An autonomouslanguage or variety is usually a standard language that has its own established norms, as opposed to a Heteronomous language heteronomous variety. An autonomouslanguage will usually have grammar books, dictionaries and literature written in it. Autonomy is largely a sociopolitical construct rather than a result of specific Natural language linguistic differences. Examples of languages which have previously been considered to be autonomous, but are now sometimes considered heteronomous language heteronomous are the Scots language , now generally thought of as a dialect of English language English Occitan language Occitan , sometimes thought of as a dialect of French language French Cebuano language Cebuano , usually thought of as a dialect or variety linguistics variety of Tagalog language Tagalog or Filipino language Filipino and Low German Low Saxon , widely considered to be a dialect of German language German . Examples of languages which have gained autonomy are Serbian language Serbian , Croatian language Croatian and Bosnian language Bosnian from Serbo Croatian language Serbo Croatian and Afrikaans language Afrikaans , which was formerly considered a dialect of Dutch language Dutch . See also Ausbausprache Abstandsprache Dachsprache References Trudgill, P. 1992 Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe in International Journal of Applied Linguistics . Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 167 177 Ling stub Category Sociolinguistics br Yezh emren nds Autonome Spraak ... more details
Autonomous okrug is a term for an administrative country subdivision in Russia. The term was also used in the Soviet Union . See also Okrug Autonomous okrugs of Russia Autonomous okrugs of the Soviet Union country subdivision Category Autonomous okrugs Category Types of country subdivisions russia geo stub ... more details
Autonomous district is a type of administrative division . It can be found in Russia, see Autonomous districts of Russia . Types of administrative country subdivision Category Types of country subdivisions geo term stub ... more details
An autonomous oblast is an autonomous entity within the state which is on the oblast province level of the overall administrative subdivision. It may refer to Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Autonomous oblasts of Russia Serbian Autonomous Oblasts DEFAULTSORT Autonomous Oblast Category Types of country subdivisions Category Autonomous oblasts bs Srpska autonomna oblast et Autonoomne oblast fa ko kk li Autonome oblast nl Autonome oblast ja pl Obw d autonomiczny pt Oblast aut nomo ru sl Srbska avtonomna pokrajina sr Srpska autonomna oblast fi Autonominen alue sv Autonomt oblast uk ... more details
Cleanup reorganize date January 2012 File Autonomous areas.svg thumb 445px Countries with at least one autonomous area An autonomous area or autonomous entity is an area of a country that has a degree ... autonomous areas are often Federacy federacies . Autonomous areas can be divided into Territory .... Contemporary Many autonomous areas lie within two of the world s largest countries, People s Republic ... official recognition internationally as an autonomous federal entity. China main Autonomous areas of China China PRC has five types of autonomous areas. Autonomous banner Found only as Autonomous banner divisions of Inner Mongolia . In effect, these are autonomous counties see below . Autonomous county main Autonomous counties of China The most numerous type of autonomous area in China, found both within and outside the larger autonomous prefectures and regions. Autonomous prefecture main Autonomous prefectures of China China has 30 prefectures that are autonomous, mostly in the periphery of the country. Autonomous region main Autonomous regions of the People s Republic of China A first level ... Mongolia AR , Tibet Autonomous Region Tibet AR , Ningxia Ningxia Hui AR , Xinjiang Xinjiang Uyghur AR , and Guangxi Guangxi Zhuang AR . Regardless of the names, these regions are in fact less autonomous ... Region of the People s Republic of China Although not autonomous in name, in practice China ... has two types of autonomies Autonomous okrug Main Autonomous okrugs of Russia Okrug is a transliteration ... has four autonomous okrugs. Autonomous oblast main Autonomous oblasts of Russia Oblast is a transliterated ... autonomous oblast exists the Jewish Autonomous Oblast . Other countries The other types of autonomous areas to be found in the world are Autonomous city main Autonomous city see also Buenos Aires Tashkent Autonomous cities of Spain Brussels Five cities are formally designated by their countries as autonomous ..., Buenos Aires . Another Argentine city that has been pressing for autonomous status is Rosario Citation ... more details
