About the spore bearing cell in fungi Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance ASCUS Bethesda System Image Morelasci.jpg thumb 300px right Asci of Morchella elata . Phase contrast image. An ascus plural asci from Greek http www.perseus.tufts.edu hopper text?doc Perseus 3Atext 3A1999.04.0057 3Aentry 3Da sko 2Fs skin Animal skin products skin bag is the sexual spore bearing cell produced in Ascomycota ascomycete fungi . On average, asci normally contain eight ascospore s, produced by a meiosis meiotic cell division followed, in most species, by a mitosis mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can number one e.g. Monosporascus cannonballus , two, four, or multiples of four. In a few cases, the ascospores can bud off conidia that may fill the asci e.g. ... a pore or an operculum. In some hymenium forming genera, when one ascus bursts, it can trigger ... and Saccharomycotina do not form croziers. Ascus classification Image Hypomyces chrysospermus.jpg .... The form of the ascus , the capsule which contains the sexual spores, is important for classification of the Ascomycota . There are four basic types of ascus. A unitunicate operculate ascus has a lid ... ascus has an elastic ring that functions like a Relief valve pressure valve . On ripening it briefly ... perithecia an example is the illustrated Hypomyces chrysospermus . A bitunicate ascus is enclosed ... ascus.gif thumb left Ascus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing a tetrad of four spores Prototunicate ... ascus wall simply dissolves so that the spores can escape, or it is broken open by other influences ... term for cases which do not fit into the other three ascus types, and they probably belong to several ... Glossary Ascus http www.apsnet.org education IllustratedGlossary PhotosA D ascus.htm APSnet Illustrated Glossary of Plant Pathology Ascus Fungus structure Category Mycology Category Fungal morphology and anatomy ca Asc micologia cs V ecko de Ascus et Eoskott es Asca micolog a eo Asko fr Asque cellule ... more details
The ascus is a diagnostic Morphology biology morphological feature of the bryozoa n suborder Ascophora hence the name of the suborder . It is a water filled sac of frontal membrane opening ascopore at or near the zooid orifice. It functions as a hydrostatic system by allowing water into the space below the inflexible, calcified frontal wall covering their whole frontal surface apart from the orifice when the zooid everts its polypide feeding tentacles by muscles pulling the frontal membrane inwards non ascophoran Cheilostomata cheilostomes do not need this structure as their frontal wall is not calcified and thus flexible . Category Bryozoans bryozoan stub ... more details
File Crosiere of arcbishop Heinrich of Finstingen.jpg thumb Christian crosier 1260 1286 of the form that is the name sake of the fungal structure. A crozier is an anatomical feature of many fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that form at the base of ascus asci and look like hook topped shepherd s staffs or stylized religious crosier s. The term is also used in describing the unfurled frond of certain fern species. ref C.Michael Hogan. 2010. http www.eoearth.org article Fern Fern . Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for Science and the Environment . Washington, DC. ref During the ascus initial formation the crozier helps to maintain a dikaryotic state in the ascus initial and its side branch that will continue the spreading growth of the ascogenous hyphae in Ascomycota fruitbodies. The tips of developing asci on these ascogenous hyphae curl over. One haploid nucleus migrates into the curved tip while the other compatible haploid nucleus remains in the penultimate space below the hook. The ascus initial itself forms as a radiating spur branch at the top of the hook. Each Cell nucleus nucleus divides resulting in the formation of a pair of compatible nuclei, i.e. a dikaryon , in the ascus. Two sister nuclei remain, one in the basal cell and the other in the crozier. The tip of the crozier fuses with the penultimate cell while walling itself off from the ascus by the formation of a septum . The nucleus from the crozier migrates into the penultimate cell joining the other nucleus, thus maintaining a dikaryotic state. These nuclei migrate into a side branch growing from the base of the ascus that repeats the ascus crozier formation innumerable times. Mature croziers are detectable through microscopic examination of mature asci as small curved bridges at the basal septa. A minority of Ascomycota lack crosiers, hence the presence or absence of croziers is an important taxonomic character. Croziers resemble and function similarly to clamp connection s on the dikaryotic hyph ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Anasca was a bryozoa n sub order under class Cheilostomida defined by the lack of an ascus bryozoa ascus in each zooid . It is no longer an accepted Scientific classification taxonomic grouping as it is considered a polyphyly polyphyletic and or paraphyly paraphyletic grouping. The group is now subdivided into the suborders Inovicellata , Scrupariina , Malacostega , and Flustrina . Category Bryozoans invertebrate stub fr Anasca ... more details
