Refimprove date March 2009 An augmentative list of glossing abbreviations abbreviated sc aug is a morphology linguistics morphological form of a word which expresses greater intensity, often in size, but also in other attributes. It is the antonym opposite of a diminutive . Since overaugmenting something often makes it grotesque, in some languages augmentatives are used primarily for comical effect or as pejorative s. Many languages have augmentatives for noun s some have augmentatives for verb s. Germanic languages English In modern English language English , augmentatives can be created with the prefixes over e.g., overlord and overseer . grand e.g., grandmaster and grandparent . super e.g., supermarket and superpower . mega e.g., mega store and megastar . Since the early 1990s, the prefix ber has also frequently been used as a borrowing from German. ref Dictionary.com uber ref Dutch In modern Dutch language Dutch , augmentatives are usually created with the prefixes over e.g., overgewicht and oververhitting resp. overweight and overheating groot e.g., grootmeester and groothandel resp. grandmaster and wholesaler super e.g., supermarkt and supermacht resp. supermarket and superpower . mega e.g., megacontract and megabioscoop resp. a very big contract, and a very large movie theater .... Aber , for instance, Abertausend . Hellenic languages Greek Modern Greek has a variety of augmentative ... . Sometimes, especially in Brazilian Portuguese , the masculine augmentative can be applied to a feminine ... one . Romanian In Romanian language Romanian there are several augmentative suffixes oi oaie, an an ... augmentative suffixes. The archaic form has survived unchanged in Banat and in Aromanian as on , oan e As in other languages, a feminine base word may have masculine or feminine forms in the augmentative .... Semitic languages Arabic Arabic grammar Stem formation Form II of the Arabic verb often has an augmentative ... vocabulary Affixes Esperanto vocabulary . Interlingua Interlingua does not have an augmentative suffix ... more details
to be in employment. Scope Augmentative and alternative communication is used by individuals ... ref refLapointe Lapointe . ref ref refWalling Walling . ref The field was originally called Augmentative ... strategies label 1 Speech Generating Devices Rate enhancement strategies Augmentative and alternative ... status, and the individual s communication needs. ref refBall Ball , p. 441. ref Use of augmentative ... more details
The International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication ISAAC was founded in May 1983 in East Lansing, Michigan , United States. Its stated purpose is to improve the communication abilities and quality of life of individuals with complex communication needs who use augmentative and alternative communication AAC . ref name lm Light, J. and McNaughton, D. 2008 . Making a difference A celebration of the 25th anniversary of The International Society for Augmentative and Alternation Communication. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 24 3 , 175 193. ref ref Light, Janice, Toward a definition of communicative competence for individuals using augmentative and alternative communication systems, Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Vol. 5, No. 2. 1989 , pp. 137 144. ref ISAAC provides information about AAC services, policies and activities around the world thorough various publications ref Beukelman & Mirenda, 2005, p. 111 ref and their website. ref http www.isaac online.org en home.shtml Isaac Homepage, retrieved April 15, 2010 ref The society publishes a journal ... development as well as implements various projects. ref name lm Purpose ISAAC works to promote augmentative ... report Communication is everything I think. Parenting a child who needs augmentative and alternative ... Activities ISAAC has publications including the Augmentative and Alternative Communication AAC , which ...&pg PA58 title The efficacy of augmentative and alternative communication date 2003 author Bedrosian ... speech practical augmentative & alternative communication authors Helen Cockerill and Lesley Carroll ... K. 2007 . Augmentative Communication Strategies for Adults with Acute or Chronic Medical Conditions. Baltimore, MD Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. Beukelman, D., & Mirenda, P. 2005 . Augmentative .... Baltimore, MD Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. Lloyd, L., Fuller, D., & Arvidson, H. 1997 . Augmentative ... Category Speech and language pathology Category Occupational therapy de International Society for Augmentative ... more details
