Refimprove date February 2010 File ArtificialStone Vulcanite Paving Co placard.jpg thumb A placard set in the concrete of a sidewalk on Columbia Avenue in Cape May, New Jersey, USA. It reads ArtificialStone Vulcanite Paving Co, Office 1902 Green St, Philada Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA . It probably ... sidewalk. The placard was preserved when the new concrete was poured. Artificialstone is a name for various kinds of synthetic stone products used from the 18th century onward. They have ... types of artificialstone have consisted of fine cement concrete placed to set in wooden or iron moulds. It could be made more cheaply and more uniform than natural stone, and was widely used. In engineering ... and other natural building stones. China cleanup section date August 2010 The artificialstone ... sources of Stone becoming less and less, and the punishment of the blind extraction, artificialstone has seen a strong demand in Guangdong and Xiamen. Artificial Marble and Engineered Stone Quartz in Guangdong, Shanghai and Fujian. Also known as engineered stone, artificial marble is mixed with marble ... exporting demand. The processing of engineered stone quartz is quite similar to artificial marble, the difference ... and fire resistance will probably make this material as the most popular artificialstone in the future ... , 1873 s.v. concrete References Reflist Stonemasonry DEFAULTSORT ArtificialStone Category Building .... One of the earliest was Lithodipyra aka Coade stone , a ceramic created by Eleanor Coade 1733 1821 , and produced from 1769 to 1833. Later, in 1844, Frederick Ransome created a Patent Siliceous Stone .... This was followed by Victoria stone, which comprises finely crushed Mountsorrel Leicestershire granite ... the place of use was cheaper than transporting very large pieces of stone. Modern Cast stone is an architectural concrete building unit manufactured to simulate natural cut stone, used in unit masonry applications. Cast stone is a masonry product, used as an architectural feature, trim, ornament or facing ... more details
SCOTUSCase Litigants California ArtificialStone Paving Co. v. Molitor ArgueDate November 25 ArgueYear 1884 DecideDate March 2 DecideYear 1885 FullName California ArtificialStone Paving Co. v. Molitor USVol 113 USPage 609 Citation Prior Subsequent Holding SCOTUS 1882 1887 Majority Bradley JoinMajority unanimous Concurrence JoinConcurrence Concurrence2 JoinConcurrence2 Concurrence Dissent JoinConcurrence Dissent Dissent JoinDissent Dissent2 JoinDissent2 LawsApplied California ArtificialStone Paving Co. v. Molitor , ussc 113 609 1885 , involved a bill that was filed by the appellant against the appellee complaining that the latter was infringing on a letters patent granted to one John J. Schillinger, and which had been assigned for the State of California to the complainant. ref http supreme.justia.com us 113 609 California ArtificialStone Paving Co. v. Molitor, 113 U.S. 609 1885 Justia.com ref The patent was for an improvement in concrete Pavement material pavement was originally issued July 19, 1870, and reissued May 2, 1871. The improvement, as described in the reissued patent, consisted in laying the pavement in detached blocks separated from each other by strips of tar paper or other suitable material so as to prevent the blocks from adhering to each other. As stated in the specification blockquote The paper constitutes a tight waterproof joint, but it allows the several blocks to heave separately from the effects of frost or to be raised or removed separately whenever occasion may require, without injury to the adjacent blocks. The case of Wilson v. Barnum was especially worthy of note in this connection. The question certified in that case was whether, upon the evidence given, the defendant infringed the complainant s patent. Chief Justice Taney, delivering the opinion of the Court, said blockquote The question thus certified is one of fact, and has been discussed ... California ArtificialStone Paving Company v. Molitor http supreme.justia.com us 113 609 case.html ... more details
Artificial chromosome may refer to Yeast artificial chromosome Bacterial artificial chromosome Human artificial chromosome P1 derived artificial chromosome disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Artificial Paradise may refer to Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album , 1973 Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise film Artificial Paradise film , a 1990 Yugoslavian film disambiguation ... more details
Artificial or fake trees could refer to Artificial Christmas tree s Artificial trees used to Carbon dioxide air capture Artificial trees capture carbon dioxide disambig ... more details
The term artificial gills can mean Imitation gills put into stuffed fish for the sake of appearance. See taxidermy . An inaccurate term for liquid breathing breathing sets. Artificial gills extracting oxygen from water to supply a diver. See Artificial gills human . disambig ... more details
