Citations missing date November 2009 Auctoritas is a Latin word and is the origin of English authority ... expanded the use of the word. In ancient Rome , Auctoritas referred to the general level of prestige ... of author , comes from auctor as founder or, one might say, planter cultivator . Similarly, auctoritas ... of property in question more in the sense of sponsored or acquired than manufactured . This auctoritas ... Senate Cicero attacks Catilina , from a 19th century fresco Politically, auctoritas was connected to the Roman Senate Roman Senate s authority auctoritas patrum , not to be confused with potestas ... people . In this context, Auctoritas could be defined as the juridical power to authorize some other act. The 19th century classicist Theodor Mommsen describes the force of auctoritas as more than ..., Cum potestas in populo auctoritas in senatu sit. While power resides in the people, authority ... actions. Thus, auctoritas characterizes the auctor The pater familias authorizes that is, validates and legitimates his son s wedding in prostate . In this way, auctoritas might function as a kind of passive counsel , much as, for example, a scholarly authority. Auctoritas principis After the fall ... had the title of princeps first citizen of Rome and held the auctoritas principis the supreme moral ... powers. Middle Ages The notion of auctoritas was often invoked by the papacy during the Middle Ages ... invoked auctoritas in order to depose kings and emperors and to try to establish a papal theocracy . Hannah Arendt Hannah Arendt considers auctoritas a reference to founding acts as the source of political ... of the latter. Citation needed date May 2009 Arendt further considers the sense of auctor and auctoritas ... Agamben suggests a relationship between the Roman auctoritas , Max Weber s charismatic authority charismatic .... Agamben compares auctoritas to the F hrer who embodies nomos empsuchon or living law in their relationship ... 10 ed. Eunsa, 2004 Rafael Domingo Osle , Auctoritas Ariel, 1999 Ancient Rome topics Category Latin ... more details
Duo sunt is a letter written in 494 by Pope Gelasius I to emperor Anastasius I emperor Anastasius I . ref name Fordham http www.fordham.edu halsall source gelasius1.html Medieval Sourcebook Gelasius I on Spiritual and Temporal Power Bot generated title ref Dualistic principle of Church and State This letter established the dualistic principle that would underlie all Western European political thought for almost a millennium . In the letter, Gelasius expressed a distinction between two powers , which he called the holy authority of bishops auctoritas sacrata pontificum and the royal power regalis potestas . Potestas and auctoritas These two powers, auctoritas lending justification to potestas , and potestas providing the executive strength for auctoritas were, he said, to be considered independent in their own spheres of operation, yet expected to work together in harmony. Sovereign immunity The letter played a significant role in the development of the legal doctrine of sovereign immunity , in that it gave political protections to the papacy and the monarchy, who promised not to violate each others respective jurisdictions. This doctrine remains in force in international politics, even though most absolute monarchies have been replaced by constitutional monarchies or republics. References references catholicism stub Category Immunity law Category Religion and politics Category 490s works he pt Duo sunt ... more details
Not to be confused with wikt iustitia iustitia , the Latin word for justice, or Justitia , the allegorical figure representing justice. Justitium is a concept of Roman law , equivalent to the declaration of the state of emergency . It was usually declared following a Monarch sovereign s death, during the troubled period of interregnum , but also in case of invasions. However, in this last case, it was not as much the physical danger of invasion that justified the instauration of a state of exception, as the consequences that the news of the invasion had in Rome for example, justitium was proclaimed at the news of Hannibal s attacks. According to Giorgio Agamben , justitium progressively came to mean, after the Roman Republic , the public mourning of the sovereign a sort of privatization or diversion of the danger threatening the polis , as the sovereign claimed for himself the auctoritas necessary to the rule of law. See also Portal Philosophy Auctoritas Giorgio Agamben Interregnum State of emergency References Giorgio Agamben, State of Exception , 2005. External links http web.upmf grenoble.fr Haiti Cours Ak The Roman Law Library by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev