Artificialseawater or ASW is a mixture of dissolved salt chemistry mineral salts and sometimes vitamin s that simulates seawater . Artificialseawater is primarily used in marine biology and marine aquarium marine aquaria , and allows the easy preparation of growth medium media appropriate for marine organism s including algae , bacteria , plant s and animal s . From a scientific method scientific perspective , artificialseawater has the advantage of reproducibility over natural seawater. Example The tables below present an example of an artificialseawater preparation devised by Kester, Duedall, Connors and Pytkowicz 1967 . ref Kester, D. R., Duedall, I. W., Connors, D. N. and Pytkowicz, R. M. 1967 . http aslo.org lo toc vol 12 issue 1 0176.pdf Preparation of ArtificialSeawater . Limnology & Oceanography 12 , 176 179. ref The recipe consists of two lists of mineral salts, the first of anhydrous salts that can be weighed out, the second of hydrate hydrous salts that should be added to the artificialseawater as a solution. center class wikitable style float center margin 1em 1em 1em 1em Gravimetric salts Salt Molecular weight gram unit g kg sup 1 sup solution Sodium chloride NaCl 58.44 23.926 Sodium sulfate Na sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub 142.04 4.008 Potassium chloride KCl 74.56 0.677 ..., some artificialseawater recipes, such as Goldman and McCarthy 1978 , ref Goldman, J. C. and McCarthy ... of vitamin s or organic chemistry organic compounds. See also Algae culture Aquarium Seawater References reflist External links http marine.rutgers.edu ebme html docs ASWMEDIA.htm Artificialseawater media , Goldman & McCarthy 1978 http www.ccap.ac.uk media recipes MASM.htm Modified ArtificialSeawater Media MASM , http www.ccap.ac.uk Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa http www.aquaticeco.com pages full width 78 mixing artificialseawater Mixing artificialseawater , Aquatic Eco Systems, Inc. DEFAULTSORT ArtificialSeawater Category Algae Category Aquaria Category Aquatic ecology ... more details
File Sea water Virgo.jpg thumb right Seawater in the Strait of Malacca alt Photo of surf Seawater is water from a sea or ocean . On average, seawater in the world s oceans has a salinity of about 3.5 35 g L, or 599 Molar concentration mM . This means that every kilogram roughly one litre by volume of seawater ... and chloride chem Cl ions . Average density at the surface is 1.025 gram g litre ml . Seawater is density ... of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases. At typical salinity it freezes at about convert ... Research Ocean, Water Temperature ref The coldest seawater ever recorded in a liquid state was in 2010 ... The thermal conductivity of seawater is 0.6 W mK at 25 degC and a salinity of 35 g kg. ref cite web url http web.mit.edu lienhard www Thermophysical properties of seawater DWT 16 354 2010.pdf title ... tthb 2 Tab 5 5 13 2 Ther Cond Seawater.html title Thermal conductivity of seawater and its ... the vast majority of seawater has a salinity of between 3.1 and 3.8 , seawater is not uniformly ... melting glaciers, seawater can be substantially less saline. The most saline open sea is the Red ... for example, the Dead Sea can be considerably greater still. The density of surface seawater ranges ..., under high pressure, seawater can reach a density of 1,050 kg m sup 3 sup or higher. Seawater pH is limited to the range 7.5 to 8.4. The speed of sound in seawater is about 1,500 metres ... margin 1em 1em 1em 1em Seawater composition by mass salinity 35 Element Percent Element Percent ... 16 December 2011 ref Compositional differences from fresh water Seawater contains more dissolved ... 2, 2006 ref However, the ratios of various solutes differ dramatically. For instance although seawater ... , the percentage of bicarbonate in seawater as a ratio of all dissolved ion s is far lower than in river water. Bicarbonate ions also constitute 48 of river water solutes, but only 0.14 of all seawater ... citeref Pinet1996 ref Differences like these are due to the varying residence time s of seawater ... more details
copyedit date December 2011 verify date December 2011 The Seawater Greenhouse is a technology that enables the growth of crops in arid regions, using a greenhouse structure, seawater and solar energy. The technique involves pumping seawater or allowing it to gravitate if below sea level to an arid location ... developed by his UK company http www.seawatergreenhouse.com Seawater Greenhouse Ltd . The more ..., or discharged back to the sea. The Seawater Greenhouse can be seen as one response to the global ... www.claverton energy.com pipe headloss power calculator calculate how much energy to pump seawater to the middle of the sahara or gobi desert for desalination in the seawater greenhouse answer not a lot.html Pumping Power calculator what power