One source date October 2009 Inappropriate tone date May 2010 Artificial architecture , also referred to as algorithmic architecture and algorithmic design , is the research area combining architectural design and artificial intelligence . It can be considered a subfield of design computing , with emphases on artificial intelligence , computational creativity and knowledge engineering . The main objectives ... and objects. The term has been popularized by the Department of Artificial Architecture Institute of Artificial Art Amsterdam , where remarkable efforts in this area have been made employing visual grammar to generate random specifications of 3 dimensional objects and structures. The concept of artificial ... of a PhD Thesis developed at Polytechnical University of Madrid Spain Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism . ref Francisco Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 http oa.upm.es 553 01 FRANCISCO JAVIER FERNANDEZ HERRERO.pdf Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism , http oa.upm.es ... Notes Reflist See also Artificial intelligence Artificial life Building Information Modeling CAD ... Knowledge engineering References F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 , Arquitectura artificial ... , Arquitectura artificial o manierismo por computadora, ISBN 1847282687, 9781847282682 F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2006 , Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism, movie. Digital Video Disc Kostas Terzidis 2009 , Algorithmic Architecture, ISBN 0750667257 External links http iaaa.nl artificial acad.html Department of Artificial Architecture http iaaa.nl home.html Institute of Artificial ... Graduate School of Design http www.youtube.com profile?user ArtificialArch&view videos Artificial ... Arquitectura Artificial 1.0 , VIDA 6.0. http www.fundacion.telefonica.com arteytecnologia ... Architectural design Category Artificial intelligence Category Computer aided design Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Main Reproductive technology Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism . Examples include artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage embryo cleavage . Cutting plants stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. DEFAULTSORT Artificial Reproduction Category Reproduction Biology stub ar ... more details
Artificial eye may refer to Visual prosthesis , functioning implant designed to restore sight Ocular prosthesis , non functioning cosmetic replacement for a lost eye Artificial Eye , DVD distributor in the USA and UK, specialising in foreign language films disambig ... more details
Expand Spanish topic culture date August 2010 Respiraci n artificial Novela is an Argentina Argentine novel, written by Ricardo Piglia . It was first published in 1980. Category Argentine novels Category Spanish language novels Category 1980 novels 1980s novel stub Argentina stub es Respiraci n artificial Novela ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Artificial digestion is a laboratory technique that reduces digestible material for analytical purposes. Naturally occurring digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificial digestion. As an example, artificial digestion is used to detect the presence of encysted trichinella larvae in suspected muscle tissue. The meat sample is dissolved by a digestive solution and the remains are examined for the presence of larvae. See also digestion DEFAULTSORT Artificial Digestion Category Parasitology Med stub Parasite stub ar ... more details
File Magdalenenklause 1.jpg thumb Magdalenenklause in Munich Artificial ruins or imitation ruins are edifice fragments built to resemble real remnants of historic buildings. Artificial ruins became fashionable in Germany German interpretations of baroque and english garden s, like the Ruinenberg . The ruins are mostly of gothic or ancient style. See also Folly External links http www.360cities.net image artificial ruins inside aldara parks Artificial ruins in Riga 360 degree panorama Category Ruins in Germany Category Parks in Germany de K nstliche Ruine Germany struct stub ... more details
Artificial cream is an imitation of cream made from non dairy fats. Artificial cream is usually made from vegetable oil, not butterfat , and contains no butyric acid. Artificial cream often contains sugar to sweeten it, but intense sweeteners are also used. See also Cool Whip , a brand of imitation whipped cream. External links http www.tradingstandards.gov.uk Kent Analyst 20reports creamcakes.htm Kent County Council on Cream Cakes condiment stub Category Milk substitutes ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Artificial Minds is a book written by Stan Franklin and published in 1995 by MIT Press . The book is a wide ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written. As well as discussing the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of many approaches, it goes into some detail in explaining the workings of many of what the author considers to be the most promising examples of the era. Category Artificial intelligence publications Category 1995 books Category Computer science books Compu book stub ... more details
