Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Atmosphericfocusing is a phenomenon occurring when a large shock wave is produced in the Earth s atmosphere atmosphere , as in a nuclear explosion or large extraterrestrial object impact. The shock wave is refraction refracted horizontally by density variations in the atmosphere so that it can have impacts in localized areas much further away than the theoretical extent of its blast effect. In large bombs, some effects may thus be found hundreds of kilometers from the blast site such as in the case of the Tsar Bomba test, where damage was caused up to approximately 1,000 km away . This effect operates similarly to the patterns made by sunlight on the bottom of a pool, the difference is that the light is bent at the contact point with the water while the shock wave is distorted by density variations e.g. due to temperature variations in the atmosphere. Variations of wind can cause a similar effect. This will disperse the shock wave at some places and focus it at others. For powerful shock waves this can cause damage farther than expected the shock wave energy density will decrease beyond expected values inverse square law based on uniform geometry math 1 r 2 math falloff for weak shock or acoustic waves, as expected at large distances . DEFAULTSORT AtmosphericFocusing Category Shock waves Category Nuclear weapons Climate stub ... more details
about the use of the term focusing in psychotherapy and related disciplines In psychotherapy related disciples, the term focusing is used to refer to the simple matter of holding a kind of open, non judging attention to something which is directly experienced but is not yet in words. Focusing can be used ... Cornell author2 Barbara McGavin title The Focusing Student s and Companion s Manual. Part One date February, 2008 publisher Calluna Press isbn 0 9721058 0 8 ref Focusing is set apart from other methods ... of teaching and reflection, which has made it possible for Focusing to become accessible to countless people all over the world. Gendlin brought the practice of Focusing to the attention of psychotherapists ..., and when it wasn t. ref name Focusing E. T. Gendlin. http www.focusing.org focusingbook.html Focusing . Second edition, Bantam Books, 1982. ISBN 0 553 27833 9. ref Eugene Gendlin found that successful ... he termed a felt sense . However Gendlin himself says I did not invent Focusing. I simply made some steps which help people to find Focusing. What is a felt sense ? Much of what a person knows has never ... more than any attempt to express it verbally. The focusing process makes a felt sense more tangible and easier to work with. ref name Focusing In order to help the felt sense form, the focuser ... them. Fact date March 2008 Learning and using the technique of Focusing Gendlin and others devised teaching steps for the process he had observed. His six steps are detailed in the book Focusing . ref name Focusing Ann Weiser Cornell teaches Focusing as a four step process, ref name AWCFocusingManual while emphasizing that there is an essence to Focusing that is beyond steps. ref name AWCAcceptance Focusing is now practiced all over the world. ref http www.innerrelationship.com directory.html ..., which supports the Focusing process. At other times people do Focusing alone, with the company of a journal or a sketchbook. Drawing and painting are especially vital to the Focusing processes of children ... more details
Self focusing is a nonlinear optics non linear optical process induced by the change in refractive index of materials exposed to intense electromagnetic radiation . ref Cumberbatch, E. Self focusing in Non ... increases with the electric field intensity acts as a focusing lens for an electromagnetic wave characterised ... or medium damage interrupt this process. Self focusing is often observed when radiation generated ... index which result in self focusing the main cases are Kerr induced self focusing and plasma self focusing. Kerr induced self focusing Kerr induced self focusing was first predicted in the 1960s ... beams , Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 479 1964 ref ref Kelley, P. L. Self focusing of optical beams , Phys. Rev ... and liquids. ref Lallemand, P. and Bloembergen, N. Self focusing of laser beams and stimulated ... where the intensity is higher, usually at the centre of a beam, creating a focusing density ... Collapse of Ultrashort Pulses , Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3582 2000 ref Self focusing beams have been found .... Lett. 90, 203902 1 2003 ref Self focusing occurs if the radiation Power physics power is greater than the critical power ref name Fibich2000 Fibich, G. and Gaeta, A. L. Critical power for self focusing ... power is P sub cr sub 1.6 MW. Kerr induced self focusing is crucial for many applications in laser ... that self focusing would produce in the amplification of femtosecond laser pulses. On the other hand, self focusing is a major mechanism behind Kerr lens modelocking , laser filamentation in transparent media, ref Kasparian, J. et al. White light filaments for atmospheric analysis , Science 301 ... in general. Plasma self focusing Advances in laser technology have recently enabled the observation of self focusing in the interaction of intense laser pulses with plasmas. ref Borisov, A. B. et al ... , Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2953 1995 ref Self focusing in plasma can occur through thermal, relativistic and ponderomotive effects. ref Mori, W. B. et al. Evolution of self focusing of intense electromagnetic ... more details
