated structures that make up cilia and flagella . Additionally, there may ... more details
Molecular motors are biological molecular machine s that are the essential agents of movement in living organisms. Generally speaking, a Engine motor may be defined as a device that consumes energy in one form and converts it into motion or mechanical work for example, many protein based molecular motors harness the chemical Gibbs free energy free energy released by the hydrolysis of Adenosine triphosphate ATP in order to perform mechanical work ref name review cite journal author Bustamante C, Chemla YR, Forde NR, Izhaky D title Mechanical processes in biochemistry journal Annu. Rev. Biochem. volume 73 issue pages 705 48 year 2004 pmid 15189157 doi 10.1146 annurev.biochem.72.121801.161542 ref . In terms of energetic efficiency, these types of motors can be superior to currently available man made motors. One important difference between molecular motors and macroscopic motors is that molecular motors operate in the Thermal bath thermodynamics thermal bath , an environment where the fluctuations due to Fluctuation dissipation theorem thermal noise are significant. Examples Some examples of biologically important molecular motors ref Cite book publisher Freeman last Nelson first P. coauthors M. Radosavljevic, S. Bromberg title Biological physics date 2004 ref Motor proteins Cytoskeletal motors Myosin is responsible for muscle contraction Kinesin moves cargo inside cells away from the nucleus along microtubule s Dynein produces the axoneme axonemal beating of cilia and flagella and also transports cargo along microtubules towards the cell nucleus Polymerisation motors Actin polymerization generates forces and can be used for propulsion. adenosine triphosphate ATP is used. Microtubule polymerization using Guanosine triphosphate GTP . Dynamin is responsible for the separation of clathrin buds from the plasma membrane. Guanosine triphosphate GTP is used. Rotary motors ATP synthase F sub o sub F sub 1 sub ATP synthase family of proteins convert the chemical energy in ATP ... more details
Taxobox name Convolutidae image Waminoa on Plerogyra.jpg caption Flatworm like Waminoa sp. on Plerogyra sp. regnum Animal ia subregnum Eumetazoa branch Bilateria phylum Acoelomorpha classis Acoela ordo not assigned familia Convolutidae subdivision ranks Genus biology Genera subdivision Amphiscolops br Brachypea br Conaperta br Convoluta br Haplodiscus br Heterochaerus br Neochildia br Oligochoerus br Oxyposthia br Picola genus Picola br Polychoerus br Stomatricha br Wulguru Genus Wulguru br Pseudoconvoluta ? br Waminoa ? Convolutidae are a family of free living flatworm s. Systematics Currently the family contains 13 genera, the type genus being Convoluta Turbellarian taxonomic database,2006 . The genus Waminoa appears, according to recent studies also belong to the family, or is at least closely related Ogunlana et al., 2005 . Characteristics Acoel s with a ventral mouth opening. Body wall musculature with circular, longitudinal, and longitudinal crossover muscle fibers in both the dorsal and ventral body wall, and U shaped fibers in the ventral body wall. Male copulatory organ with muscular, often glandular, tubular penis. Penis musculature with inner circular fibers and outer longitudinal fibers that anastomose or cross over each other. When present, a muscular seminal vesicle surrounds all of, or a portion of the penis. Male gonopore ventral, subterminal, or terminal at posterior end usually positioned behind opening to female seminal bursa. Spermatozoa with 9 0 axoneme s and axial microtubule s. Alga l symbiont s often present. Ocelli , when present, contain reflective platelets in the pigment cell and lack cilia or microvilli as receptor organelles Hooge & Tyler, 2005 . Species Col begin Col 2 Amphiscolops Contains the following species Amphiscolops bermudensis small Hyman 1939 small Amphiscolops blumi small Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007 small Amphiscolops carvalhoi small Marcus 1952 small Amphiscolops cinereus small Graff, 1874 small Amphiscolops evelinae small ... more details
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