is needed to pump seawater to the middle of the Gobi Desert for desalination in the SeaWater Greenhouse? answer not a lot , Claverton Energy blog post, accessed 2009 05 02 ref History The Seawater Greenhouse project dates back to 1991 when the concept was first researched and developed by Charlie Paton s company Light Works Ltd, now Seawater Greenhouse ... found on the Canary Island of Tenerife. A prototype Seawater Greenhouse was assembled in the UK and constructed ... p u 0 wI6rFXzIVY0 Seawater Greenhouse Pilot Project Canary Islands 1994 ref The original pilot design ... tested and validated through a second Seawater Greenhouse that was constructed on Al Aryam Island ... the completion of a third pilot Seawater Greenhouse near Muscat , Oman cn date December 2011 in collaboration ... and quantifies how the Seawater Greenhouse will perform in other parts of the world. ref name TechAwards http www.youtube.com user SeawaterGreenhouse p u 1 6NyDruLA3tY Seawater Greenhouse wins Tech Awards 2006, Oman & Tenerife ref In 2010 Seawater Greenhouse built a new commercial installation in Australia ... Pty Ltd . ref http www.youtube.com user SeawaterGreenhouse p u 2 yY53De4kQ Y Seawater Greenhouse ... Seawater Greenhouse Australia on Southern Cross News 2010 ref The process The Seawater Greenhouse ... more details
Infobox desalination plant name Perth Seawater Desalination Plant image caption location map Australia Western Australia location map text Location within Western Australia location Town of Kwinana Kwinana, Western Australia lat d 32.203310 long d 115.773282 coordinates display inline,title estimated output 144 megalitre s per day extended output 250 megalitres per day cost A 387 million energy usage 180 GWh year energy generation offset Emu Downs Wind Farm cost offsets technology Reverse Osmosis percent of water supply 17 of Perth operation date start date November 2006 website The Kwinana Desalination Plant , located south of Perth, Western Australia , turns seawater from Cockburn Sound into nearly 140 megalitre s of drinking water per day, supplying the Perth metropolitan area. ref http www.water technology.net projects perth Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, Seawater Reverse Osmosis SWRO , Kwinana, Australia ref The reverse osmosis plant was the first of its kind in Australia and covers several acres in an industrial park near the suburb of Kwinana, Western Australia Kwinana . ref cite web url http www.kic.org.au files kwi04 001 A3.pdf title KWINANA INDUSTRIAL ESTATE accessdate 2010 02 06 last WEBB first T. date 23 NOVEMBER 2005 work kwi04 001.dgn publisher Department of Industry and Resources ref Electricity for the plant is generated by the 80 MW Emu Downs Wind Farm located in the state s Midwest region near Cervantes, Western Australia Cervantes . The wind farm contributes 270 GWh year into the general power grid, offsetting the 180 GWh year requirement from the desalination plant. ref http www.npr.org templates story story.php?storyId 11134967 Australia Turns to Desalination ... a comprehensive environmental monitoring program, measuring the seawater intake and brine outfall. ref ... portal Australia Environment List of desalination plants in Australia Reverse osmosis plant Seawater ... Water Corporation Perth Seawater Desalination Plant http www.ceem.unsw.edu.au content ... more details
Infobox desalination plant name Southern Seawater Desalination Plant image caption location map Australia Western Australia location map text Location within Western Australia location Binningup, Western Australia lat d 33.128556 long d 115.702894 coordinates type region AU type landmark coordinates display inline,title estimated output 100 megalitres per day extended output cost A 955 million energy usage energy generation offset Renewable TBA cost offsets technology Reverse Osmosis percent of water supply Up to 20 of Perth operation date start date September 2011 website The Binningup Desalination Plant is a desalination plant being built near Binningup, Western Australia , about convert 150 km south of Perth, Western Australia Perth . It will supply water to the state capital Perth, as well as the nearby regional city of Bunbury, Western Australia Bunbury and is known as the Southern Seawater Desalination Project ref cite web url http www.watercorporation.com.au D desalination plant2.cfm?uid 4028 9515 5317 4976 title Southern Seawater Desalination Project work Water Corporation date June 2009 ref It is designed to initially deliver 50 gigalitre s of potable water per year. When completed, the plant will deliver 100 gigalitre s of potable water per year, or 20 of Perth s requirements. ref cite web url http www.abc.net.au news stories 2009 06 25 2608129.htm title Binningup desal plant must be green date June 25, 2009 work ABC News ref The site is in Taranto Road, Binningup, about 1,200 metres from the coast with most of the plant situated in a now disused limestone quarry. The project will include the laying of a convert 30 km , convert 1300 mm pipeline to deliver potable water to the South West Integrated System via a storage facility near Harvey, Western Australia Harvey . ref cite web url http www.watercorporation.com.au files PublicationsRegister 15 State Environmental Approval Conditon Set.pdf title Southern Seawater Desalination Plant Proposal, Binningup. State ... more details