Taxobox regnum Fungi divisio Ascomycota classis Lecanoromycetes ordo Lecanorales familia Parmeliaceae genus Anzia genus authority Stizenb. File Anzia colpodes.jpg thumb Anzia colpodes Anzia is a genus of lichen ised ascomycete s in the large family Parmeliaceae . It is a genus of roughly 45 currently accepted species . It was formerly included in the monogeneric family Anziaceae, but this has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae. ref name Crespo, et al. Crespo, A., Lumbsch, H.T., Mattsson, J. E., Blanco, O., Divakar, P.K., Articus, K., Wiklund, E., Bawingan, P.A., Wedin, M. 2007 . Testing morphology based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae Ascomycota using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 812 824. http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 17276700t ref Members of Anzia have a foliose growth form, with a thallus that can anywhere from 2 30 cm wide. It is one of the only groups in the family not to have 8 spores in each ascus, but instead has numerous spores in each ascus varying slightly from ascus to ascus . The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution , but is concentrated in the northern hemisphere , particularly in Japan . ref name Galloway Galloway, D.J. 2007 . Flora of New Zealand Lichens Revised 2nd Edition http floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz pages index.aspx ref References reflist Category Parmeliaceae Category Lichens ... more details
pairs of ascospores green in each ascus Now the wall of the future perithecium beings to form ... fungus Sphaerotheca , S. castagnei contains only a single ascus . The the cell in which ... of the row have one nucleus each. The young ascus develops from this penultimate cell in which the two nuclei fuse following a rapid increase in the size of the ascus, which presses against the inner wall cells of the perithecium and absorbs them. The nucleus of the ascus finally divides three ... of the spores from the ascus . This is accomplished by the appearance of a vertical slit in the perithecium from which the ascus protrudes, swelling to several times the diameter of the perithecium. The walls of the ascus become rigid, the ascospores collect at the apex, eventually being discharged forcibly through the slit. Sometimes an ascus slips out of the perithecium, bursting open ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Morelasci.jpg thumb 255px right Asci of Morchella elata , containing ascospores An ascospore is a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus. This kind of spore is specific to fungi classified as ascomycete s Ascomycota . Typically, a single ascus will contain eight ascospores. The eight spores are produced by a combination of a meiotic division followed by a mitotic division. The meiosis division turns the original diploid zygote nucleus into four haploid ones. That is, the single original cell from which the whole process begins contains two complete sets of chromosome s. In preparation for meiosis, all the DNA of both sets is duplicated, to make a total of four sets. The nucleus that contains the four sets divides in two stages, separating into four new nuclei each of which has one complete set of chromosomes. Following this process, each of the four new nuclei duplicates its DNA and undergoes a division by mitosis. As a result, the ascus will contain four pairs of spores. The Fungi Saccharomyces produces ascospores when grown on V 8 medium, acetate ascospor agar, or Gorodkowa medium. These ascospores are globose and located in asci. Each ascus contains one to four ascospores. The asci do not rupture at maturity. Ascospores are stained with Kinyoun stain and ascospore stain. When stained with Gram stain, ascospores are gram negative while vegetative cells are gram positive. Fungus structure Category Ascomycota Category Germ cells Category Fungal morphology and anatomy Ascomycetes stub ca Asc spora cs Askospora es Ascospora kk nl Ascospore pl Askospory ru uk ... more details