Focusing may refer to Focusing , a psychotherapic technique Focusing proof theory The act of adjusting something to make a beam focus optics See also Focus disambiguation dab Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Image Weak focusing w2.gif right thumb A particle accelerator is able to contain particles in a relatively large channel by applying a magnetic field along the rotation axis of the accelerator In particle accelerators Weak focusing occurs when particles are kept in reasonably strong, uniform magnetic fields that causes them to move in circles under the influence of the Lorentz force . Weak focusing is a name for the fact that the trajectories of non mutually interacting particles moving on these circles intersect. ref http www.bnl.gov bnlweb history focusing.asp Brookhaven history The Alternating Gradient Concept ref The effect is reminiscent of the way that similar orbits in space intersect twice per revolution due to gravity. See also Strong focusingfocusing due to asymmetric magnetic fields can achieve much narrower focusing Particle accelerator References references Category Particle accelerators particle stub ru ... more details
with a grid etched on it to control the perspective visual perspective distortion, for fast focusing ... view cameras, field cameras and some medium format cameras may have etchings on the focusing screen ... to the size of the focusing screen the only focusing aid really needed is a magnifying glass. Autofocus ... LCD overlay that reveals focus points as needed. gallery Image Fresnellinse.jpg Standard focusing screen of the Nikon F 1959 1971 Image Fresnellinse mattscheibe.jpg Other side of the same focusing screen ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Focusing Blur Type studio Artist Vintersorg Cover TheFocusingBlur.jpg Released Start date 2004 2 16 Recorded 2002 2003 Genre Progressive metal br Avant garde metal br Black metal Length 53 50 Label Napalm Records Napalm Producer Vintersorg Reviews Last album Visions from the Spiral Generator br 2002 This album The Focusing Blur br 2004 Next album Solens r tter br 2007 The Focusing Blur is the fifth full length album by Sweden Swedish progressive metal progressive folk metal band Vintersorg . It was released on February 16, 2004. This album was the most progressive album to date, with many experimental and avant garde metal avant garde elements and the lyrics were now all written and sung in English language English . Track listing All Songs Written & Arranged By Vintersorg Iron Avantgarde Publishing . Prologue Dialogue The Reason 2 14 The Essence 5 54 The Thesises Seasons 4 47 Matrix Odyssey 4 39 Star Puzzled 5 48 A Sphere in a Sphere? To Infinity 5 35 A Microscopical Macrocosm 4 37 Blindsight Complexity 4 52 Dark Matter Mystery Blackbody Spectrum 5 03 Curtains 4 45 Artifacts of Chaos 2 37 Epilogue Metalogue Sharpen Your Mind Tools 2 59 Personnel Vintersorg Andreas Hedlund Mr. V All vocals, acoustic, rhythm, & lead guitars, keyboards, Hammond, loops & editing Mattias Marklund Lead & rhythm guitars Guest Musicians Lars Nedland Lars Lazare Nedland Storytelling, Hammond on Star Puzzled Steve DiGiorgio Session Bass Asgeir Mickelson Session Drums Production Produced By Vintersorg Recorded, Engineered & Mixed By Vintersorg, Borge Finstad & Nils Johansson Vintersorg DEFAULTSORT Focusing Blur Category Vintersorg albums Category 2004 albums Category Napalm Records albums it The Focusing Blur pl The Focusing Blur pt The Focusing Blur ru The Focusing Blur sv The Focusing Blur ... more details
Hydrodynamic focusing is a technique used by microbiologist s to provide more accurate results from flow cytometer s or Coulter counter s for determining the size of bacteria or Cell biology cells . Measuring particles Cells are counted as they are forced to pass through a small tunnel clarify date December 2010 , causing disruptions in a laser light beam or electricity flow. These disruptions are analyzed by the instruments. It is hard to create tunnels narrow enough for this purpose using ordinary manufacturing processes, as the diameter must be in the magnitude of micrometers, and the length of the tunnel should exceed several millimeters. Focusing with a fluid Hydrodynamic focusing solves this problem by building up the walls of the tunnel from fluid, using the effects of fluid dynamics . A wide hundreds of micrometers in diameter tube made of glass or plastic is used, through which a wall of fluid called the sheath flow is pumped. The sample is injected into the middle of the sheath flow. If the two fluids differ enough in their velocity or density, they do not mix they form a two layer stable flow. Sources http www.facslab.toxikologie.uni mainz.de engl. 20Websites zytometrie engl.jsp http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov articlerender.fcgi?artid 376528 DEFAULTSORT Hydrodynamic Focusing Category Microbiology techniques Microbiology stub nl Hydrodynamische focusing ... more details