Category Emergency laws Category Latin legal terms Category Philosophy of law Category Political philosophy Category Roman law law term stub Philosophy stub de Justizium fr Justitium sv Justitium ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 Gravitas was one of the Ancient Rome Roman virtue s, along with Pietas virtue pietas , Dignitas Roman concept dignitas and Virtus virtue virtus . It may be translated variously as weight, seriousness, dignity , or importance, and connotes a certain substance or depth of personality. See also wiktionarypar gravitas Portal box Classical Civilisation Philosophy Auctoritas Dignitas Roman concept Dignitas Pietas virtue Pietas Potestas Virtus virtue Ancient Rome topics Category Latin words and phrases Category Ancient Roman virtues ancient rome stub it Gravitas mk pt Gravitas ... more details
unreferenced date January 2010 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Potestas is a Latin word meaning power or faculty. It is an important concept in Roman Law . Origin of the concept The idea of potestas originally referred to the power, through coercion , of a magistratus Roman magistrate to promulgate edicts, give action to litigants, etc. This power, in Roman political and legal theory, is considered analogous in kind though lesser in degree to military power. The most important magistrates such as consul s and praetor s are said to have imperium , which is the ultimate form of potestas, and refers indeed to military power. Potestas strongly contrasts with the power of the Roman senate Senate and the prudents , a common way to refer to Roman jurist s. While the magistrates had potestas, the prudents exercised auctoritas . It is said that auctoritas is a manifestation of socially recognized knowledge, while potestas is a manifestation of socially recognized power. In Roman political theory, both were necessary to guide the res publica and they had to inform each other. Evolution of the concept in the Middle Ages After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , most institutions of Roman public law fell into disuse, but much of Roman political theory remained. During the early Middle Ages the Christian world was ruled in theory by the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor . Citation needed date November 2010 The former had the spiritual power, which was identified with auctoritas, while the latter had temporal power, identified with potestas. Citation needed date August 2007 At first, the Pope crowned the Emperor and the Emperor appointed the Pope, Citation needed date August 2007 so they were in a situation of balance, but after the Investiture Controversy the Pope was instead chosen by the College of Cardinals. Citation needed date November 2010 As the effective power of the Holy Roman Empire declined, kingdoms asserted their own independence. Citation needed date ... more details
In Ancient Roman Private law civil law , acceptilatio is defined to be a release by mutual interrogation between debtor and creditor , by which each party is exonerated from the same contract . In other words, acceptilatio is the form of words by which a creditor releases his debtor from a debt or obligation, and acknowledges he has received that which in fact he has not received veluti imaginaria solutio . It is equivalent to the modern wiktionary acceptilation acceptilation . This release of debt by acceptilatio applies only to such debts as have been contracted by stipulatio , conformably to a rule of Roman law, that only contracts made by words can be ended by words. But the astuteness of the Roman lawyers found a mode of complying with the rule, and at the same time extending the acceptilatio to all kinds and to any number of contracts. This was the invention of Gallus Aquilius , who devised a formula for reducing all and every kind of contracts to the stipulatio. This being done, the acceptilatio would immediately apply, inasmuch as the matter was by such formula brought within the general rule of law above mentioned. The acceptilatio must be absolute and not conditional. A part of a debt or obligation might be released as well as the whole, provided the thing was in its nature capable of division. A pupillus could not release a debt by acceptilatio, without the auctoritas of his tutor , but he could be released from a debt. A woman also could not release a debt by stipulatio without the auctoritas of a tutor. The phrase by which a creditor is said to release his debtor by acceptilatio is, debitori acceptum , or accepto facere or ferre , or acceptum habere . When anything which was done on the behalf of or for the state, such as a building for instance, was approved by the competent authorities, it was said, in acceptum ferri , or referri . See also Roman Law References SmithDGRA Category Roman law it Acceptilatio pl Akceptylacja ... more details