Guiot or Guyot is an Old French name, an augmentative of Guy , that could refer to Guiot de Dijon Guiot or Guyot du Repaire Guiot de Provins Guyot Jules Guyot 1807 March 31, 1872 French physician Claude tienne Guyot given name fr Guiot ... more details
Marc o is an augmentative name, means Elder Marcos or Elder Marco , may refer to Marco Aur lio de Oliveira , Brazilian football midfielder born 1972 Marcos Alberto Skavinski , Brazilian football defender born 1975 Marcos Antonio Aparecido Cipriano , Brazilian football stiker born 1973 Marcos Aparecido Alves , Brazilian football striker born 1975 Marcus Lima Silva , Brazilian football defender born 1990 Category Brazilian given names de Marc o pt Marco Aur lio de Oliveira ... more details
Instruments used specially in Plastic surgery are as follows Forcetoc Expand list date August 2008 Instrument list class wikitable Instrument Uses Scalpel used to cut tissue Skin expander used to stretch pieces of skin to make them larger Silicone implants various implants are available for reconstructive or augmentative cosmetic surgery Dermatome instrument Dermatome used to produce thin slices of skin from a donor area Image gallery Empty section date July 2010 References Empty section date July 2010 Navigation Box MedInst Category Medical equipment Category Plastic surgery Medical equipment stub ... more details
Picture Communication Symbols PCS are a set of colour and black & white drawings originally developed by Mayer Johnson, LLC for use in augmentative and alternative communication AAC systems. These AAC systems may be high tech Dynamyte or low tech such as a communication board. Several studies have found PCS to be more transparent than other graphic symbols such as Blissymbols Mizuko, 1987 . A graphic symbol is transparent if the shape, motion, or function of the referent is depicted to such an extent that meaning of the symbol can be readily guessed in the absence of the referent Fuller & Lloyd, 1991, p.217 . Because of high transparency, PCS symbols are easy to learn by children with little or no speech. Several studies have reported that children with cognitive disabilities learn PCS easily. The communication interventions for individuals who have little or no speech have used PCS successfully for individuals. The PCS set comprises a core library of roughly 5,000 symbols, supplemented by general purpose addendum libraries and country specific libraries for a total of 12,000 symbols. PCS symbols have been translated to 40 different languages. Image PatientCommTbl.png thumb right 100px Patient Non Verbal Communication People can develop their own PCS for certain needs or if the needed symbol is not available. Some choose to start from scratch, and others start from alternative libraries. Common uses for the PCS symbol set include Speech therapy Speech Therapy , Picture Schedules for people with Autism , and helping people facing limitations while hospitalized. References Fuller, D., & Lloyd, L. 1991 . Toward a common usage of iconicity terminology. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 7, 215 220. Mizuko, M. 1987 . Transparency and ease of learning of symbols represented by Blissymbols, PCS, and Picsyms. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 3, 129 136. in the 1800s BY OWENFOGG External links http atwiki.assistivetech.net AT Wiki on Assistivetech.net htt ... more details
David R. Beukelman , Ph.D., is a speech language pathologist who specializes in augmentative and alternative communication and communication disorders associated with physical conditions. He is the Barkley Professor of Communication Disorders at the University of Nebraska Lincoln and Director of Research and Education of the Communication Disorders Division, Munroe Meyer Institute of Genetics and Rehabilitation, Omaha, Nebraska Omaha , Nebraska . ref http www.unl.edu barkley faculty dbeukelman.shtml ref He is a Senior Researcher in The Institute for Rehabilitation Science and Engineering at Madonna Rehabilitation Hospital in Lincoln, Nebraska Lincoln , Nebraska . ref http aac rerc.psu.edu index.php contacts list id 1 ref Works http aac.unl.edu Interviewing.pdf Interviewing for a Faculty Postition Augmentative and alternative communication Supporting children and adults with complex communication needs , Authors David R. Beukelman, Pat Mirenda, Paul H. Brookes Pub. Co., 2005, ISBN 9781557666840 3rd Edition Clinical Management of Motor Speech Disorders 2nd Edition Augmentative Communication Strategies for Adults with Acute and Chronic Medical Conditions . Editors David R. Beukelman, Kathryn L. Garrett, Kathryn M. Yorkston, Paul H. Brookes Pub. Co., 2007, ISBN 9781557668752 Communication augmentation a casebook of clinical management , Authors David R. Beukelman, Kathryn M. Yorkston, Patricia A. Dowden, College Hill Press, 1985, ISBN 9780887441028 References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Beukelman, David ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Beukelman, David Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people Category American pathologists Category University of Nebraska Lincoln faculty Category Speech and language pathologists US med bio stub ... more details