Gas focusing , also known as ionic focusing . Rather than being dispersed, a beam of charged particles travelling in an inert gas environment sometimes becomes narrower. This is ascribed to the generation of gas ions which diffuse outwards, neutralizing the particle beam globally, and producing an intense radial electric field which applies a radially inward force to the particles in the beam. Sabchevski S P and Mladenov G M 1994 J. Physics D Applied Physics 27 690 697 Mladenov G., and Sabchevski S., Potential distribution and space charge neutralization in intense electron beams an overview Vacuum , 2001,v62, N2 3, pp. 113 122 See also Vacuum tube Teleforce External links http www.photonics.com directory dictionary lookup.asp?url lookup&entrynum 2705&letter i Ionic focusing Category Plasma physics physics stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 An internal focus lens sometimes known as IF is a photographic lens design in which focus optics focus is shifted by moving the inner lens group or groups only, without any rotation or shifting of the front lens element. This makes it easy to use, for example, a screwed in Polarizing filter Photography polarizing filter or a petal shaped lens hood . During macro lens macro photography , using an internal focus lens reduces the risk of the front of the lens accidentally hitting the subject during focusing as the front element does not move. One issue internal focusing lens can have is that the true focal length of the lens is reduced when not focused at infinity. ref http www.bobatkins.com photography technical measuring focal length.html Measuring focal length ref See also Breathing lens References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Internal Focusing Category Photographic lenses Photo stub ... more details
Image Aust. Synchrotron, Sextupole Focusing Magnet, 14.06.2007.jpg 250px right thumb Sextupole magnet Sextupole electromagnet as used within the storage ring of the Australian Synchrotron to Focus optics focus and steer the electron beam In accelerator physics strong focusing or alternating gradient focusing is the principle that the net effect on a particle beam of charged particles passing through alternating field gradients is to make the beam converge. By contrast Weak focusing is the principle that nearby circles, described by charged particles moving in a uniform magnetic field, only intersect once per revolution. Earnshaw s theorem shows that simultaneous focusing in two directions at once is impossible. However, ridged poles of a cyclotron or two or more spaced quadrupole magnet s arranged ... focusing.asp The Alternating Graident Concept Bot generated title ref Strong focusing was first ... 1 Courant, Livingston and Snyder, The Strong Focusing Synchroton A New High Energy Accelerator ref ref http prola.aps.org abstract PR v88 i5 p1197 1 Blewett, Radial Focusing in the Linear Accelerator ref at Brookhaven National Laboratory . The advantages of strong focusing were then quickly realised ... 2 Origin of the Strong Focusing Principle ref . Courant and Snyder found that the net effect of alternating the field gradient was that both the vertical and horizontal focusing of protons could be made ... today utilise the strong focusing principle. Multipole magnets Image Aust. Synchrotron, Quadrupole Focusing Magnet, 14.06.2007.jpg 250px right thumb Quadrupole magnet Quadrupole electromagnet ... effect. ref http www linux.gsi.de boine vorlesung skript html node9.html Beam focusing Bot generated ... been a suggested use of strong focusing Quadrupole magnet Sextupole magnet Nicholas Christofilos the scientist that first conceived strong focusing External links http bc1.lbl.gov CBP pages educational ... accelerators nl Strong focusing ... more details