term auctoritas to be a suitable alternative. In 46 BC, Cicero cited the ambiguous nature of the concept ... virtue Pietas Gravitas Roman decadence References Balsdon, J.p.v.d. Auctoritas, Dignitas, Otium. The Classical ... Auctoritas he ... more details
Politics of Ancient Rome A senatus consultum Latin decree of the senate plural senatus consulta is a text emanating from the senate in Ancient Rome . It is used in the modern phrase senatus consultum ultimum . Translated into French as s natus consulte , the term was also used during the French Consulate , First French Empire and Second French Empire . Republic In the case of the ancient Roman Senate under the Roman Republic , it was simply an opinion expressed by the senate, such as the Senatusconsultum Macedonianum or the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus . Under the Republic, it referred to a text promulgated by the senate on planned laws presented to the senate by a Roman consul consul or praetor . Officially these consulta were merely advice given to the Republic s magistrates, but in practice magistrates often followed them to the letter ref name B44 Robert Byrd Byrd , 44 ref . Despite only being an opinion, it was considered obligatory to have one before submitting the decision to a vote and moreover a hostile consultum from the senate almost systematically provoked the new law s abandonment or modification. If a consultum conflicted with a law promulgated by one of the Republic s legislative assemblies, the law took on a priority status and overrode the consultum ref Polybius, History , VI.4 ref . All proposed motions could be blocked by a veto from a tribune of the plebs or an intercessio by one of the executive magistrates. Each motion blocked by a veto was registered in the annals as senatus auctoritas will of the senate . Each ratified motion finally became a senatus consultum . Each senatus auctoritas and each senatus consultum was transcribed in a document by the president, which was then deposited in the Aerarium ref name B44 . Empire Under the Roman Empire , the Roman legislative assemblies were rapidly neutralised. Realising these assemblies were very corrupt and dysfunctional, the first emperors transferred all legislative powers to the senate. Af ... more details
Roman government A list regarding the Political institutions of Ancient Rome . Unsourced image removed Image Spqr under augustus.gif thumb 350px Roman government under early Empire Constitutions Constitution of the Roman Kingdom Constitution of the Roman Republic Constitution of the Roman Empire Legislatures Roman senate Roman assemblies Curia Roman Curia Comitia curiata Comitia centuriata Comitia tributa Concilium plebis Public offices aedile Censor ancient Rome censor palatine comes palatinus Roman consul consul decemviri Roman dictator dictator Roman Emperor emperor Roman Governor governor imperator legatus lictor Magistratus ordinarii extraordinarii magistrate pontifex maximus praetor Praetor Peregrinus praetor peregrinus princeps senatus Procurator Roman procurator promagistrates quaestor King of Rome rex Roman senator senator tribune vigintisexviri Political factions Optimates Populares Social ranks Nobiles Patrician ancient Rome Patricians Equites Plebs Proletariat Usage in Roman Law Proletarians Institutional usage auctoritas civitas collegia consilium consortium customary law consuetudo contract contractus curiae cursus honorum decrees decreta digesta edicts edicta fiducia gravitas imperium iudex ius Roman law List of Roman laws lex libertas municipium obligation obligatio patria pietas potestas responsa Roman province provincia ratio senatus consultum First Triumvirate Second Triumvirate Lists of Roman Officials Kings of Rome List of Roman kings List of Roman Consuls List of Roman Emperors princeps senatus List of principes senatus List of Roman censors List of Roman governors of Britain Miscellaneous Tarpeian Rock Ancient Rome topics Category Ancient Rome Category Roman law Category Ancient Rome lists ca Institucions pol tiques de Roma es Anexo Instituciones pol ticas de la Antigua Roma he pt Institui es pol ticas da Roma Antiga ro Institu ii politice ale Romei fi Rooman valtakunnan hallinto ja politiikka ... more details