This is a list of hospital s in the Bahamas . Expand list date August 2008 Doctors Hospital &ndash Nassau, Bahamas Nassau , New Providence Princess Margaret Hospital &ndash Nassau, New Providence Sandilands Psychiatric Hospital &ndash Nassau, New Providence Sandilands Rehabilitation Centre &ndash Nassau, New Providence Epcot Medical Center &ndash Nassau, New Providence Immuno Augmentative Clinic &ndash Freeport, Bahamas Freeport , Freeport district Freeport Rand Memorial Hospital &ndash Freeport, Freeport Sandy Port Royal Hospital former Royal Sandy Port Institute for the Insane , Freeport, Freeport Category Lists of hospitals by country Bahamas Category Buildings and structures in the Bahamas Hospitals Category Health in the Bahamas Hospitals Category Bahamas related lists Hospitals ... more details
Summary Information Description Picture of V Max speech generating device with headmouse extreme access Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date 2009 04 22 Author User Poule Poule User talk Poule talk other versions Licensing Photo of art self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL non free software screenshot The underlying content is copyright Dynavox. Non free use rationale Description Picture of V Max speech generating device with headmouse extreme access Source Dynavox software Article Augmentative and alternative communication Portion One screen in use Low resolution yes Purpose This image is designed to show the device. The software screenshot is necessary for illustrating the function. Replaceability No non free screenshots can be made with this device. Other information ... more details
The Paget Gorman Sign System , also known as Paget Gorman Signed Speech PGSS or Paget Gorman Systematic Sign Language is a Manually Coded Language manually coded form of the English language , designed to be used with children with speech or communication difficulties. PGSS was originally developed in Britain by Sir Richard Paget in the 1930s, and later by Lady Grace Paget and Dr Pierre Gorman . The system uses 37 basic signs and 21 standard hand postures, which can be combined to represent a large vocabulary of English words, including word endings and verb tenses. The signs do not correspond to natural signs of the Deaf community . The system was widespread in Deaf schools in the UK from the 1960s to the 1980s, but since the emergence of British Sign Language and the BSL based Signed English in deaf education, its use is now described below Paget Gorman Signed Speech PGSS is an unaided augmentative sign system that supports language and communication It is used in the UK, Ireland and Australia and enables practitioners to support children s communication effectively It is, and can be, used flexibly at many levels in different settings with children with specific language impairment as a total communication system in language units bases to support inclusion of children with speech, language and communication needs in mainstream education as a learning tool to support all children to access and understand curriculum vocabulary to support children whose first language is not English it is also taught to parents carers as well as those working in education Strengths of the system Unlike some other augmentative systems, PGSS supports literacy skills, particularly reading, for children who may not be able to vocalise accurately what they read or write aids conceptual learning, as signs are grouped in categories which link to each other this in turn supports word retrieval supports the understanding and use of grammar, as the system makes the grammatical rules visual an ... more details