s major water reservoir. About 97 of the earth s water is seawater ref name ref1 . alt A planetary ... the earth s major water reservoir. About 97 of the earth s water is seawater while another 2 is locked ... Geographic Special Edition, November 1993 ref . Even though seawater is not suitable for human ... seawater and become a quasi unlimited source of fresh water as the conventional water supply is turning ... catchment. However, seawater temperature, ocean currents and salinity are important that should ... are surrounded by seawater through their boundaries such as Australia and some of the islands in the Caribbean Sea . Desalination of seawater has been in practice for nearly 50 years and is considered ... name ref2 . Seawater reverse osmosis SWRO is the only type of desalination technology currently used ... such as seawater or brackish groundwater. There are a considerable number of different types of desalination ..., solar humidification, and seawater greenhouse. Of these, however, distillation and membrane processes ... pretreatment of the seawater and more maintenance than MSF plants. RO membranes are sensitive to pH ... is going to travel once it is produced. Seawater intake and outflow . It refers that depending ... water quality . The quality of seawater intake can affect the desalination process. Freshwater quality ... to the variation of energy prices. Pretreatment . Seawater intake could be pretreated in order ... background ffdead Parameter style background ffdead Seawater RO style background ffdead Brackish RO ... power is much more common. As seawater reverse osmosis SWRO is the only technology employed ... grid, importing or exporting energy to the plant as required. The Perth Seawater Desalination Plant ... an overall 24MW to the desalination plant ref name ref27 Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, Seawater ... its water supply capacity through implementation of the Perth Seawater Desalination Plant PSDP in late ... ref name ref32 Environmentally sound desalination at the Perth seawater desalination plant by Richard ... more details
Artificial chromosome may refer to Yeast artificial chromosome Bacterial artificial chromosome Human artificial chromosome P1 derived artificial chromosome disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Artificial Paradise may refer to Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album , 1973 Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise film Artificial Paradise film , a 1990 Yugoslavian film disambiguation ... more details
Artificial or fake trees could refer to Artificial Christmas tree s Artificial trees used to Carbon dioxide air capture Artificial trees capture carbon dioxide disambig ... more details
The term artificial gills can mean Imitation gills put into stuffed fish for the sake of appearance. See taxidermy . An inaccurate term for liquid breathing breathing sets. Artificial gills extracting oxygen from water to supply a diver. See Artificial gills human . disambig ... more details
One source date October 2009 Inappropriate tone date May 2010 Artificial architecture , also referred to as algorithmic architecture and algorithmic design , is the research area combining architectural design and artificial intelligence . It can be considered a subfield of design computing , with emphases on artificial intelligence , computational creativity and knowledge engineering . The main objectives ... and objects. The term has been popularized by the Department of Artificial Architecture Institute of Artificial Art Amsterdam , where remarkable efforts in this area have been made employing visual grammar to generate random specifications of 3 dimensional objects and structures. The concept of artificial ... of a PhD Thesis developed at Polytechnical University of Madrid Spain Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism . ref Francisco Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 http oa.upm.es 553 01 FRANCISCO JAVIER FERNANDEZ HERRERO.pdf Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism , http oa.upm.es ... Notes Reflist See also Artificial intelligence Artificial life Building Information Modeling CAD ... Knowledge engineering References F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 , Arquitectura artificial ... , Arquitectura artificial o manierismo por