Merge to Military robot date July 2010 Autonomous weapons are weapon s capable of accomplishing a mission with limited or no human intervention. These systems are capable of self propulsion, independent processing of the environment, and independent response to the environment. Autonomous weapons range from semi autonomous to fully autonomous depending on the degree of involvement by a man in the loop . In addition, they vary in lethality. Some autonomous weapons operate fully autonomously in a non lethal manner, such as surveillance and reconnaissance platforms. These systems do not possess the capability to engage targets without the consent or control of a man in the loop. Future AW designs will be able to operate and lethally engage targets autonomously without a MITL. Examples include the U.S. Navy s Unmanned Underwater Vehicle s capability of autonomous underwater de mining the U.S. Air Force s Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle and Autonomous Wide Area Search Munition the U.S. Army s Future Combat System and the U.S. Marine Corps Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle . ref Guetlein, Michael A., http www.dtic.mil cgi bin GetTRDoc?AD ADA464896&Locat Lethal Autonomous Weapons Ethical and Doctrinal Implications , Joint Military Operations Department, Naval War College, 2005. ref See also Military robot Battlefield automation References Reflist Category Weapons Category Robotics weapon stub robotics stub ... more details
Autonomous system may refer to Autonomous system Internet , a collection of IP networks and routers under the control of one entity Autonomous system mathematics , a system of ordinary differential equations which does not depend on the independent variable Autonomous robot , robots which can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance disambig hu Auton m rendszer egy rtelm s t lap ja pl System autonomiczny pt Sistema aut nomo ru ckb tr zerk sistem ... more details
Autonomous automation refers to the use of Wiktionary Autonomy autonomous software agents to adapt the controllers of computer controlled industry industrial machinery and processes The term autonomous automation has in the past, on a limited number of web sites, been used mainly to refer to the use of Wiktionary Autonomy autonomous computer controlled industry industrial machinery and processes . Since automation implies Wiktionary autonomy autonomy to a great extent this usage can be considered as somewhat redundant. Previous references to autonomous automation http alumnus.caltech.edu croft research agent definition http www.enme.ucalgary.ca aramirez DES Research.html http www.ikp.liu.se usr marlu IKP Diss907.pdf http www.cs.bath.ac.uk anneb Solo.pdf http mers.csail.mit.edu theses HofbaurThesis.pdf Category Artificial intelligence applications ... more details
refimprove date September 2007 Autonomous logistics describes systems that provide unmanned, autonomous ... intervention. Autonomous logistics is a new area being researched and currently there are few papers on the topic, with even fewer systems developed or deployed. Autonomous logistics vehicles There are several subclasses of autonomous logistics vehicles Ground autonomous logistics Based on Unmanned ground vehicle technology, a large autonomous logistics tracked carrier, which can be deployed in a tropical forest for day and night, has been developed. ref Autonomous armoured logistics carrier for natural ... is the TerraMax autonomous truck based on Oshkosh s Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement MTVR defense ... allows for 360 degree situational awareness around TerraMax. Elements of the autonomous navigation ... removal on airport runways. Aerial autonomous logistics Based on Unmanned aerial vehicle technology, aerial autonomous logistics or http ukaec.com whitepaper New 20Approaches 20for 20Autonomous ... is gathered, and general parcel or package delivery. Space autonomous logistics Describes the ability ... Space Agency . Above Water autonomous logistics Based on Unmanned surface vehicle technology .... Subsea autonomous logistics Using Autonomous Underwater Vehicle technology, these vehicles ... show an increasing trend towards autonomous control with software agents acting on behalf of the logistic ... to achieve certain goals. ref Schuldt, A. Multiagent coordination enabling autonomous logistics . Springer ... Becker, M., Singh, G., Wenning, B. L., G rg, C. 2007 . On mobile agents for autonomous logistics An analysis ... Vehicle Autonomic system computing Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Multi agent planning Multi agent ... 20UAV 20and 20Ground 20Systems 20v2.pdf New Approaches for Autonomous Logistics Aircraft and Ground Systems http www.ri.cmu.edu research project detail.html?project id 197&menu id 261 Autonomous Cargo Trailer Transport System http engineeringtv.com blogs etv archive 2008 08 25 terramax autonomous ... more details
In mathematics , an autonomous category is a monoidal category where dual object s exist. ref Some authors use this term for a symmetric monoidal category symmetric closed monoidal category monoidal closed category , or for a biclosed monoidal category when symmetry is not assumed. ref Definition A left resp. right autonomous category is a monoidal category where every object has a left resp. right Dual object dual . An autonomous category is a monoidal category where every object has both a left and a right Dual object dual . ref Berman, pp 34 ref Rigid category is a synonym for autonomous category. In a symmetric monoidal category , the existence of left duals is equivalent to the existence of right duals, categories of this kind are called compact closed category compact closed categories . The concepts of autonomous category and autonomous category are directly related, specifically, every autonomous