Isoelectric focusing IEF , also known as electrofocusing , is a technique for separating different molecules by their electric charge differences. It is a type of zone electrophoresis , usually performed on protein s in a gel electrophoresis gel , that takes advantage of the fact that overall charge on the molecule of interest is a function of the pH of its surroundings. Isoelectric focusing in laboratory IEF involves adding an ampholyte solution into immobilized pH gradient IPG gels. IPGs are the acrylamide gel matrix co polymerized with the pH gradient, which result in completely stable gradients except the most alkaline 12 pH values. The immobilized pH gradient is obtained by the continuous change in the ratio of Immobilines .An Immobiline is a weak acid or base defined by its pK value. A protein that is in a pH region below its isoelectric point pI will be positively charged and so will migrate towards the cathode negative . As it migrates through a gradient of increasing pH, however, the protein s overall charge will decrease until the protein reaches the pH region that corresponds to its pI. At this point it has no net charge and so migration ceases as there is no electrical attraction towards either electrode . As a result, the proteins become focused into sharp stationary ... for proteins of differing sizes. Isoelectric focusing can resolve proteins that differ in Isoelectric ... Verlag, 1996 German ref Isoelectric focusing is the first step in two dimensional gel electrophoresis ... through SDS PAGE . Isoelectric focusing by living cells According to some opinions, ref cite journal author Flegr J title Does a cell perform isoelectric focusing? journal BioSystems volume 24 pages ... 1478 3975 3 2 002 pmid 16829696 issue 2 ref living eukaryotic cells perform isoelectric focusing ... focusing Microchip based electrophoresis is a promising alternative to capillary electrophoresis ... of isoelectric focusing DEFAULTSORT Isoelectric Focusing Category Electrophoresis Category Industrial ... more details
Orphan date August 2010 Context date August 2010 Flow focusing is a technology whose aim is the production of drops or bubbles by straightforward hydrodynamic means. The output is a dispersed liquid or gas, frequently in the form of a fine aerosol or an emulsion . No other driving force is required, apart from traditional pumping, a key difference with other comparable technologies, such as electrospray where an electric field is needed . Both flow focusing and electrospray working in their most extensively used regime produce high quality sprays composed by homogeneous and well controlled size droplets. Mechanism The basic principle consists of a continuous phase fluid focusing or sheath fluid flanking or surrounding the dispersed phase focused or core fluid , so as to give rise to droplet or bubble break off in the vicinity of an orifice through which both fluids are extruded. The principle may be extended to two or more coaxial fluid s gases and liquids may be combined and, depending of the geometry of the feed tube and orifices, the flow pattern may be cylindrical or planar ref Ga n Calvo AM, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 80, 285. ref ref Ga n Calvo AM, Gordillo JM, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001, 87, 274501 ref . Both cylindrical and planar flow focusing have led to a variety of developments. A flow focusing device consists of a pressure chamber pressurized with a continuous focusing fluid supply. Inside, one or more focused fluids are injected through a capillary feed tube whose extremity opens up in front of a small orifice linking the pressure chamber with the exterior ambient. The focusing fluid stream moulds the fluid meniscus into a cusp giving rise to a steady micro or nano ... of controllable thickness. Flow focusing ensures an extremely fast as well as controlled production ... is essential in establishing a steady meniscus shape in flow focusing, as illustrated in the case ... surface. Applications Flow focusing may be applied in the food, medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Focusing in with Blur Type studio Longtype with spoken word Artist Blur band Blur Cover Released 1991 Recorded 1990 1991 Genre Alternative rock , Baggy , Indie rock , spoken word Length 25 07 Label SBK Records Producer Jeff Panzer Last album Leisure album Leisure br 1991 This album Focusing in with Blur br 1991 Next album Blur ti go br 1992 Album ratings rev1 Rate Your Music rev1Score Rating 2.3 5 ref http rateyourmusic.com release unauth blur focusing in with blur interview and music ref Focusing in with Blur is an album by British indie rock band Blur band Blur , released in 1991. The album is a 12 track album of interviews with the band about their career and their 1991 debut album, Leisure album Leisure , the band s only album released prior to Focusing in with Blur . The album was only released on CD and cassette as a promo to US radio stations, giving it similarities with another radio only music and interview album, Blur The Best of...The Radio Show . Track listing The track listing is somewhat wrong. The back cover states tracks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 as being song excerpts, and tracks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 being interviews. Actually, the even number tracks are the excerpts and odd number tracks are interviews. In fact, the entire album is set up as a consecutive 25 minute feature and each track