Artificial imagination AIm , also called Synthetic imagination or machine imagination is defined as artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks . The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of machines or Computer program programs Among some of the traits that researchers hope to simulate using machines include creativity , vision, digital art , humor , satire , etc. Artificial imagination research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science , Rhetoric , psychology , creative arts , philosophy , neuroscience , affective computing , Artificial Intelligence , Artificial intuition , cognitive science , computational linguistics linguistics , operations research , creative writing , probability and logic . The various practitioners in the field are researching various aspects of Artificial imagination, such as Artificial visual imagination, ref Visual Information Retrieval Using Synthesized Imagery http portal.acm.org ft gateway.cfm?id 1282303&type pdf ref Artificial aural Imagination, ref AUDIO CONTENT TRANSMISSION by Xavier Amatriain & Perfecto Herrera, http www.iua.upf.es mtg publications dafx2001 xamat.pdf ref modeling filtering content based on human emotions ref ... and Interactive Search ref An Artificial Imagination for Interactive Search. ICCV HCI, 4796 19 28 ... iccv iccv hci2007.html ThomeeHBL07 ref . Some articles on the topic speculate on how artificial imagination may evolve to create an artificial world which people may not want to leave at all. ref Hypertext ...., Wayne State Univ. have focused on using artificial neural networks for simulating artificial imagination ... 1007019 ref The topic of artificial imagination has gotten interest from scholars outside the computer ..., who came up with the Symbolic Convergence Theory and has worked on a project to develop artificial ... Artificial intelligence Category Artificial intelligence applications ... more details
An artificial chemistry is a computer model used to simulate various types of system s. Artificial chemistry is in some ways similar to a chemical reaction, hence the name. The field of artificial chemistry originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry , economics , sociology and linguistics . Formal definition An artificial ... math S. I are the interaction rules of the molecules in S. Types of artificial chemistries depending ... sets Hasse diagram of organizations History of artificial chemistries Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub field of artificial life , in particular from strong artificial life . The idea behind this field .... Artificial chemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom up approach to artificial life. Important contributors The first reference about artificial Chemistries come ... of Artificial Life. In his first papers he presented the concept of organization , as a set of molecules that is algebraically closed and self maintaining. Two main schools of artificial chemistries ... Peter Dittrich and Jens Ziegler , developed various artificial chemistry models. Their 2001 paper Artificial Chemistries A Review became a standard in the field. Jens Ziegler , as part of his PhD thesis, proved that an artificial chemistry could be used to control a small Khepera robot. Among other ... through some simple rules. Since then he became a professor in Jena where he investigates artificial ... of artificial chemistries Artificial Chemistries are often used in the study of protobiology, in trying to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology . A further motivation to study artificial ... and references http web.cs.mun.ca banzhaf papers alchemistry review MIT.pdf Artificial chemistries ... papers on artificial chemistries for artificial life http www.minet.uni jena.de biosys twiki bin view.pl ACHEM WebHome the ARTIFICIAL CHEMISTRY webpage of Peter Dittrich s workgroup. http protobiology.org ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date July 2008 Artificial Psychology is a theoretical discipline proposed by Dan Curtis b. 1963 . The theory states that when the artificial intelligence approaches the level of complexity where the intelligence meets two conditions Condition I A Makes all of its decisions autonomously B Is capable of making decisions based on information that is New Abstract Incomplete C The artificial intelligence is capable of reprogramming itself based on the new data D And is capable of resolving its own programming conflicts, even in the