computadora, ISBN 1847282687, 9781847282682 F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2006 , Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism, movie. Digital Video Disc Kostas Terzidis 2009 , Algorithmic Architecture, ISBN 0750667257 External links http iaaa.nl artificial acad.html Department of Artificial Architecture http iaaa.nl home.html Institute of Artificial ... Graduate School of Design http www.youtube.com profile?user ArtificialArch&view videos Artificial ... Arquitectura Artificial 1.0 , VIDA 6.0. http www.fundacion.telefonica.com arteytecnologia ... Architectural design Category Artificial intelligence Category Computer aided design Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Main Reproductive technology Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism . Examples include artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage embryo cleavage . Cutting plants stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. DEFAULTSORT Artificial Reproduction Category Reproduction Biology stub ar ... more details
Artificial eye may refer to Visual prosthesis , functioning implant designed to restore sight Ocular prosthesis , non functioning cosmetic replacement for a lost eye Artificial Eye , DVD distributor in the USA and UK, specialising in foreign language films disambig ... more details
Expand Spanish topic culture date August 2010 Respiraci n artificial Novela is an Argentina Argentine novel, written by Ricardo Piglia . It was first published in 1980. Category Argentine novels Category Spanish language novels Category 1980 novels 1980s novel stub Argentina stub es Respiraci n artificial Novela ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Artificial digestion is a laboratory technique that reduces digestible material for analytical purposes. Naturally occurring digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificial digestion. As an example, artificial digestion is used to detect the presence of encysted trichinella larvae in suspected muscle tissue. The meat sample is dissolved by a digestive solution and the remains are examined for the presence of larvae. See also digestion DEFAULTSORT Artificial Digestion Category Parasitology Med stub Parasite stub ar ... more details
File Magdalenenklause 1.jpg thumb Magdalenenklause in Munich Artificial ruins or imitation ruins are edifice fragments built to resemble real remnants of historic buildings. Artificial ruins became fashionable in Germany German interpretations of baroque and english garden s, like the Ruinenberg . The ruins are mostly of gothic or ancient style. See also Folly External links http www.360cities.net image artificial ruins inside aldara parks Artificial ruins in Riga 360 degree panorama Category Ruins in Germany Category Parks in Germany de K nstliche Ruine Germany struct stub ... more details
Artificial cream is an imitation of cream made from non dairy fats. Artificial cream is usually made from vegetable oil, not butterfat , and contains no butyric acid. Artificial cream often contains sugar to sweeten it, but intense sweeteners are also used. See also Cool Whip , a brand of imitation whipped cream. External links http www.tradingstandards.gov.uk Kent Analyst 20reports creamcakes.htm Kent County Council on Cream Cakes condiment stub Category Milk substitutes ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Artificial Minds is a book written by Stan Franklin and published in 1995 by MIT Press . The book is a wide ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written. As well as discussing the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of many approaches, it goes into some detail in explaining the workings of many of what the author considers to be the most promising examples of the era. Category Artificial intelligence publications Category 1995 books Category Computer science books Compu book stub ... more details
Image ClassicTriumphBassFly.jpg thumb 300px right Classic 19th Century Artificial fly The Triumph An artificial ... they may also be used in other forms of angling . In general, artificial flies are the Fishing ... while fly fishing. Artificial flies are constructed by fly tying , in which fur s, feather s, Yarn ... & Burford Publishers location New York pages Preface isbn 1558211837 ref Artificial flies may be constructed to represent all manner of potential freshwater and Seawater saltwater fish prey to include ... , etc. Effective artificial fly patterns are said to be killing flies because of their ability to put fish in the creel basket creel for the fly fisher. There are thousands of artificial fly patterns ... Artificial fly came in Izaac Walton s The Compleat Angler 1653 , ref cite book last Hills ... and wonder but I pray, when shall I have your direction how to make Artificial flyes, like to those ... thumb 200px right Frontpiece