featured both musical and spoken elements, aside from the spoken only track 5. The back cover track listing is as follows Bang Excerpt Interview There s No Other Way Excerpt Interview She s So High Excerpt Interview Bad Day Excerpt Interview High Cool Excerpt Interview I Know Excerpt Interview Personnel ref http www.vblurpage.com discography promos us focusing.htm ref Damon Albarn vocals, interview, song writer Graham Coxon guitar, interview Alex James bass, interview Dave Rowntree drums, interview Mike Mena interview conductor Jeff Panzer producer Matt Kane assistant producer Marc Graue editor, album produced at his recording ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Sensate focus or sensate focusing is a term usually associated with a set of specific sexual exercises for couples or for individuals. The term was introduced by Masters and Johnson , ref cite book last Van Hasselt first Vincent B. coauthors Michel Hersen title Sourcebook of psychological treatment manuals for adult disorders publisher Springer year 1996 pages 348 351 url http books.google.co.uk books?id 00l25ZZB9LoC&pg PA349&dq Sensate focusing&as brr 3&client firefox a v onepage&q Sensate 20focusing&f false isbn 9780306451447 ref and was aimed at increasing personal and interpersonal awareness of self philosophy self and the other s needs. Each participant is encouraged to focus on their own varied sense experience , rather than to see orgasm as the sole goal of sex . Method A sex therapist will usually guide the timing and technique of the sensate focusing. In the first stage, the couple may touch each other s body bodies excluding breasts and genitals. They are encouraged to enjoy and become increasingly aware of the texture and other qualities of their partner s skin . Intercourse is disallowed. Any focus on the genitals is not allowed. Participants concentrate on what they themselves find interesting in the skin of the other, not on what they think the other may enjoy. The second stage increases the touch options to include breasts. Sensation and gathering information about the partner s body is still encouraged and intercourse and touching of the genitals is still forbidden. The participants then use a technique of placing their hand over their partner s hand in order to show what they find pleasurable in terms of pace and pressure. Learning about the partner s body is still the goal rather than pleasure. Further stages include the gradual introduction of genitals and then full intercourse. Orgasm is never the focus. This is also used as a treatment for impotence in males, and arousal difficulties especially where anxiety is involved ... more details
Merge Storage tank date January 2010 orphan date February 2009 An atmospheric tank is a container for holding a liquid at atmospheric pressure . The major design code for welded atmospheric tanks are API 650 and API 620. API 653 is used for analysis of in service storage tanks. External links http www.novanumeric.com samples.php?CalcName APITanks Atmospheric Storage Tanks API 650 and API 653 Calculations Category Pressure vessels phys stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An atmospheric sounding is a measurement of vertical distribution of physical properties of the atmosphere atmospheric column such as atmospheric pressure pressure , temperature , wind speed and wind direction thus deriving wind shear , liquid water content, ozone concentration, pollution, and other properties. Such measurements are performed in a variety of ways including remote sensing and in situ Earth and atmospheric sciences in situ observations. The most common in situ sounding is a radiosonde , which usually is a weather balloon , but can also be a rocketsonde . Remote sensing soundings generally use passive infrared and microwave radiometer s airborne instruments surface stations Earth observing satellite instruments such as Atmospheric Infrared Sounder AIRS and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit AMSU There is even a sounder at Mars the Mars climate sounder on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter . See also Thermodynamic diagrams Skew T log P diagram External links http weather.uwyo.edu upperair sounding.html University of Wyoming Atmospheric Soundings DEFAULTSORT Atmospheric Sounding Category Atmospheric thermodynamics Category Diagrams Climate stub pl sonda atmosferyczny fr SkewT ja Skew T log P ... more details