traces the concept of state of exception Ausnahmezustand used by Carl Schmitt to Roman justitium and auctoritas ... administration. Auctoritas , charisma and F hrertum doctrine Agamben shows that auctoritas and potestas ... Agamben, State of Exception 2005 ref He quotes Theodor Mommsen Mommsen , who explains that auctoritas ... function, auctoritas immediately derives from the patres personal condition . As such, it is akin to Max ... of auctoritas . Moreover, in the person detaining auctoritas the sovereign public life and Privacy private life have become inseparable. Augustus , the first Roman emperor who claimed auctoritas as the basis ... eyes. The concept of auctoritas played a key role in fascism and Nazism , in particular concerning Carl ... Duce or the Nazi F hrer , it is important not to forget their continuity with the principle of auctoritas ... to the physical person and belong to the biopolitical tradition of auctoritas and not to the juridical tradition of potestas ref Agamben, State of Exception ibid. , chapter 6 Auctoritas and potestas ..., as did Carl Schmitt. Agamben concludes his chapter on Auctoritas and potestas writing quotation It is significative that modern specialists were so enclined to admit that auctoritas was inherent ... to be the groundwork of auctoritas preeminence or, at least, specific rank compared to potestas ... of exception, justitium , the auctoritas principis , the F hrertum , put in use in more or less ... defined as charismatic is related to the concept of auctoritas and elaborated in a F hrertum doctrine ... preceding Auctoritas and potestas , Agamben advances an explanation of the transformation of justitium ... . 2002 See also Portal Philosophy Auctoritas Giorgio Agamben Agamben s explanation of Auctoritas State ... more details
named Auctoritas . This is not so in other monarchies where the new monarch s reign begins only ... s famous theory of the Kings s Two Bodies 1957 showed how auctoritas Kantorowicz used the synonym ... more details
Infobox Saint name Saint Hilary of Arles birth date 403 AD death date 449 AD feast day May 5 venerated in Roman Catholic Church image imagesize 250px caption birth place death place titles beatified date beatified place beatified by canonized date canonized place canonized by attributes patronage major shrine suppressed date issues Saint Hilary of Arles c. 403 449 was a bishop of Arles . In early youth he entered the abbey of L rins Abbey L rins then presided over by his kinsman Saint Honoratus Honoratus Saint Honor , and succeeded Honoratus in the bishopric of Arles in 429. Following the example of Augustine of Hippo St Augustine , he is said to have organized his cathedral clergy into a congregation, devoting a great part of their time to social exercises of ascetic religion. He held the rank of metropolitan of Vienne and Narbonne , and attempted to exercise the sort of primacy over the church of south Gaul , which seemed implied in the vicariate granted to his predecessor Patroclus of Arles 417 . Hilarius deposed the bishop of Besan on , Chelidonus, for ignoring this primacy, and for claiming a metropolitan dignity for Besan on. An appeal was made to Rome, and Pope Leo I used it to extinguish the Gallican vicariate AD. 444 . Hilarius was deprived of his rights to consecrate bishops, call synod s, or oversee the church in the province, and the pope secured the edict of Valentinian III , so important in the history of the Gallican church, ut episcopis Gallicanis omnibusque pro lege esset quidquid apostolicae sedis auctoritas sanxisset. The papal claims were made imperial law, and violation of them subject to legal penalties Novellae Valent. iii. tit. 16 . Hilarius died in 449, and his name was later introduced into the Roman martyr ology for commemoration on May 5. During his lifetime he had a great reputation for learning and eloquence as well as for piety his extant works Vita S. Honorati Arelatensis episcopi and Metrum in Genesin compare favourably with any sim ... more details
about authority as a concept citations missing date November 2008 Authority , from the Latin word auctoritas , means invention, advice, opinion, Social influence influence , or Military command command . Essentially authority is imposed by superior hierarchy superior s upon inferior s either by force of arms structural authority or by force of argument sapiential authority . Usually authority has components of both compulsion and persuasion. For this reason, as used in Roman law, authority is differentiated potestas legal or military power and imperium persuasive political rank or standing. Legitimate Authority In government , authority is often used interchangeably with power philosophy power . However, their meanings differ while power is defined as the ability to influence somebody to do something that he she would not have done , authority refers to a claim of Legitimacy political legitimacy , the justification and right to exercise that power. For example, whilst a Crowd mob has the power to punish a criminal, for example by lynching , people who believe in the Might makes right rule of law consider that only a court of law has the authority to order punishment. Since the emergence of social sciences , authority has been a subject of research in a variety of empirical settings the family parental authority , small groups informal authority of leadership , intermediate organizations, such as schools, churches, armies, industries and bureaucracies organizational and bureaucratic authorities and society wide or inclusive organizations, ranging from the most primitive tribal society to the modern nation state and intermediate organization political authority . The definition of authority in contemporary social science is a matter of debate. According to Michaels, in the Encyclopedia ... to authority Auctoritas Authoritarianism Cognitive authority Dominance ethology Milgram experiment ... Hierarchy in Ch an Zen Buddhism in America 1999 Rafael Domingo Osle , Auctoritas 1999 Karl Popper ... more details
claimed auctoritas for himself as princeps until Rome s military collapse in the West fall of Rome ... by merit in the style that Augustus himself had gained the position of auctoritas . Imperial propaganda ... extended on the basis of merit, or auctoritas , but on a firmer basis, allowing Vespasian and future ... more details
. He also has analyzed the nature of the relationship between auctoritas authority and potestas ... covers in his book entitled, Auctoritas 1999 . This work provides a complete vision of lvaro ... s Edict Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 1992, 1993, 1995 Auctoritas On Authority Ariel, 1999 ... more details
phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty , attached to a personal form of power named Auctoritas ... year interregnum wherein magic was impossible. See also Portal Philosophy Auctoritas Giorgio Agamben ... more details
dignitas and influence auctoritas derived from his position as princeps senatus , and his legal ... both the dignitas and auctoritas to hold these informal positions. In many ways, augustus is comparable ... Roman emperors. See also Archons Auctoritas Basileus Caesar title Imperium References Reflist 2 unreferenced ... more details
Wiseman , Clio s Cosmetics Leicester University Press, 1979 , pp. 67 69, 85, et passim . ref The auctoritas .... ref Ward. p. 57 ref Dignitas Roman concept Dignitas and auctoritas . Dignitas and auctoritas ... could earn auctoritas prestige and respect . ref Ward. p. 58 ref Notes Reflist 2 References ... more details
their approval. This approval came in the form of a decree called the auctoritas patrum authority of the fathers or authority of the patrician senators . The lex Publilia required the auctoritas patrum ... seems to have made the auctoritas patrum irrelevant. ref name Abbott, 51 Abbott, 51 ref Thus, the Plebeian ... significant component of this law was the fact that it ended the requirement that an auctoritas ... more details
Martin de Barcos 1600 1678 was a French theologian of the Jansenist School. He was born at Bayonne , a nephew of Jean du Vergier de Hauranne , Abbot of Saint Cyran, who sent him to Belgium to be taught by Cornelius Jansen . When he returned to France he served for a time as tutor to the son of Robert Arnauld d Andilly and later, 1644, succeeded his uncle at the Benedictine abbey of Saint Cyran du Jambot Saint Cyran in Berry province Berry . He did much to improve the abbey new buildings were erected, and the library much enhanced. Unlike many commendators of his day who scarcely ever saw the abbeys over which they held authority, Barcos became an active member of Saint Cyran, was ordained priest 1647, and gave himself up to the rigid asceticism preached by his sect. His friendship with du Vergier and Arnauld and, through them, with Port Royal des Champs Port Royal soon brought him to the front in the debates of Jansenism. He collaborated with du Vergier in the Petrus Aurelius and with Arnauld in the book on Frequent Communion . Of his own treatises, some bear on authority in the Church and some on the then much mooted questions of grace and predestination . To the first class belong 1 De l autorit de saint Pierre et de saint Paul 1645 , 2 Grandeur de l glise de Rome qui repose sur l autorit de saint Pierre et de saint Paul 1645 . 3 claircissements sur quelques objections que l on a form es contre la grandeur de l glise de Rome 1646 . These three books were written in support of an assertion contained in the book On Frequent Communion , namely St. Peter and St. Paul are the two heads of the Roman Church and the two are one . This theory of dual church authority, implying an equality of the two Apostles, was condemned as heretical by Pope Innocent X , in 1674 Denzinger, Enchiridion, 965 . To the second class belong A censure of Jacques Sirmond s Praedestinatus 1644 . Quae sit Sancti Augustini et doctrinae eius auctoritas in ecclesia? 1650 . Barcos holds that a pr ... more details