from Bowlker s Art of Angling 1854 showing a variety of artificial ... Fishing, Trolling, Making Artificial Flies, etc. publisher location London pages frontpiece year 1854 ... the first known illustration of an artificial fly. By the early 19th century, the term artificial .... blockquote The art of artificial fly fishing, certainly has the pre eminence over the other ... Contemporary fly types and illustrative examples The categorization of artificial flies has evolved ... of artificial fly might well fit into multiple categories depending on its intended use. The following categorization with illustrative examples is derived from the following major artificial fly merchants ... Mall Website ref Umpqua Feather Merchants An American artificial fly manufacturer and wholesaler ... Artificial Flies, etc. publisher location London pages year 1854 Cite book last Halford first Frederic ... on the Most Modern Methods of Dressing Artificial Flies for Trout and Grayling with Full Illustrated ... M.A. title Artificial Flies and How To Tie Them publisher Press of Spangler and Davis location Philadelphia ... more details
Artificial imagination AIm , also called Synthetic imagination or machine imagination is defined as artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks . The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of machines or Computer program programs Among some of the traits that researchers hope to simulate using machines include creativity , vision, digital art , humor , satire , etc. Artificial imagination research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science , Rhetoric , psychology , creative arts , philosophy , neuroscience , affective computing , Artificial Intelligence , Artificial intuition , cognitive science , computational linguistics linguistics , operations research , creative writing , probability and logic . The various practitioners in the field are researching various aspects of Artificial imagination, such as Artificial visual imagination, ref Visual Information Retrieval Using Synthesized Imagery http portal.acm.org ft gateway.cfm?id 1282303&type pdf ref Artificial aural Imagination, ref AUDIO CONTENT TRANSMISSION by Xavier Amatriain & Perfecto Herrera, http www.iua.upf.es mtg publications dafx2001 xamat.pdf ref modeling filtering content based on human emotions ref ... and Interactive Search ref An Artificial Imagination for Interactive Search. ICCV HCI, 4796 19 28 ... iccv iccv hci2007.html ThomeeHBL07 ref . Some articles on the topic speculate on how artificial imagination may evolve to create an artificial world which people may not want to leave at all. ref Hypertext ...., Wayne State Univ. have focused on using artificial neural networks for simulating artificial imagination ... 1007019 ref The topic of artificial imagination has gotten interest from scholars outside the computer ..., who came up with the Symbolic Convergence Theory and has worked on a project to develop artificial ... Artificial intelligence Category Artificial intelligence applications ... more details
An artificial chemistry is a computer model used to simulate various types of system s. Artificial chemistry is in some ways similar to a chemical reaction, hence the name. The field of artificial chemistry originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry , economics , sociology and linguistics . Formal definition An artificial ... math S. I are the interaction rules of the molecules in S. Types of artificial chemistries depending ... sets Hasse diagram of organizations History of artificial chemistries Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub field of artificial life , in particular from strong artificial life . The idea behind this field .... Artificial chemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom up approach to artificial life. Important contributors The first reference about artificial Chemistries come ... of Artificial Life. In his first papers he presented the concept of organization , as a set of molecules that is algebraically closed and self maintaining. Two main schools of artificial chemistries ... Peter Dittrich and Jens Ziegler , developed various artificial chemistry models. Their 2001 paper Artificial Chemistries A Review became a standard in the field. Jens Ziegler , as part of his PhD thesis, proved that an artificial chemistry could be used to control a small Khepera robot. Among other ... through some simple rules. Since then he became a professor in Jena where he investigates artificial ... of artificial chemistries Artificial Chemistries are often used in the study of protobiology, in trying to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology . A further motivation to study artificial ... and references http web.cs.mun.ca banzhaf papers alchemistry review MIT.pdf Artificial chemistries ... papers on