category is autonomous. A autonomous category may be described as a linearly distributive category with left and right negations such categories have two monoidal products linked with a sort of distributive law. In the case where the two monoidal products coincide and the distributivities are taken from the associativity isomorphism of the single monoidal structure, one obtains autonomous categories. Notes and references reflist Sources cite book last Yetter first David N. title Functorial Knot Theory year 2001 publisher World Scientific isbn 9810244436 cite book last Berman first Stephen coauthors Yuly Billi title Vertex Operator Algebras in Mathematics and Physics year 2003 publisher American Mathematical Society isbn 0821828568 categorytheory stub Category Monoidal categories ... more details
refimprove date September 2008 Autonomous consumption also exogenous consumption is a term used to describe consumption expenditure that occurs when income levels are zero. Such consumption is considered autonomous of income only when expenditure on these consumables does not vary with changes in income. If income levels are actually zero, this consumption counts as dissaving , because it is financed by borrowing or using up savings . Autonomous consumption is, by definition, the opposite of induced consumption . Autonomous expenditures are those that do not systematically fluctuate with income, whereas induced expenditures change in relation to income. ref cite book title Macroeconomics last Colander first David C. authorlink David Colander edition Fifth edition year 2004 publisher McGraw Hill Irwin location Boston, MA isbn 0 07 255119 4 pages G 1 & G 4 Glossary ref The two are related in the Consumption function AE AE mpcY where AE Aggregate Expenditures, AEo Autonomous Expenditures, mpc Marginal Propensity to Consume, i.e. change in consumption change in disposable income , Y Income. References references See also Consumption economics Consumption function Dissaving DEFAULTSORT Autonomous Consumption Category Macroeconomics Category Consumer theory macroeconomics stub de Autonomer Konsum Autonomous Demand term used in economics is when a particular commodity is demanded for its own sake it is known as autonomous demand. Demand for house is an example for autonomous demand. ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An autonomous republic is a type of administrative division similar to a province . A significant number of autonomous republics can be found within the successor states of the Soviet Union , but the majority are located within Russia . Many of these republics were established during the Soviet period as Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics , or ASSRs. Autonomous republics within the former Soviet Socialist Republics Republics of Russia Azerbaijan Nakhchivan Nagorno Karabakh Georgia country Georgia Abkhazia , Adjara South Ossetia Ukraine Crimea Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan Moldova Transnistria French territories The designation also can refer to the following 13 former French territories in Africa before 1960, when all gained independence Central African Republic December 1, 1958 Republic of Chad November 28, 1958 Republic of Dahomey December 4, 1958 Gabonese Republic November 28, 1958 Republic of Ivory Coast December 4, 1958 Malagasy Republic October 14, 1958 Islamic Republic of Mauritania November 28, 1958 Republic of the Congo Middle Congo November 28, 1958 Republic of Niger December 19, 1958 Republic of Senegal November 25, 1958 Sudanese Republic November 24, 1958 Republic of Togo February 22, 1958 Republic of Upper Volta December 11, 1958 See also Autonomous entity Types of administrative country subdivision DEFAULTSORT Autonomous Republic Category Types of country subdivisions Category Autonomous republics Geo term stub cs Autonomn republika es Rep blica aut noma eu Errepublika autonomo fa hy ka nl Autonome republiek ja pt Rep blica aut noma ro Republic autonom ru tr zerk cumhuriyet zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 see also Autonomous area Autonomous city is a type of administrative division . Argentina The 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution granted Buenos Aires city, formerly a federal district Capital Federal , lang en Federal Capital of Argentina , the status of autonomous , and changed its formal name to Autonomous City of Buenos Aires lang es Ciudad Aut noma de Buenos Aires . Another large city that is currently pressing for autonomy is Rosario, Santa Fe Rosario , in Santa Fe Province . Rosario has nearly 1 million inhabitants about 1.3 million counting its suburbs and nearby towns , and is usually disfavoured in the distribution of funds and resources, which disproportionately assigns more of its share to the much less populated provincial capital, Santa Fe, Argentina Santa Fe . Some legislators are of the opinion that autonomy could be granted to Rosario by passing a law in the ordinary fashion, while others claim an amendment of the provincial constitution is needed. Spain main Autonomous cities of Spain In Spain there are two autonomous cities called Ceuta and Melilla . Two exclave s located on the north coast of North Africa surrounded by Morocco , separated from the Iberian peninsula by the Strait of Gibraltar . br Types of administrative country subdivision DEFAULTSORT Autonomous City Category Types of country subdivisions Category Autonomous cities Geo term stub an Ciudat autonoma ast Ciud aut noma ca Ciutat aut noma de Ciudades aut nomas es Ciudad aut noma ext Ci aut noma gl Cidade aut noma id Kota otonom it Citt autonome della Spagna pt Cidades aut nomas de Espanha roa tara Cetate autonome d a Spagne ... more details