History Image Exeter Tree Halo.jpg thumb right 200px Phillips Exeter Academy, where Kappa Epsilon Pi was founded Collegiate secret societies within America s universities have a long tradition, initially started within East Coast colleges, and eventually trickling down into what became the secret societies found at America s oldest boarding schools. Between 1898 and 1908, high school secret societies were a recognizable feature within the school system, and Otto C. Schneider, President of the Chicago School Board of 1908, took an active role in stopping their influence within secondary schools. Initial growth in the Midwest may have been fueled by competition with the East Coast. Boston Latin , the oldest public school in America, and Erasmus High School often had football matches with Chicago s top public schools, thereby spreading an influence from the East Coast to the Midwest. ref name ihsa cite web url http www.ihsa.org initiatives hstoric fraternities.htm title Chicago High School Football Struggles, The Fight for Faculty Control, and the War Against Secret Societies, 1898 1908 last Pruter first Robert work Illinois H.S.toric year 2003 accessdate 2008 05 09 ref Many of Chicago s upper class students had East Coast connections. Introductions could have been made to the K.O.A and A.U.V. Auctoritas, Unitas, Veritas secret societies of Phillips Academy , of which Skull and Bones inductee George H. W. Bush was a member of the latter. ref name pa bush cite web url http www.pa56.org andoverbush.htm title Andover work Skull and Bones accessdate 2008 05 09 ref The most elite high school secret society in America was Kappa Epsilon Pi , founded at Phillips Exeter Academy in 1891 and fashioned as the Preparatory Order of Skull and Bones . The order s badge was an expensively crafted gold skull and laurel wreath creation, incorporating seed pearls, rubies and emeralds. Exeter s group became the model for all high school secret societies throughout America, especially for P ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced January 2010 orphan January 2010 The Consilium Principis advisers to the princeps was a Committee council created by the first Roman Emperor , Augustus , in the latter years of his reign to control legislation in the deliberative institution of the Roman Senate Senate . The princeps from Latin , meaning first man was another title for the emperor. Overview The Consilium Principis had a foundation in imperial Roman government until the time of Emperor Diocletian 284 305 AD . Augustus throughout his reign took legislative control from the Senate and placed it under his auspices. However it was the creation of this new body that stood to make the Senate a second tier legislative body, as fundamentally the Consilium Principis controlled the bills put forward to the Senate. Therefore the Senate, the most important administration of the Roman Republic , remained in name only. Scullard states, But though in practice the senate increasingly developed into an active legislative assembly, the initiative and advice behind its activity may often have come from the emperor. Whilst the Senate grew in prestige with 3 censuses to reduce its membership in 28BC, 18BC and 11BC and similarly with the imposition of its membership with the requirement that senators be worth 1 million sesterces, Augustus increasingly had the foremost role in the Roman state. The consilium principis comprised Augustus, the consuls and 15 senators with lower ranking members rotating out of the body every six months, however, owing to Augustus auctoritas and him being princeps the body fell under his auspices. Scullard reinforces this notion saying In one important way he made the Senate more efficient and at the same time, more amenable to his own wishes he established a senatorial standing committee. It was in Augustus 76th year AD 13 that he became unable to, through his old age, properly manage the Senate and as a result required counselors, consisting of supporters and famil ... more details
senators gave their approval. This approval came in the form of an auctoritas patrum authority ... the auctoritas patrum to be passed before a law could be voted on by one of the assemblies, rather ... why, but this modification seems to have made the auctoritas patrum irrelevant. ref name Abbott, 51 ... the Hortensian Law lex Hortensia , which ended the requirement that an auctoritas patrum be passed ... more details
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