presence of incomplete data. This means that the intelligence autonomously makes value based decisions, referring to values that the intelligence has created for itself. Condition II All four criteria are met in situations that are not part of the original operating program When both conditions are met, then the possibility exists that the intelligence will reach irrational conclusions based on real or created information. At this point, the criteria is met for intervention which will not necessarily be resolved by simple re coding of processes due to extraordinarily complex nature of the codebase itself but rather a discussion with the intelligence in a format which more closely resembles classical human psychology . If the intelligence cannot be reprogrammed by directly inputting new code, but requires the intelligence ... to function normally, then artificial psychology is by definition, what is required. The level .... The theory of artificial psychology does not address the specifics of what those levels may be, but only ... must go through to address their own dysfunctionalities. Along the same lines, artificial ... or not. The current level of artificial intelligence in 2008 does not approach any threshold where any of the theories or principles of artificial psychology may even be tested, and therefore, for the foreseeable future, artificial psychology will remain a theoretical discipline. Category Artificial ... more details
orphan date October 2009 The term Artificial atom is commonly used to describe objects that have bound, discrete electronic states, as is the case with naturally occurring atoms. Semiconductor quantum dots are the most common example of artificial atoms, and are analogies for real atoms. Artificial atoms, or quantum dots, are really made up of more than one atom, but are like single atoms in one important way when you provide the right amount or quanta of energy, they will give off coloured light. External links See also Programmable matter Category Atoms ... more details
Refimprove date January 2009 Artificial demand constitutes demand for something that, in the absence of exposure to the vehicle of creating demand, would not exist. It has controversial applications in microeconomics Pump and dump pump and dump strategy and advertising . Synonyms for artificial demand include fake demand and false need . A demand is usually seen as artificial when it Allocative efficiency increases consumer utility very inefficiently for example, a physician proscribing unnecessary surgeries would be creating artificial demand. ref cite journal journal Obesity Surgery title Economic Theory and Physician Behavior in Bariatric Surgery volume 10 publisher Springer doi 10.1381 09608920060674012 page 4 year 2000 month February url http www.springerlink.com content 6245253378812852 fulltext.pdf first1 A. M. C. last1 MacGregor first2 C. C. last2 MacGregor pmid 10715635 issue 1 pages 4 6 ref Fiscal policy Economic effects of fiscal policy Government spending with the primary purpose of providing jobs rather than deliverying any other end product has been labelled artificial demand . ref cite web title Real Demand is Not Artificial year 2008 url http www.american consensus.org resources econ prereq economics.html publisher American Consensus ref Vehicles of creating artificial demand can include mass media advertising, which can create demand for good economics goods , Service economics services , policy political policies or political platform platforms , and other entities. Another example of artificial demand can be seen in penny stock Spam e mail spam . After purchasing a large number of shares of an extremely low value stock, the spammer attempts to create artificial demand by implementing a spam based guerilla marketing strategy. Notes Reflist See also Pump and dump Category Social psychology Category Microeconomics Category Advertising Category Anti corporate activism Category Ethically disputed business practices social psych stub microeconomics stub ... more details
Artificial sun may refer to Laser M gajoule National Ignition Facility Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak Znamya space mirror , an orbital space mirror Fusion power Tanning booth fusion experiments Disambig ... more details
Artificial duck may refer to Duck decoy model , an object resembling a duck used in hunting to attract real ducks Mock duck , a gluten based vegetarian food intended to appear and taste like duck meat disambig ... more details