ASCI or Asci may refer to Advertising Standards Council of India Asci, the plural of Ascus , in fungal anatomy Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative American Society for Clinical Investigation Argus Sour Crude Index ASci Corporation Association of Christian Schools International Associazione Scout Cattolici Italiani, co founder of Associazione Guide e Scouts Cattolici Italiani Administrative Staff College of India , Hyderabad,India Hyderabad See also ASCII disambig de ASCI it ASCI ... more details
Image Scarlet Elf Cup fungus.JPG thumb right Center Scarlet Elf cup. Discomycetes is a former taxonomy taxonomic class biology class of Ascomycete fungi which contains all of the cup, sponge, brain, and some club like fungi. It includes typical cup fungi like the Sarcoscypha scarlet elf cup and the Aleuria aurantia orange peel fungus , and fungi with fruiting bodies of more unusual shape, such as Morchella morels , Tuber genus truffles and the swamp beacon . New taxonomic and molecular data fail to support the monophyly of the discomycetes. A common feature of Discomycetes are the Ascus asci , which are typically produced on the surface of cup like fruiting bodies. In most discomycetes, each ascus contains eight sexual spore s that are forcibly discharged into the air when mature. In modern classifications, the members of the obsolete class are included in Pezizomycetes , Lecanoromycetes , Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes . External links http www.huh.harvard.edu research discomycetes The Discomycetes project at Harvard University mainly Pezizales http biologi.uio.no bot ascomycetes Sclero.key.html Synoptic keys to the inoperculate stromatic discomycetes in the Nordic countries Sclerotiniaceae & Rutstroemiaceae Category Ascomycota es Discomycetes ka ... more details
Taxobox image Amandinea.punctata2. .lindsey.jpg image width image caption Amandinea punctata regnum Fungi divisio Ascomycota classis Lecanoromycetes ordo Teloschistales familia Caliciaceae genus Amandinea genus authority M. Choisy type species type species authority subdivisionRanks Species subdivisions Amandinea is a genus of lichen ized fungi in the family Caliciaceae . The genus has a widespread distribution and contains 34 species. ref name Kirk2008 cite book author Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. title Dictionary of the Fungi edition 10th publisher CABI location Wallingford year 2008 page 23 isbn 978 0 85199 826 8 ref Gallery gallery Image Amandinea polyspora.jpg Amandinea polyspora Image Amandinea punctata 3.jpg Photograph of a cross section of an apothecium from A. punctata taken through a compound microscope, x400. The exciple is uniformly pigmented dark brown the epihymenium is brown the hypothecium is brown black. Image Amandinea polyspora 2.jpg Photograph of a cross section of an apothecium of A. polyspora through a compound microscope x1000 showing 25 spores per ascus Image Amandinea punctata 4.jpg Photograph of a cross section of an apothecium of A. punctata taken through a compound microscope x1000 , showing 8 brown 1 septate spores per ascus. gallery References reflist External links IndexFungorum 27699 commonscat Amandinea Category Teloschistales Category Lichens Lecanoromycetes stub ... more details
Taxobox image Arthothelium spectabile 1.jpg image width image caption Arthothelium spectabile regnum Fungi divisio Ascomycota classis Arthoniomycetes ordo Arthoniales familia Arthoniaceae genus Arthothelium genus authority A. Massal. type species Arthothelium scandinavicum type species authority Th. Fr. subdivisionRanks Species subdivisions Arthothelium is a lichen ized genus of fungi in the family Arthoniaceae . ref cite journal last Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. year 2007 month December title Outline of Ascomycota &ndash 2007 journal Myconet volume 13 issue pages 1&ndash 58 id url http www.fieldmuseum.org myconet outline.asp accessdate publisher The Field Museum, Department of Botany, Chicago, USA ref References wikispecies reflist Gallery gallery Image Arthothelium spectabile 4.jpg Photograph of an ascus from A. spectabile taken through a compound microscope x1000 , showing a ballon shaped ascus containing eight, hyaline, muriform spores. gallery External links http www.indexfungorum.org Names genusrecord.asp?RecordID 331 Arthothelium at Index Fungorum commonscat Arthothelium Category Arthoniomycetes Category Lichens ascomycota stub ... more details