Infobox given name name Ivica image imagesize caption pronunciation gender Male meaning God is gracious region Croatia origin related names Ivan name Ivan , Ivo footnotes Ivica IPA hr v tsa pron is one of the most frequent Croatia n male given name s. It is also present, though rare, in Serbia . Ivica is a diminutive form of Ivan name Ivan . The direct English equivalent of the name is John or Johnny, while the equivalent of its augmentative Ivan is John. Ivica is also a common character in Croatian jokes, like Perica . Notable people named Ivica Ivica Avramovi , Serbian footballer Ivica D idi , Croatian footballer Ivica Grli , Bosnian Croat footballer Ivica Kralj , Montenegrin footballer Ivica Mornar , Croatian soccer player Ivica Oli , Croatian soccer player Ivica Dragutinovi , Serbian soccer player Ivica Osim , Bosnian footballer and coach Ivica Ra an , Croatian politician Ivica Raji , Croatian soldier Ivica erfezi , Croatian singer Ivica Kosteli , Croatian alpine skier See also lookfrom given name Category Given names Category Masculine given names Category Bosnian masculine given names Category Croatian masculine given names bs Ivica vor fr Ivica ko hr Ivica razdvojba ru sl Ivica sr ... more details
unreferenced date June 2007 Adaptive equipment are tool device s that are used to assist with completing activities of daily living . Bathing , dressing, Personal grooming grooming , toileting, and feeding are self care activities that are including in the spectrum of activities of daily living ADLs . Jennifer McLaughlin Maly a P.T. D.P.T. in her article located in the journal Exceptional Parent gives a more complete definition of adapative equipment Typically, a piece of adaptive equipment is utilized to increase a child s function. Examples of adaptive equipment or assistive technology are wheelchairs, lifts, standing frames, gait trainers, augmentative communication devices, bath chairs, and recreational items such as swings or tricycles. ref McLaughlin Maly, J. 2007 . My child needs a piece of adaptive equipment Now what? Well it depends The Exceptional Parent, 11 37 , 46 47 ref A growing market for adaptive equipment is in the use of mobility vans. In this case, adaptive equipment, also known as assistive technology, can help a person with a disability operate a motor vehicle when otherwise they would not be able to. ref http www.clockmobility.com assistive technology Adaptive Equipment ref References Reflist Category Tools disability stub ... more details
Auto text is a portion of a text preexisting in the computer memory , available as a supplement to newly composed document s, and suggested to the document author by software . A block of Auto text can contain a few letter alphabet letter s, word s, Sentence linguistics sentence s or paragraph s. It can be chosen by the document author via menu or be offered automatically after typing specific words or letters word prediction or text prediction , or be added to the document automatically after typing specific words or letters word text completion . Auto text saves the time of typists who type many similar documents, or serves as an assistive technology for aiding persons with disability disabilities . These disabilities may be hand upper limb disabilities that slow down movement, or produce pain or fatigue medical fatigue , as well as spelling disorders e.g. dysgraphia . Persons with speech disabilities who type on augmentative and alternative communication devices may also benefit from Auto text, since it can speed up their communication . Examples of software that offer Auto text Microsoft Word SoothSayer 4 Kurzweil 3000 Category Software systems Category Assistive technology he ... more details
Partner assisted scanning or listener assisted scanning is an augmentative and alternative communication technique used to enable a person with severe speech impairments to communicate. The approach is used with individuals who, due to sickness or disability, have severe motor impairments and good memory and attention skills. ref Beukelman & Mirenda, 2005, p.41 ref It is used as an alternative to direct access e.g. pointing to symbols, pictures, or Voice output communication aid speech generating devices when these are not used. ref name lili Lilienthal, N. 2009 . http www.speechpathologyguru.com what is partner assisted visual scanning a125 What is Partner Assisted Visual Scanning? Retrieved May 2010. ref Users of partner assisted scanning Partner assisted scanning is a technique used with children who have severe motor and communication impairments, and especially those with additional visual impairment , those who do not yet have an established Augmentative and alternative communication alternative form of communication , or who are unable to use their usual method, perhaps because their electronic speech output device is being repaired. ref Burkhart, L. J. http www.Lburkhart.com Partner Assisted Communication Strategies For Children Who Face Multiple Challenges . Retrieved May 2010 ref Adults may also use scanning with a partner when they are not using their more high tech alternative communication device. ref name lili Partner assisted scanning can also be the main means of communication for adults in late stages of diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS , Multiple Sclerosis MS or those in intensive care . ref name bgy Beukelman, Garrett & Yorkston, 2007, p. 41 ref ref Beukelman & Mirenda, 2005, p.443 ref Technique In partner assisted scanning, the communication ... Bibliography Beukelman, D. R. & Mirenda, P. 2005 . Augmentative & Alternative Communication Supporting .... Beukelman, D. R., Garrett K. L., & Yorkston, K. M. 2007 . Augmentative Communication Strategies For Adults ... more details