artificial chemistries for artificial life http www.minet.uni jena.de biosys twiki bin view.pl ACHEM WebHome the ARTIFICIAL CHEMISTRY webpage of Peter Dittrich s workgroup. http protobiology.org ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date July 2008 Artificial Psychology is a theoretical discipline proposed by Dan Curtis b. 1963 . The theory states that when the artificial intelligence approaches the level of complexity where the intelligence meets two conditions Condition I A Makes all of its decisions autonomously B Is capable of making decisions based on information that is New Abstract Incomplete C The artificial intelligence is capable of reprogramming itself based on the new data D And is capable of resolving its own programming conflicts, even in the presence of incomplete data. This means that the intelligence autonomously makes value based decisions, referring to values that the intelligence has created for itself. Condition II All four criteria are met in situations that are not part of the original operating program When both conditions are met, then the possibility exists that the intelligence will reach irrational conclusions based on real or created information. At this point, the criteria is met for intervention which will not necessarily be resolved by simple re coding of processes due to extraordinarily complex nature of the codebase itself but rather a discussion with the intelligence in a format which more closely resembles classical human psychology . If the intelligence cannot be reprogrammed by directly inputting new code, but requires the intelligence ... to function normally, then artificial psychology is by definition, what is required. The level .... The theory of artificial psychology does not address the specifics of what those levels may be, but only ... must go through to address their own dysfunctionalities. Along the same lines, artificial ... or not. The current level of artificial intelligence in 2008 does not approach any threshold where any of the theories or principles of artificial psychology may even be tested, and therefore, for the foreseeable future, artificial psychology will remain a theoretical discipline. Category Artificial ... more details
orphan date October 2009 The term Artificial atom is commonly used to describe objects that have bound, discrete electronic states, as is the case with naturally occurring atoms. Semiconductor quantum dots are the most common example of artificial atoms, and are analogies for real atoms. Artificial atoms, or quantum dots, are really made up of more than one atom, but are like single atoms in one important way when you provide the right amount or quanta of energy, they will give off coloured light. External links See also Programmable matter Category Atoms ... more details
Refimprove date January 2009 Artificial demand constitutes demand for something that, in the absence of exposure to the vehicle of creating demand, would not exist. It has controversial applications in microeconomics Pump and dump pump and dump strategy and advertising . Synonyms for artificial demand include fake demand and false need . A demand is usually seen as artificial when it Allocative efficiency increases consumer utility very inefficiently for example, a physician proscribing unnecessary surgeries would be creating artificial demand. ref cite journal journal Obesity Surgery title Economic Theory and Physician Behavior in Bariatric Surgery volume 10 publisher Springer doi 10.1381 09608920060674012 page 4 year 2000 month February url http www.springerlink.com content 6245253378812852 fulltext.pdf first1 A. M. C. last1 MacGregor first2 C. C. last2 MacGregor pmid 10715635 issue 1 pages 4 6 ref Fiscal policy Economic effects of fiscal policy Government spending with the primary purpose of providing jobs rather than deliverying any other end product has been labelled artificial demand . ref cite web title Real Demand is Not Artificial year 2008 url http www.american consensus.org resources econ prereq economics.html publisher American Consensus ref Vehicles of creating artificial demand can include mass media advertising, which can create demand for good economics goods , Service economics services , policy political policies or political platform platforms , and other entities. Another example of artificial demand can be seen in penny stock Spam e mail spam . After purchasing a large number of shares of an extremely low value stock, the spammer attempts to create artificial demand by implementing a spam based guerilla marketing strategy. Notes Reflist See also Pump and dump Category Social psychology Category Microeconomics Category Advertising Category Anti corporate activism Category Ethically disputed business practices social psych stub microeconomics stub ... more details
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