In mathematics , a autonomous read star autonomous category C is a symmetric monoidal category symmetric monoidal closed category equipped with a dualizing object math bot math . Definition Let C be a symmetric ... C . Equivalently, a autonomous category is a symmetric monoidal category C together ... by math bot I math . Properties Compact closed category Compact closed categories are autonomous, with the dual of the monoidal unit as the dualizing object, but autonomous categories need not to be compact ... of math A math . However, if in a autonomous category we have math A otimes B cong mathrm B otimes .... Although the category of all vector spaces over k is not autonomous, suitable extensions to categories of topological vector spaces can be made autonomous. Various models of linear logic form autonomous categories, the earliest of which was Jean Yves Girard s category of coherence spaces ... meets is autonomous with dualizer the chain of two elements. A degenerate example all homsets ... object. An example of a self dual category that is not autonomous is finite linear orders and continuous functions, which has but is not autonomous its dualizing object is the two element chain but there is no tensor ... of the latter is again a partial injection. The concept of autonomous category was introduced ... or autonomous category V . The definition above specializes Barr s definition to the case V Set ... the existence of nontrivial autonomous V categories for all symmetric monoidal categories V with pullbacks ... and then define a autonomous category as a biclosed monoidal category with a dualizing object. They are equivalent ... year 1979 title & 42 autonomous Categories journal Lecture Notes in Mathematics volume 752 editor Springer Verlag cite journal author Michael Barr year 1995 title Non symmetric autonomous Categories journal ... pages 115 130 doi 10.1016 0304 3975 94 00089 2 cite journal author Michael Barr year 1999 title autonomous ... 6 url ftp ftp.math.mcgill.ca pub barr pdffiles omatt.pdf pages 5 24 DEFAULTSORT Autonomous Category ... more details
Autonomous Action , Avtonomnoe Deystvie , AD is a revolutionary anarchist federation in Russia , Belarus and Ukraine that was founded in January 2002. AD is composed of anarcho communism anarcho communists , syndicalism syndicalists , Autonomist Marxism autonomist marxists , and Radical environmentalism radical ecologists . Autonomous Action also had members in Armenia Proryv , the group been terminated in the end of 2005. Autonomous Action utilizes direct action to create a tradition and basis for a new humanist culture, social self organisation and radical resistance against militarism, capitalism, sexism and fascism . Autonomous Action publishes a zine called Autonom zine Autonom and a newspaper titled Situation newspaper Situation . Summary of Politics On the official website of the organization reported that independent action was established in January 2002 as well. 25 27 January 2002 in Nizhny Novgorod was the 1 st Founding Congress of the movement. Activists of the Autonomous Action call themselves the autonomy , and their struggle for an autonomous because the act itself, regardless of the bureaucratic system. Participants seek to create a system of national government the federation of free individuals, groups, communities, regions and countries. According to Autonomous Action , the bodies of coordination between these groups may be independent councils or other institutions of public government, formed by general meetings based on the principles of delegating the right of immediate withdrawal of the delegates. The ideology of autonomous action based on the world revolutionary libertarian communist ideas. Ideas and social theory, taken into service, are not confined only within the framework of anarchism. According to supporters of AD, at present, in the context of the current situation in the country and the world, the need for a qualitatively new strategy that meets ... External links http www.avtonom.org en Autonomous Action English Site http www.afed.org.uk org ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The term autonomous university typically refers to a university which exercises independent control over its day to day operations and curriculum. Alternatively, the term, along with the term autonomous open university , can characterize an entity that provides higher education on the Internet autonomously and without human presence or involvement. This differs distinctly from a Virtual university virtual or Open University open university which is a brand extension of a physical university on the Internet. Citation needed date March 2008 See also Virtual university Private university Open University DEFAULTSORT Autonomous University Category Distance education University stub es Universidad Aut noma uk ... more details