A communicative disorders assistant CDA performs Hearing sense hearing and speech language screenings, prepares therapy materials, implements speech therapy , reports on therapy outcomes, performs Planned maintenance routine maintenance on clinical equipment, and works with Speech and language pathology speech language pathologists SLPs and audiologist s to adjust therapy goals. While CDAs cannot perform assessments or set therapy goals, they are a vital part of the therapy team. CDAs are supervised by, but work in conjunction with SLPs and audiologists. While anyone working under the supervision of a speech language pathologist or audiologist may be considered to be Supportive Personnel, Communicative Disorder Assistants receive their title after being specifically trained and educated in various communicative issues as well as completing field placements in various communication areas such as fluency , Manner of articulation articulation , augmentative and alternative communication , and Glossary of medical terms related to communications disorders Aural rehabilitation aural rehabilitation at various institution types. These may include, but are not limited to school boards, hearing aid manufacturers, acute care hospitals, treatment centres, long term care facilities, community health units, private agencies, augmentative communication companies and audiology clinics. In Canada , Communicative Disorder Assistants are not regulated, although the Audiologists and Speech language Pathologists who supervise them typically are regulated under the College of Audiologists and Speech Language Pathologists of Ontario CASLPO or the Canadian Association of Speech Language Pathologists and Audiologists CASLPA . The training, supervision, and scope of practice use of CDAs is specified within these organizations. The Communicative Disorders Assistant Association of Canada CDAAC recognizes for membership only students or graduates of approved Communicative Disorders Assistant pr ... more details
This is a list of Spanish language Spanish words of uncertain origin. Some of these words existed in Latin and or Ancient Greek , but are thought by some scholar s to ultimately come from some other source. Many of these words have alternate etymology etymologies and may also appear on a list of Spanish language Spanish words from a different language . CompactTOC2 A adem n agachar agalla aj amargo amarillo &anchoa a icos apache ardilla areito arete aro arrancar arrear arriero arroyo arveja alverja asustar azulejo azure Azure color B balde barrel, tub barato barraca barro bata ba l beso bisagra bizco borrar borrego &bronce bruja buitre burla burlar buscar C caba a, cacarear caleta cama cambur camilla &canica caracol carcajada catal n catalu a cebra celta cagarra changa chango charco &chileno chipre chiste chorro chupar cibern tica coco cochino, cucubano D &danza derrocar &destrozar E espa ol ez name suffix G gabacho gacho gago gana ganga garbanzo garza gobernar godo gorra gorri n gorro g tico graznar gusano, H hipo Hola J jud a lima bean juey L lama latir laurel leopardo lerdo lirio water lily liso listo M malgache malva manteca mantecado mantequilla &mascota maullar metralla mimo mimar moh no moho &moneda mo o mueca migir N nabo ni a O &ola olivo n augmentative suffix opposite of a diminutive suffix , as found in bal n big ball. the same as Italian language Italian one . Examples guitarr n from guitarra , salchich n from salchicha . Exceptions nouns ending in n that are not in the augmentative aguij n, camar n, empuj n. P pantano pantalla pantera parra parrilla pata pat n patear patillas pat n patio pato patrulla pavana pel cano peluca peque o pera pito porrazo prado S &sabotear saeta salpicar salsif senda sendero sodio soga &sucre susto T titere tonto topar tope trenza trocar tropa tropel troza truco V verde Z z ngano &zapato zorroBBVNNBBVNBVBNVNBVVNBNBV zorra See also Linguistic history of Spanish List of English words of Spanish origin References Breve dicci ... more details