Taxobox image Lecidella carpathica EU .jpg image width 240px image caption Lecidella carpathica regnum Fungi divisio Ascomycota classis Lecanoromycetes ordo Lecanorales familia Lecanoraceae genus Lecidella genus authority K rb. type species Lecidella viridans type species authority Flot. K rb. subdivision ranks Species subdivision Lecidella is a genus of fungi in the Lecanoraceae family. ref cite journal last Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. year 2007 month December title Outline of Ascomycota &ndash 2007 journal Myconet volume 13 issue pages 1&ndash 58 id url http www.fieldmuseum.org myconet outline.asp accessdate publisher The Field Museum, Department of Botany, Chicago, USA ref Gallery gallery Image Lecidella carpathica EU1 .jpg Lecidella carpathica sections of apothecium upper untreated lower treated with KOH note the orange hypothecium Image Lecidella stigmatea EU .jpg Lecidella stigmatea Image Lecidella stigmatea EU1 .jpg Lecidella stigmatea ascus treated with Lugol s soln. Lecanora type ascus gallery References reflist External links http www.indexfungorum.org Names genusrecord.asp?RecordID 2693 Index Fungorum Category Lecanorales Lecanoromycetes stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Taxobox name Eremascus image deleted Eremascus.jpg image width 250px image caption regnum Fungi phylum Ascomycota subphylum Saccharomycotina classis Lecanoromycetes ordo Ascosphaeriales familia xxx genus Eremascus subdivision ranks Species subdivision xx Eremascus is a genus of the Ascomycetes with uncertain phylogeny , but is thought to fall into the hemiascomycetes . It is also believed to be a Basal phylogenetics basal fungus, from which ascomycetous yeast s formed. Morphology They produce no arthrospore s or conidia . Generally 8 spores are produced in each ascus . References PDF http www.springerlink.com content gtv777066t32g546 fulltext.pdf Ultrastructure of hyphae and ascospores in the genus Eremascus eidam Category Lecanoromycetes Lecanoromycetes stub fungus stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Sordariaceae regnum Fungi divisio Ascomycota subdivisio Pezizomycotina ordo Sordariales familia Sordariaceae genus Gelasinospora Gelasinospora is a genus of fungi within the order Sordariales . Reproduction Gelasinospora as a genus is made up of perithecia l fungi, meaning that they discharge their ascospore s through an ostiole . Spore s do not germinate easily, needing a treatment of temperature, chemicals or a combination of the two to initiate germination. Like most ascomycetes , Gelasinospora species typically have 8 spores in each ascus . References C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004 ISBN 0 471 52229 5 Category Sordariales Ascomycota stub ... more details
Paraphyses are part of the fertile spore bearing layer in certain fungi. More specifically, paraphyses are sterile filamentous hyphal end cells composing part of the hymenium of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota interspersed among either the Ascus asci or basidia respectively, and not sufficiently differentiated into specialized, swollen, often protruding cells to be called cystidia . Paraphyses can also be found in ferns and mosses referring to the filament like structure that is associated with the fertile sporangia. Unreferenced date July 2009 Category Fungal morphology and anatomy fungus stub cs Paraf zy de Paraphyse eo Parafizo fr Glossaire de botanique P it Glossario micologico Par fisi nl Parafyse pl Wstawki ... more details
Taxobox image Candelariella vitellina 2.jpg image width 240px image caption A herbarium specimen of Candelariella vitellina regnum Fungi divisio Ascomycota subdivisio Pezizomycotina classis Lecanoromycetes subclassis Incertae sedis ordo Candelariales familia Candelariaceae genus Candelariella genus authority M ll. Arg. type species Candelariella vitellina type species authority Ehrh. M ll. Arg. subdivision ranks Species subdivision Candelariella is a genus of lichen ized fungi in the Lecanoraceae family. ref cite journal last Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. year 2007 month December title Outline of Ascomycota &ndash 2007 journal Myconet volume 13 issue pages 1 58 id url http www.fieldmuseum.org myconet outline.asp accessdate publisher The Field Museum, Department of Botany, Chicago, USA ref Gallery gallery Image Candelariella.coralliza2. .lindsey.jpg Candelariella coralliza Image Candelariella efflorescens 1.jpg Candelariella efflorescens Image Candelariella.reflexa. .lindsey.jpg Candelariella reflexa Image Candelariella vitellina EU .jpg Candelariella vitellina Image Candelariella.xanthostigma. .lindsey.jpg Candelariella xanthostigma Image Candelariella vitellina 7.jpg Photograph of an ascus from an apothecium of C. vitellina photographed through a compound microscope, x1000 showing numerous small spores per ascus . Usually 16 32 spores per ascus, measuring 9 15 x 4 6.5 micrometres. Spores commonly contain two round oil drops as seen in this photo gallery References reflist External links http www.indexfungorum.org Names genusrecord.asp?RecordID 787 Index Fungorum commonscat Candelariella Category Lecanoromycetes Category Lichens Lecanoromycetes stub ... more details