An autonomous agent is an intelligent agent operating on an owner s behalf but without any interference of that ownership entity. An intelligent agent , however appears according to a multiply cited statement in a no longer accessible IBM white paper as follows blockquote Intelligent agents are software entities that carry out some set of operations on behalf of a user or another program with some degree of independence or autonomy, and in so doing, employ some knowledge or representation of the user s goals or desires. blockquote Such agent is a system situated in, and part of, a technical or natural environment, which senses any or some status of that environment, and acts on it, over time, in pursuit of its own agenda. Such agenda evolves from drive theory drives or programmed objective goal goals . The agent acts to change part of the environment or of its status and influences what it sensed. Non biological examples include intelligent agent s, autonomous robot s, and various software agent s, including artificial life agents, and many computer virus es. Biological examples are not yet defined. References Stan Franklin Franklin, Stan and Graesser, Art 1997 http www.msci.memphis.edu franklin AgentProg.html Is it an Agent, or just a Program? A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents , Intelligent Agents III, Berlin Springer Verlag, 21 35, cite book last Sun first Ron authorlink Ron Sun coauthors title Duality of the Mind A Bottom up Approach Toward Cognition publisher Lawrence Erlbaum date September 1, 2001 location New Jersey pages 304 url http www.questia.com library book duality of the mind a bottom up approach toward cognition by ron sun.jsp isbn 978 0585394046 External links http www.inl.gov adaptiverobotics autonomousbehaviors index.shtml Autonomous Robot Behaviors http distributed software.blogspot.com 2006 06 requirements for materializing.html Requirements for materializing Autonomous Agents See also Autonomous robot Intelligent agent Multi agent system Software agent ... more details
dicdef An autonomous circuit is a Electronic circuit circuit that produces a time varying output without having a time varying input. Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. electronics stub Category Electronic circuits ... more details
Autonomous robots are robot s that can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. Many kinds of robots have some degree of autonomy . Different robots can be autonomous ... s are autonomous within the strict confines of their direct environment. It may not be that every ..., underwater, in the air, underground, or in space. A fully autonomous robot has the ability ... the Sentient Robot Mandate Citation needed date October 2011 An autonomous robot may also learn ... surroundings. Autonomous robots still require regular maintenance, as do other machines. Examples of progress towards commercial autonomous robots Self maintenance Image PeopleGuide.jpg left thumb ... only. Autonomous robots monitor and respond to proprioceptive sensors without human intervention .... Autonomous robots must have a range of environmental sensors to perform their task and stay out ... step in autonomous behavior is to actually perform a physical task. A new area showing commercial ... of autonomous task performance requires a robot to perform conditional tasks. For instance, security ... PatrolBot and http www.activrobots.com RESEARCH wheelchair.html autonomous wheelchair ref Principal ... the way. At first, autonomous navigation was based on planar sensors, such as laser range finders, that can ... areas to be defined to prevent robots from autonomously entering certain regions. Outdoor autonomous ... obstacles are rare. Cruise missile s are rather dangerous highly autonomous robots. Pilotless drone ... their autonomous navigation and security capabilities at an airbase. Courtesy of MobileRobots ... Grand Challenge and DARPA Urban Challenge have encouraged development of even more autonomous ... 1990 as part of the AUVSI International Aerial Robotics Competition . Open problems in autonomous robotics Expand section date July 2008 There are several open problems in autonomous robotics which are special ... for food , which includes both energy and spare parts . This is related to autonomous foraging ... more details
Driving.jpg thumb Junior, a robotic Volkswagen Passat parked at Stanford University . An autonomous car , also known as robotic or informally as driverless , is an autonomous vehicle capable of fulfilling the human transportation capabilities of a traditional car. As an autonomous vehicle, it is capable ... to perform any mechanical operation of the vehicle. Autonomous cars are not in widespread use, but their introduction could produce several direct advantages Fewer crashes, due to the autonomous .... ref and reduce the need for traffic police and vehicle insurance . Autonomous vehicles ... and relevant signage. Autonomous vehicles typically update their maps based on sensory input, such that they can navigate through uncharted environments. cn date October 2011 Autonomous vehicles ... . The law to authorize the use of autonomous vehicles was passed in June 2011, with the support of Google ... of the autonomous car was Norman Bel Geddes s Futurama New York World s Fair Futurama exhibit ... Prometheus Project on autonomous vehicles 1987 