generating devices SGD , also known as voice output communication aids , are electronic augmentative ... that allowed the computer based production of Augmentative and alternative communication Low ... Augmentative and alternative communication Low tech communication boards . They share some of their comparative ... program Augmentative and alternative communication is typically much slower than speech, ref ... name rate enhancement ref name venkatagiri ref name types of aac devices types Augmentative Communication ... Augmentative & alternative communication supporting children & adults with complex communication ... generating devices In support of natural speech. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 19 span .... Automatic generation of conversational utterances and narrative for augmentative and alternative ... span id glennen class citation Glennen, Sharon L. and Decoste, Denise C. 1997 . The Handbook of Augmentative ... http www.infinitec.org learn learningaboutat augment.htm title Augmentative Alternative Communication ... downloads acpsbook introbook.pdf 6 title Augmentative Communication in Practice ...., & Lesher, G. 2007 . Webcrawler Enhanced augmentative communication. Paper presented at CSUN Conference ... Mathy coauthors Yorkston, Guttman title Augmentative and Alternative Communication Disorders for Adults with Acquired Neurologic Disorders editor Beukelman, D.,Yorkston, K., Reichle, J. chapter Augmentative ... with severe handicaps vocal and augmentative strategies url http books.google.com books?id ... title The efficacy of augmentative and alternative communication towards evidence based practice ... Devices, Augmentative Communication, Incorporated accessdate 2009 03 19 span span id toby class citation ... 2002 title A journey through early augmentative communication and computer access journal Journal ... 04d rateenhance.htm title Rate Enhancement,Augmentative and Alternative Communication at the University ... Zangari first C. coauthors Lloyd, L., Vicker, B. year 1994 title Augmentative and alternative communication ... more details
& Mirenda, P. 2005 . Augmentative and Alternative Communication Supporting Children and Adults with Complex ... disability. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 12 4 , 244 256. Category Symbols Category ... more details
Semantic compaction also known as iconic encoding or Minspeak , is an Augmentative and alternative communication technique in which sequences of icons pictorial symbols are combined in order a word or a phrase from an AAC device in order increase a person s rate of speech. ref name drager2010 Drager, K., Light, J., 2010 A Comparison of the Performance of 5 year old Children with Typical Development using Iconic Encoding in AAC Systems with and without Icon Prediction on a Fixed Display Augmentative and Alternative Communication 26 1, 12 20 ref ref Beukelman, D. and Mirenda, P. 2005 . Augmentative and Alternative Communication Supporting Children and Adults with Complex Communication Needs. 3rd edition . Baltimore Brookes. ref ref http www.minspeak.com students distinctions.php Minspeak We give you language. Semantic Compaction Systems. 20 April 2010. ref Conceptual basis Linguist Bruce Baker was the first to develop this idea of sequencing picture symbols as an encoding system and patented this concept under the name Minspeak. ref name baker Baker, B. 1986 . Using Images to generate speech. Byte. 160 168. ref Symbol sets that use iconic encoding are different from other sets in that there is not a one to one correspondence between a symbol and its meaning. ref name glennen Glennen, Sharon L. and Decoste, Denise C. 1997 . The Handbook of Augmentative and Alternative Communication. Singular Publishing Group, Inc. San Diego, CA. pp. 122 23 ref As the symbols typically contain a variety of details, each symbol may be associated with multiple meanings. ref name glennen For example, a Minspeak symbol depicting a dog holding a newspaper can also represent the concepts dog, pet and bring get, depending on the other symbols with which it is combined. ref name glennen Minspeak provides a means of coding language whereby specific combinations of symbols generate specific messages ... four and five year old children with AAC systems using different language organization techniques. Augmentative ... more details