Taxobox name Pezizomycotina image Helvella crispa 031111w.jpg image caption Helvella crispa domain Eukaryote Eukaryota regnum Fungi divisio Ascomycota subdivisio Pezizomycotina subphylum authority O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997 ref cite journal author Eriksson, O.E. & K. Winka year 1997 title Supraordinal taxa of Ascomycota journal Myconet volume 1 pages 1 16 ref subdivision ranks Classes Orders subdivision Arthoniomycetes Dothideomycetes Eurotiomycetes Geoglossomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes Lecanoromycetes Leotiomycetes Lichinomycetes Orbiliomycetes Pezizomycetes Sordariomycetes incertae sedis no class Lahmiales Medeolariales Triblidiales Pezizomycotina contains the filamentous ascomycetes and is a subphylum of the Ascomycota fungi which form their spores in a sac like ascus . It is more or less synonymous with the older taxon Euascomycota . ref Spatafora JW, Sung G H, Johnson D, Hesse C, O Rourke B, Serdani M, Spotts R, Lutzoni F, Hofstetter V, Miadlikowska J, Reeb V, Gueidan C, Fraker E, Lumbsch T, L cking R, Schmitt I, Hosaka K, Aptroot A, Roux C, Miller AN, Geiser DM, Hafellner J, Hestmark G, Arnold AE, B del B, Rauhut A, Hewitt D, Untereiner WA, Cole MS, Scheidegger C, Schultz M, Sipman H, Schoch CL, 2006. A five gene phylogeny of Pezizomycotina. Mycologia 98 1018 1028. ref These fungi reproduce by fission rather than budding and this subdivision includes almost all the ascus fungi which have fruiting bodies visible to the naked eye exception genus Neolecta which belongs to the Taphrinomycotina . See the taxobox for a list of the classes which make up the Pezizomycotina. Note that the old class Loculoascomycetes consisting of all the Ascomycota Ascus classification bitunicate Ascomycota has been replaced by the two classes Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes . The rest of the Pezizomycotina also include the previously defined hymenial groups Discomycetes now Leotiomycetes and Pyrenomycetes Sordariomycetes . References reflist External links http tolweb.org Pezizomycoti ... more details
Taxobox name Lecanorineae image Lecanora muralis 2.jpg image caption Lecanora muralis regnum Fungi divisio Ascomycota classis Lecanoromycetes subclassis Lecanoromycetidae ordo Lecanorales incl. Ascolichen subordo Lecanorineae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Lecanora br Ochrolechia br Parmelia lichen Parmelia br Cetraria br Evernia br Usnea br Ramalina br Letharia br Alectoria genus of lichens Alectoria Lecanorineae are a suborder of pezizomycetes fungi , commonly known as the lichen s and rostrum anatomy rostrate ascus asci . References C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004 ISBN 0 471 52229 5 Category Lecanorales Category Lichens Lecanoromycetes stub ... more details
In mycology the term amyloid refers to a crude chemical test using iodine in either Melzer s reagent or Lugol s solution , to produce a black to blue black positive reaction. It is called amyloid because starch gives a similar reaction, and that reaction for starch is also called an amyloid reaction. The test can either be on microscopic features, such as spore walls or hyphae hyphal walls, or the apical apparatus on an ascus , or be a macroscopic reaction on tissue where a drop of the reagent is applied. Negative reactions, called inamyloid or nonamyloid reactions are for structures that remain pale brown or clear. A deep reddish to reddish brown reaction is termed either a pseudoamyloid reaction or a dextrinoid reaction. Category Mycology fungus stub de Amyloidit t ru ... more details