Atmospheric window may refer to Radio window Infrared window Optical window disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Infobox Journal title Atmospheric Research cover Image Atmospheric Research cover.gif discipline Atmospheric sciences language English abbreviation publisher Elsevier country Netherlands frequency history 1986 present openaccess No impact 1.811 impact year 2009 website http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 503323 description link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC 38524896 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0169 8095 eISSN Atmospheric Research is a scientific journal dealing with the part of the atmosphere where meteorological events occur intended for atmospheric scientists such as meteorologists and climatologists , aerosol scientists, and hydrologists. It is a highly international journal with attention given to all processes extending from the earth surface to the tropopause, but special emphasis continues to be devoted to the physics of clouds and precipitation, i.e. atmospheric aerosols microphysical processes cloud dynamics and thermodynamics numerical simulation of cloud processes clouds and radiation meso and macrostructure of clouds and cloud systems, and weather modification.. See also List of scientific journals List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences External links http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 503323 description Elsevier summary Category Meteorology journals Category Elsevier academic journals sci journal stub climate stub ... more details
refimprove date August 2008 orphan date August 2008 Atmospheric correction is the process of removing the effects of the atmosphere on the reflectance values of images taken by satellite or airborne sensors. ref cite web url http www.umiacs.umd.edu research GC atmo index.html title Atmospheric Correction accessdate 2008 08 18 publisher University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies ref There are bidirectional and empirical models for doing atmospheric correction on an image. See also colbegin 3 Adaptive optics colend References reflist External links http books.google.ca books?id u17Zv45DENoC&pg PA157&lpg PA157&dq Atmospheric Corrections&source web&ots ABVKHMTh f&sig f gR5KqcbXqCeK0PXk6dY5UuC9s&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 2&ct result Google books result http books.google.ca books?id KQXNaDH0X IC&pg PA343&lpg PA343&dq Atmospheric Corrections&source web&ots skh0EQFcMH&sig sRzu7plKBpDjDrLkrDHTuGXdkcc&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 5&ct result Google books result DEFAULTSORT Atmospheric Correction Category Photographic techniques science stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 An atmospheric waveguide is an Earth s atmosphere atmospheric Fluid dynamics flow feature that improves the propagation of certain atmospheric wave s. The effect arises because wave parameters such as group velocity or vertical wavenumber depend on mean flow direction and strength. Thus, for instance, westerly wind westerlies might be a good waveguide for east ward traveling waves, but might strongly dissipation dissipate west ward traveling waves, by increasing or decreasing their vertical wavenumber, respectively. Modification of the waves group velocity will change their meridional propagation speed, directing them more geographical pole polewards or more equator wards. Category Atmosphere ... more details
Atmospheric instability is a condition where the atmosphere is generally considered to be unstable and as a result the weather is subject to a high degree of variability through distance and time ref http www.ace.mmu.ac.uk eae Weather Older Stability of Air.html Stability of Air ref . Atmospheric stability is a measure of the atmosphere s tendency to encourage or deter vertical motion, and vertical motion is directly correlated to different types of weather systems and their severity. In unstable conditions, a lifted parcel of air will be warmer than the surrounding air at altitude. Because it is warmer, it is less dense and is prone to further ascent. In meteorology , instability is described by a lifted index and a K index . There are two primary forms of atmospheric instability ref http www.piercecollege.edu offices weather stability.html Explanation of Atmospheric Stability Instability by Steve W. Woodruff ref Convective instability Dynamic instability fluid mechanics Under convective instability thermal mixing through Atmospheric convection convection in the form of warm air rising leads to the development of clouds and possibly precipitation meteorology precipitation or convective storms . Dynamic instability is produced through the horizontal movement of air and the physical forces it is subjected to such as the Coriolis force and pressure gradient force . Dynamic lifting and mixing produces cloud, precipitation and storms often on a synoptic scale meteorology synoptic scale . See also Atmospheric thermodynamics Buoyancy References Reflist Meteorological variables DEFAULTSORT Atmospheric Instability Category Atmospheric dynamics Category Atmospheric thermodynamics climate stub de Schichtungsstabilit t der Erdatmosph re nl Atmosferische stabiliteit sv Luftens temperaturskiktning ... more details