In linguistics, speaker Affect psychology affect is attitude or emotion that a speaker brings to an utterance. Affects such as sarcasm, contempt, dismissal, distaste, disgust, disbelief, exasperation, boredom, anger, joy, respect or disrespect, sympathy, pity, gratitude, wonder, admiration, humility, and awe are frequently conveyed through paralinguistic mechanisms such as intonation linguistics intonation , facial expression, and gesture , and thus require recourse to punctuation or emoticon s when reduced to writing, but there are grammatical and lexical expressions of affect as well, such as pejorative and approbative or laudative expressions or inflections, adversative forms, Honorifics linguistics honorific and deferential language , interrogative s and tag question s, and some types of evidentiality . Lexical choices may Framing social sciences frame speaker affect. Examples are slender positive affect vs scrawny negative affect , thrifty positive vs. stingy negative , freedom fighter positive vs. terrorist negative , etc. Murphy 2003 In many languages of Europe, augmentative derivations are used to express contempt or other negative attitudes toward the noun being so modified, whereas diminutive s may express affection on the other hand, diminutives are frequently used to belittle or be dismissive. For instance, in Spanish language Spanish , a name ending in diminutive ito masculin or ita feminine may be a term of endearment , but se orito little mister for se or mister is mocking. Polish language Polish has a range of augmentative and diminutive forms, which express differences in affect. So, from aba a frog , besides abucha for simply a big frog, there is augmentative absko to express distaste, abisko if the frog is ugly, abula if it is likeably awkward, etc. Affect can also be conveyed by more subtle means. Duranti 1984 , for example, shows that the use of pronouns in Italian narration indicates that the character referred to is important to the narra ... more details
Cojones IPA es ko xones is a vulgar Spanish language Spanish word for testicle s or, denoting courage when used in the phrase tener cojones equivalent to English have the balls to . It is considered a curse word when used by itself as an expletive in Spanish. In English, as a loanword , it means courage , brazenness , nerve , guts , etc. English usage In US slang , cojones denotes brazen, brave attitude , pronounced IPA en k ho ne z and IPA k hu n z in English. Context language use Context ually, its usage is like that of the Yiddish language Yiddish chutzpah nerve , the Bosnian language Bosnian , Croatian language Croatian , Serbian language Serbian and Macedonian language Macedonian muda balls , the French language French couilles balls and the Finnish language Finnish sisu perseverance . A common euphemism euphemistic misspelling of cojones is cajones furniture drawers and wooden box drums , see caj n . The first English language text to contain the word cojones as a metaphor for bravery is Ernest Hemingway s 1932 book on bullfighting , Death in the Afternoon . It takes more cojones, he wrote, to be a sportsman where death is a closer party to the game. ref http www.slate.com id 2262667 ref Spanish etymology and usages Cojones s. coj n IPA es ko xon and huevos eggs or bolas pelotas balls are vulgar Spanish curse word usages for testicles . The singular form, coj n contains the augmentative suffix n implying magnitude , and derives from the Vulgar Latin coleonem , the accusative form of coleo testicle , an augmentative form of c leus leather bag for liquids its variants are c leus and culleus . The le j or li j pronunciation shift is common to Latin and Spanish, e.g. folia hoja leaf , which is a cognate with the English word foliage . The exclamation Qu cojones is used to express pain, anger, excitement or irony, and is approximately synonymous with the interjection co o vulva expressing anger and surprise. ref El peque o Larousse ilustrado 1999 p.285 ref Anal ... more details
Douglas Paul Biklen born September 8, 1945 is an American educator best known for promoting the controversial theory of facilitated communication , an augmentative and alternative communication technique for people with communication impairments, particularly autism . Biklen learned of the theory of facilitated communication FC in Melbourne , Australia and exported it to the US. According to this theory, some individuals whose communication is hindered by dyspraxia can communicate with the aid of a facilitator, who supports the patient s hand while he or she types words on a keyboard. However, critics claim that what the client types is actually produced by the facilitator. In all controlled studies where clients and facilitators are given different information, the client types the name of the object seen by the facilitator, not the clients. Biklen co produced the 2004 film Autism Is a World , directed by Geraldine Wurzburg . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject . He also produced the film My Classic Life as an Artist A Portrait of Larry Bissonnette at Syracuse University. Biklen has worked at Syracuse University since 1969 and founded the university s Facilitated Communication Institute in 1992. In August 2005, Biklen was promoted to dean of the School of Education. The appointment was criticised by the Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health http www.syracuse.com news poststandard index.ssf? base news 0 1123231329116721.xml&coll 1 and by some members of the special education research community http spedpro.org 2005 10 31 dismay over syracuse appointment of dean . External links http soeweb.syr.edu Teaching intro tl biklen i.html Syracuse University page http soeweb.syr.edu thefci Facilitated Communication Institute , Syracuse University http www.pbs.org wgbh pages frontline programs transcripts 1202.html Transcript of Frontline episode Prisoners of Silence , October 19, 1993 http home.vicnet.net.au dealcc FrontA.htm Res ... more details
Orphan date April 2010 Unreferenced date April 2010 iMean is a computer program an app created for Apple Computer s iPad tablet computer. It transforms the entire screen of the iPad into a large font letterboard so that autistic people and others who use facilitated communication can benefit from an augmentative communications device. iMean allows the user to point to letters and numbers with a finger. The app collects the words on its text display as they re spelled out. iMean offers word suggestions to complete partly spelled words, speeding up the conversation. A facilitator can participate, as is usually done with a paper letterboard, but iMean encourages greater communication independence. iMean was developed by Michael Bergmann, a New York based filmmaker whose son is autistic, and Richard Meade Miller, an 18 year old first time programmer from Los Angeles. Bergmann s son, Daniel Bergmann, 14, was not only the inspiration for the app, but provided significant input on the app s design and feature set. It also includes word prediction features developed by Aram Julhakyan of ZenBrains, Barcelona, Spain. It was one of the select group of apps that was available on the Appstore when the iPad launched on April 3, 2010. Unlike the costly software and hardware devices often targeted at those with disabilities, iMean was introduced at a modest 4.99US to encourage users to try it with little risk. This is often an important issue, since the compatibility of a particular assistive technology is very variable from one user to another, depending on the user s individual skills and limitations testing several high priced solutions can become a severe financial burden. References http www.imean.mobi iMean website www.iMean.mobi Category Assistive technology ... more details
Boston line letter was a tactile writing system created by Samuel Gridley Howe Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe in 1835, a popular precursor to the now standardized Braille . History Samuel Gridley Howe Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe , the first director of the New England Asylum for the Blind now Perkins School for the Blind , studied tactile graphic tactile printing systems in Europe and developed his own system of raised type called Boston line letter. Howe s system was similar to raised letters designed by James Gall in Edinburgh, Scotland in the 1820s ref cite book last Harris first Elizabeth title In Touch Printing and Writing for the Blind in the Nineteenth Century year 1981 publisher National Museum of American History location Washington, D.C. pages 10 15 ref . In 1835 Howe printed Acts of the Apostles , the first book produced in Boston line letter. The letterforms were an angular modification of Roman letters and had no capital letters . The first books Embossing paper embossed at the American Printing House for the Blind in 1866 were in Boston line letter. By 1868, N.B. Kneass, Jr. , a printer in Philadelphia , had adapted what became known as a combined system which used the lower case forms of Boston line letter and capital letters from a rival tactile system known as Philadelphia Line ref cite book title Braille Into The Next Millennium year 2000 publisher National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped location Washington, D.C. isbn 0844410217 pages 41 46 url http www.loc.gov nls brailleexhibit millennium.html ref . Until replaced by dot systems this hybrid form of raised letters was the predominant embossed type for blind people in the United States and the choice of most of the schools. Notes references Category Assistive technology Category Augmentative and alternative communication Category Blindness Category Latin alphabet representations Category Digital typography CharacterEncoding stub Latin alphabet stub ... more details
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