Taxobox name Pertusariales image Pertusaria velata 4.jpg image width 200px image caption A herbarium specimen of Pertusaria velata 40X magnification , member of the Pertusariales order. regnum Fungi divisio Ascomycota subdivisio Pezizomycotina classis Lecanoromycetes subclassis Ostropomycetidae ordo Pertusariales ordo authority M. Choisy ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. 1986 subdivision ranks Families subdivision Coccotremataceae br Icmadophilaceae br Megasporaceae br Ochrolechiaceae br Pertusariaceae The Pertusariales are an order of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes . Gallery gallery Image Pertusaria paratuberculifera EU .jpg Pertusaria paratuberculifera 2 verrucae Image Pertusaria paratuberculifera EU1 .jpg Pertusaria paratuberculifera 8 spores per ascus gallery External, links http www.fieldmuseum.org myconet outline.asp Outline of Ascomycota 2007 Category Lecanoromycetes Category Lichens Lecanoromycetes stub de Pertusariales fr Pertusariales nl Pertusariales ... more details
Taxobox image Placynthiella oligotropha 3.jpg image width 220px image caption An ascus from an apothecium of Placynthiella oligotropha regnum Fungi divisio Ascomycota classis Lecanoromycetes ordo Agyriales familia Agyriaceae genus Placynthiella genus authority Elenkin type species Placynthiella perfurfurea type species authority Nyl. Gyeln. subdivisionRanks Species subdivisions Placynthiella is a genus of lichen ized fungi in the family Agyriaceae . ref cite journal last Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. year 2007 month December title Outline of Ascomycota 2007 journal Myconet volume 13 issue pages 1 58 id url http www.fieldmuseum.org myconet outline.asp accessdate publisher The Field Museum, Department of Botany, Chicago, USA ref References reflist External links http www.indexfungorum.org Names genusrecord.asp?RecordID 25356 Index Fungorum Category Agyriales Category Lichens Lecanoromycetes stub ... more details
e that develop between ascus asci of the hymenium comprises unbranched pseudoparaphyses. These cells ... name Kholmeyer1995 The ascus asci spore bearing cells are eight spored, club shaped to cylindrical, and measure 60 80 by 10 12 m. Spores are arranged in two parallel rows in the ascus. They are supported ... retracts to form a roughly spherical or irregular, temporary structure at the tip of the ascus. The ascospore ... more details
ascospores are produced inside an ascus . Sordaria squashes can give us information about crossing ... fimicola ascus heterozygote 160X.png A Sordaria fimicola ascus with an unusual 2 1 1 1 1 2 pattern gallery ... more details
Automatic taxobox image Eurystomellabilabiata.jpg image caption Eurystomella bilabiata oldest fossil Late Cretaceous authority Levinsen, 1909 subdivision ranks Section s display children 1 authority Levinsen, 1909 Ascophora is a infraorder under order Cheilostomata of the Bryozoa . Ascophorans are distinguished from other cheilostomes in having a completely calcification calcified wall covering their frontal surface apart from the orifice, and possessing an ascus bryozoa ascus hence the name of the suborder . The ascus is a water filled sac of frontal membrane opening at or near the orifice. It functions as a hydrostatic system by allowing water into the space below the inflexible frontal wall when the zooid everts its polypide feeding tentacles by muscles pulling the frontal membrane inwards non ascophorans do not need this structure as their frontal wall is not calcified . The structure of this frontal wall is the basis of distinguishing the four major subdivisions of the Ascophora, each of which is, however, currently under suspicion of being polyphyly polyphyletic and or paraphyly paraphyletic ref Gordon, D.P. 2000. Towards a phylogeny of cheilostomes morphological models of frontal wall shield evolution. Proceedings of the 11th International Byozoology Association Conference 17 37 ref . They are therefore listed here as unranked groupings. Ascophorans are exclusively marine, but very widespread geographically and ecologically. They grow on various substrates and in a variety of colony shapes. Classification Suborder Ascophora Section Acanthostegomorpha Superfamily Cribrilinoidea Family Cribrilinidae Family Lekythoglenidae Family Euthyroididae Family Polliciporidae Superfamily Bifaxarioidea Family Bifaxariidae Family Platyglenidae Family Mixtopeltidae Superfamily Scorioporoidea Family Scorioporidae Family Nephroporidae Superfamily Catenicelloidea Family Catenicellidae Family Concatenellidae Family Eurystomellidae Family Savignyellidae Family Petalostegidae Secti ... more details
Image Aspicilia caesiocinerea 9.jpg Photograph of an ascus from A. caesiocinerea taken through a compound microscope x1000 showing 8 spores per ascus. Spores measure approximately 15 x 11 micrometres ... more details
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