Wikify date December 2011 The Atmospheric dynamo is a pattern of electrical currents that are set up in the Earth s ionosphere by multiple effects, mostly the Sun s solar wind, but also the tides of the moon and Sun. ref http books.google.co.uk books?id uVA4AAAAIAAJ&lpg PA84&ots bgk 6ndSaD&dq atmospheric 20dynamo&pg PA86 v onepage&q atmospheric 20dynamo&f false An introduction to the ionosphere ... Google Books Bot generated title ref ref http www.agu.org pubs crossref 1957 JZ062i002p00329.shtml On The Atmospheric Dynamo Theory Bot generated title ref The currents flow in circuits between the poles and the equator, but they are not well understood. ref http www.nasa.gov mission pages sunearth news rockets atmosphere.html NASA Sounding Rockets Study How Winds In Space Drive Currents in the Upper Atmosphere Bot generated title ref References reflist Category Atmosphere Category Space plasmas Category Plasma physics physics stub ... more details
An atmospheric wave is a periodic disturbance in the fields of atmospheric variables like surface pressure or geopotential height , temperature , or wind velocity which may either propagate traveling wave or not standing wave . Atmospheric waves range in spatial and Time temporal scale from large scale planetary waves Rossby wave s to minute sound wave s. Atmospheric waves with periods which are harmonics of 1 solar day e.g. 24 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours... etc. are known as atmospheric tide s. Causes and effects The mechanism for the forcing of the wave, for example the generation of the initial or prolonged disturbance in the atmospheric variables, can vary. Generally, waves are either excited by heating or Dynamics mechanics dynamic effects, for example the obstruction of the flow by mountain ranges like the Rocky Mountains in the United States U.S. or the Alps in Europe . Heating effects can be small scale like the generation of gravity wave s by convection or large scale the formation of Rossby waves by the temperature contrasts between continents and oceans in the Northern hemisphere winter . Atmospheric waves transport momentum , which is fed back into the background flow as the wave dissipates . This wave forcing of the flow is particularly important in the stratosphere , where this momentum deposition by planetary scale Rossby waves gives rise to sudden stratospheric warming s and the deposition by gravity waves gives rise to the quasi biennial oscillation . In the mathematical description of atmospheric waves, spherical harmonics are used. When considering a section of a wave along a latitude circle, this is equivalent to a sinusoidal shape. Types of waves Because ... wave types are sound wave s usually eliminated from the atmospheric equations of motion due to their high .... internal gravity wave s require stable Atmospheric stratification stratification of the atmosphere ... 0 12 354015 1 Category Atmospheric dynamics Category Waves de Atmosph rische Welle nl Atmosferische ... more details
Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry ... and ecosystems. Examples of problems which have been addressed by atmospheric chemistry include acid rain , ozone depletion , photochemical smog , greenhouse gas es and global warming . Atmospheric chemists .... Atmospheric composition Image Atmospheric composition Langley.svg thumb 290px Visualisation of composition ... processes related to atmospheric composition. class wikitable colspan 2 Average composition of dry ... studies of atmospheric composition began in the 18th century. Chemists such as Joseph Priestley ... small concentrations. One particularly important discovery for atmospheric chemistry was the discovery of ozone by Christian Friedrich Sch nbein in 1840. In the 20th century atmospheric science moved ... on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 ref In the 21st century the focus is now shifting again. Atmospheric ... system . Instead of concentrating on atmospheric chemistry in isolation the focus is now on seeing it as one ..., lab measurements and modeling are the three central elements in atmospheric chemistry. Progress in atmospheric chemistry is often driven by the interactions between these components and they form ... Observations of atmospheric chemistry are essential to our understanding. Routine observations of chemical composition tell us about changes in atmospheric composition over time. One important ... rise in of the concentration of carbon dioxide . Observations of atmospheric chemistry are made ... for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements , ships and balloons. Observations of atmospheric composition ... in the horizontal region they can cover. Many observations are available on line in Atmospheric ... theoretical understanding of atmospheric chemistry, computer models such as chemical transport model ... concentrations of chemical compounds in the atmosphere. One important current trend is for atmospheric ..., atmospheric composition and the biosphere can be studied. Some models are constructed by automatic ... more details
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