1995 . Also in the 1980s the DARPA funded Autonomous ... , and autonomous robotic control Carnegie Mellon and Martin Marietta to control a robotic vehicle ... off road map and sensor based autonomous navigation on the ALV. The vehicle travelled over 600m at 3 ... km h, albeit semi autonomously with human interventions. They demonstrated autonomous driving in free lanes, convoy driving, and lane changes left and right with autonomous passing of other cars. In 1995, Dickmanns re engineered autonomous S Class Mercedes Benz took a 1600 km trip from Munich ... , with a mean time between human interventions of 9 km, or 95 autonomous driving. Again it drove ... needed date July 2011 In 1995, the Carnegie Mellon University Navlab project achieved 98.2 autonomous ... autonomous by nature it used neural networks to control the steering wheel, but throttle and brakes ... , the VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge , a 13,000 km test run of autonomous vehicles ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date October 2007 Autonomous Telepresence or AT is a term coined by Marque Cornblatt to describe an emerging field of study that combines robotics , social networking and human interaction. These elements together enable an entirely new and unique form of two way communication remotely operated face to face video chat. Using off the shelf components, Gomi and found objects, AT was first developed and built by Cornblatt in 1993 in the Sparky series of rovers also known as the Self Portrait Artifact Roving Chassis series . Combining the real time interaction commonly associated with web based video chat with the independence of a remotely operated vehicle, AT has become a novel method for human interaction, helping connect people in schools, museums, corporate environment and events. By the late 1990s the Sparky series had grown to include a wide range of technologies to enable face to face interaction, These include the development of unique software and code, as well as the inclusion of Internet, Wi Fi, and other technologies. AT was featured at the 2007 Interactive Television of Tomorrow show, as well as the American Film Institute Digital Content Festival the same year. AT and Sparky were recently showcased on The History Channel s Modern Marvels program as the future of the telephone. See also Telepresence Open source robotics References http www.sparkyjr.com Sparky Jr. Project http www.marquecornblatt.com art hybridity.html Hybridity DEFAULTSORT Autonomous Telepresence Category Telecommunications terms telecom stub ... more details
Operation Autonomous was a clandestine operation carried out on the territory of Romania by the Special Operations Executive SOE set up by Winston Churchill Churchill for the duration of the Second World War war to assist local Resistance movements. Participants In 1943, three secret agents were parachuted into Romanian territory Lt. Colonel Alfred Gardyne de Chastelain , experienced Special Operations Executive SOE officer, who was the operation s commander. Capt. Ivor Porter , who later wrote a book about the operation. Capt. Silviu Me ianu , of Romanian origin, who had previously emigrated to Great Britain . Operation aims and outcome The aim of the operation was primarily political to persuade Romanian politicians, especially Iuliu Maniu , the leader of the National Peasant Party , to negotiate an armistice with the Allied Powers. in case they were captured by authorities loyal to the Ion Antonescu Antonescu government, to convince the Romanian secret during their interrogation, that the allies were preparing to land in the Balcans , hoping that this would induce a concentration of German troups to the east, reducing their fire power in Normandy. On the night of 22 December 1943 the three agents were parachuted into thick fog and some distance away from the target. They were captured by Jandarmeria Rom n Romanian gendarmerie almost immediately near the locality of Comuna Plosca, Teleorman Plosca parish , jude ul Teleorman Teleorman county . They were held as well treated prisoners of war at the Gendarmerie headquarters in Bucharest under the care of Constantin Tobescu gen. Constantin Tobescu , Constantin C. Ro escu major Constantin C. Ro escu and of Eugen Dobrogeanu major ... Constantin C. Ro escu at home. In 1989, Ivor Porter Porter s book Operation Autonomous With SOE In Wartime ... by Humanitas in 1991 . References Ivor Porter Porter Operation Autonomous With SOE In Wartime ... Autonomous ... more details