For enzyme mimic enzyme mimic Unreferenced date January 2010 Image Artificial enzyme.jpg thumb 310px Schematic drawing of artificial phosphorylase An artificial enzyme is a synthetic, organic molecule prepared to recreate the active site of an enzyme. Enzyme catalysis of chemical reactions occur with high selectivity and rate in a small part of the enzyme macromolecule known as the active site . There, the binding of a substrate biochemistry substrate close to functional group s in the enzyme causes catalysis by so called proximity effects. It is therefore possible to create similar catalysts from small molecule mimics of enzyme active sites by combining, in a small molecule, the ability to bind substrate with catalytic functional groups. Since the artificial enzymes need to bind molecules, they are made based on a host molecule such as a cyclodextrin , crown ethers or calixarene etc. A number of artificial enzymes have been reported catalysing various reactions with rate increases up to 10 sup 3 sup this is nevertheless substantially lower than natural enzymes that typically causes rate increases above 10 sup 6 sup . One of the pioneers in artificial enzyme research is chemist Ronald Breslow . New approaches based on amino acid s or peptide s as characteristic molecular moieties have led to a significant expansion of the field of artificial enzymes or enzyme mimics. For instance, recent results by the group of Rob Liskamp http www.pharm.uu.nl ffwuk.htm? medchem have shown that scaffolded histidine residues can be used as mimics of certain metalloproteins and enzymes. Especially the structural mimicry of certain copper proteins e.g. hemocyanin , tyrosinase and catechol oxidase , containing so called type 3 copper binding sites, has been shown. This is a significant improvement since the use of scaffolded histidine residues is one step closer to the mimicry of enzymes by biological ... CC article.asp?doi b709400k . Category Enzymes ca Enzim artificial fr Enzyme artificielle ja pl ... more details
Artificial skin can refer to skin grown in a laboratory that can be used as skin replacement for people who have suffered skin trauma such as severe burn s or skin diseases. Alternatively, it can also refer to skin synthetically produced for other purposes. Background The skin is the largest organ anatomy organ in the human body . Severe damage to large areas of skin exposes the human organism to dehydration and infection s that can result in death. Traditional ways of dealing with large losses of skin have been to use skin from other parts of a patient s body such the thigh or from a different person cadaver. The former approach has the disadvantage that there may not be enough skin available ... To solve these issues, research is being done on artificial skin. Typically, a collagen scaffold ... s own cells, ref cite news title A Better Artificial Skin url http www.technologyreview.com ... 15, 2010 ref ref cite press release title Artificial Skin Developed at MIT Now Ready for Treatment ... 4, 2008 title Growing Artificial Skin From Hair Roots work Science Daily accessdate February 15, 2010 ... or with foreskin from newborns that was removed during circumcision . ref cite web title How is artificial ... accessdate February 15, 2010 url http www.answers.com topic artificial skin 2 author Answers.com ref ... automated process for producing artificial skin. Their goal is a simple two layer skin without ... releases 2009 05 090518102959.htm title Artificial Skin Manufactured In Fully Automated Process work Science Daily date May 19, 2009 accessdate February 15, 2010 ref Synthetic skin A form of artificial ... touch. The artificial skin is anticipated to augment robotics in conducting rudimentary jobs that would ... last Steenhuysen title Artificial skin materials can sense pressure date Sun Sep 12, 1 01 PM publisher Yahoo News url http ca.news.yahoo.com s reuters 100912 tecnology ctech us skin artificial work Reuters accessdate 2010 09 14 ref References reflist Category Artificial organs Category Skin zh ... more details
Artificial reality was the term Myron W. Krueger used to describe his interactive immersive environments, based on video recognition techniques, that put a user in full, unencumbered contact with the digital world. He started this work in the late 1960s and is considered to be a key figure in the early innovation of virtual reality . His first book Artificial Reality was published in 1983 and updated in Artificial Reality II in 1991 both published by Addison Wesley . In modern language Artificial Reality is often used to describe a virtual reality that is indistinguishable from reality. This in contrast with the term virtual reality which is often applied to technology that like reality but can easily be recognized as a simulation. See also Simulated reality Virtual reality Holodeck References Myron Krueger. Artificial Reality 2 , Addison Wesley Professional, 1991. ISBN 0 201 52260 8 Kalawsky, R. S. 1993 . The science of virtual reality and virtual environments a technical, scientific and engineering reference on virtual environments, Addison Wesley, Wokingham, England Reading, Mass Rheingold, H. 1992 . Virtual reality, Simon & Schuster, New York, N.Y. Category Multimodal interaction compu stub ... more details
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