Anti consumerism An autonomous building is a building designed to be operated independently from infrastructure ... roads. Advocates of autonomous building describe advantages that include reduced environmental impacts ... reason. Most of the research and published articles concerning autonomous building focus on residential ... cite book last Vale first Brenda and Robert authorlink Brenda and Robert Vale title The New Autonomous ... toilet, and a vacuum turbine for electric power. While not designed as autonomous per se, Fuller ... been abandoned and partially renovated several times. Very often a practical autonomous building might ... was constructed to be autonomous and artistic as well. Advantages As an architect or engineer ... resources, their designs tend to include more autonomous elements. The historic path to autonomy ... has been to start with a concern for environmental impacts, which cause disadvantages. Autonomous ... and the retention of the local watershed, can often be cheaply conserved by thoughtful designs. Autonomous .... An autonomous structure is not always environmentally friendly. The goal of independence from ... green building. However, autonomous buildings also usually include some degree of sustainability ... demanding and time consuming proposition. Living in an autonomous shelter can require one to make sacrifices ... and technologically advanced autonomous houses may require some differences in behavior. Some ... of reduced autonomy. An autonomous house must be custom built or extensively retrofitted to suit ... or pool at ground level. Reducing autonomy reduces the size and expense of cisterns. Many autonomous ..., and sometimes into surface water. Autonomous buildings can address precipitation in a number of ways ... per year. A number of areas that lack sun have wind . To generate power, the average autonomous house ... areas for example, California . ref Gipe, ibid. ref A grid based building is less autonomous ... thumb right 150px Schematic of an active solar heating system Most autonomous buildings are designed ... more details
On Language was a regular column in the weekly New York Times Magazine on the English language discussing popular etymology , new or unusual usages, and other language related topics. The inaugural column was published on February 18, 1979 and it was a regular popular feature. Many of the columns were collected in books. Columnist and journalist William Safire was one of the most frequent contributors from the inception of the column until Safire s death in 2009. He wrote the inaugural On Language column in 1979. ref http www.nytimes.com 2009 10 11 magazine 11FOB onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Maven, Nevermore about Safire s legacy ref starting it with the greeting How do you do. This is a new column about language. In more than 30 years, he contributed more than 1300 installments to the column. Safire was succeeded by Ben Zimmer , who wrote the column until its final edition on February 25, 2011. ref http www.nytimes.com 2011 02 27 magazine 27fob onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Future Tense ref About the cancellation of the column, the incoming editor of New York Times Magazine Hugo Lindgren explained this and other changes to the magazine It is mine now. I m in charge. We re going to be doing some significant redesign work, and have a newish magazine by the end of January. The big thing is, I want to create a kind of new identity for the front of the book section. That doesn t mean that everything s being tossed out. We re looking at everything and evaluating what sort of fits. ref http nymag.com daily intel 2010 11 new times magazine editor hugo.html New York Magazine New Times Magazine Editor Hugo Lindgren on His Plans Big Subjects, More T, and the End of The Way We Live Now ref References Reflist External links http topics.nytimes.com topics features magazine columns on language index.html A collection of On Language columns published in The New York Times DEFAULTSORT On Language Category English language Category The New York ... more details
About the properties of language in general other uses Language disambiguation File Lakhovsky Conversation.jpg ... Cuneiform is one of the first known forms of written language , but spoken language is believed to predate writing by tens of thousands of years at least. Language may refer either to the specifically ... of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses ... salient examples, but natural language s can also be based on visual rather than auditory stimulus physiology stimuli , for example in sign language s and written language . Code s and other kinds of constructed language artificially constructed communication systems such as those used for programming language computer programming can also be called languages. A language in this sense is a system ... ultimately from Latin lingua , language, tongue , via Old French . ref name AHD cite encyclopedia title language encyclopedia The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language edition 3rd year 1992 location Boston publisher Houghton Mifflin Company ref When used as a general concept, language .... Language as a communication system is thought to be fundamentally different from and of much ... a finite number of elements. Language is thought to have originated when early hominids first started ... with an increase in brain volume, and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative functions. Language is neurolinguistics processed in many ... Wernicke s area s. Humans language acquisition acquire language through social interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak fluently when they are around three years old. The use of language ... identity , social stratification and for social grooming and entertainment . The word language ... from sequences of words. Languages language change evolve and diversify over time, and the history ... of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The languages ... more details
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