An artificialchemistry is a computer model used to simulate various types of system s. Artificialchemistry is in some ways similar to a chemical reaction, hence the name. The field of artificialchemistry originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry , economics , sociology and linguistics . Formal definition An artificialchemistry is defined in general as a triple S,R,A . In some cases it is sufficient to define it as a tuple .... Artificialchemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom up approach to artificial life. Important contributors The first reference about artificial Chemistries come ... Peter Dittrich and Jens Ziegler , developed various artificialchemistry models. Their 2001 paper Artificial Chemistries A Review became a standard in the field. Jens Ziegler , as part of his PhD thesis, proved that an artificialchemistry could be used to control a small Khepera robot. Among other ... of artificial chemistries Artificial Chemistries are often used in the study of protobiology, in trying to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology . A further motivation to study artificial ... ACHEM WebHome the ARTIFICIALCHEMISTRY webpage of Peter Dittrich s workgroup. http protobiology.org ... math S. I are the interaction rules of the molecules in S. Types of artificial chemistries depending ... sets Hasse diagram of organizations History of artificial chemistries Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub field of artificial life , in particular from strong artificial life . The idea behind this field ... of Artificial Life. In his first papers he presented the concept of organization , as a set of molecules that is algebraically closed and self maintaining. Two main schools of artificial chemistries ... through some simple rules. Since then he became a professor in Jena where he investigates artificial ... Computational chemistry the use of simplified models to simulate chemical interactions External links ... more details
Other uses pp semi protected small yes Image Chemicals in flasks.jpg thumb right Chemistry is the science ... changes during interactions and chemical reactions. science Chemistry is the science of matter , especially ... cite web url http chemweb.ucc.ie what is chemistry.htm title What is Chemistry? publisher Chemweb.ucc.ie date accessdate 2011 06 12 ref ref http dictionary.reference.com browse ChemistryChemistry . n.d. . Merriam Webster s Medical Dictionary. Retrieved August 19, 2007. ref Chemistry is concerned ... bond s. Chemistry is sometimes called the central science because it connects physics with other ... Bursten, H. Lemay. Chemistry The Central Science . Prentice Hall 8 edition 1999 . ISBN 0 13 010310 1. Pages 3 4. ref ref Chemistry is seen as occupying an intermediate position in a hierarchy of the sciences ... in the 20th Century Bridging Boundaries . Wiley VCH, 2001. ISBN 3 527 30271 9. Pages 1 2. ref Chemistry is a branch of physical science but Difference between chemistry and physics distinct from physics . ref http www.springerlink.com content k97523j471763374 Is chemistry a branch of physics? a paper by Mario Bunge ref The etymology of the word chemistry has been much disputed. ref See Chemistry etymology for possible origins of this word. ref The genesis of chemistry can be traced to certain practices ... . Traditional chemistry starts with the study of elementary particles , atom s, molecule s, ref .... The chemical interaction interactions , reactions and transformations that are studied in chemistry ... . Such behaviors are studied in a chemistry laboratory using various forms of laboratory glassware ... sub disciplines. History Main History of chemistry See also Alchemy Timeline of chemistry Nobel Prize in Chemistry Ancient Egypt ians pioneered the art of synthetic wet chemistry up to 4,000 years ... the basis of the various branches of chemistry such as extracting metal from their ores, making ... atomist philosophy was later adopted by Epicurus 341 270 BCE . The genesis of chemistry can be traced ... more details
Artificial seawater or ASW is a mixture of dissolved salt chemistry mineral salts and sometimes vitamin s that simulates seawater . Artificial seawater is primarily used in marine biology and marine aquarium marine aquaria , and allows the easy preparation of growth medium media appropriate for marine organism s including algae , bacteria , plant s and animal s . From a scientific method scientific perspective , artificial seawater has the advantage of reproducibility over natural seawater. Example The tables below present an example of an artificial seawater preparation devised by Kester, Duedall, Connors and Pytkowicz 1967 . ref Kester, D. R., Duedall, I. W., Connors, D. N. and Pytkowicz, R. M. 1967 . http aslo.org lo toc vol 12 issue 1 0176.pdf Preparation of Artificial Seawater . Limnology & Oceanography 12 , 176 179. ref The recipe consists of two lists of mineral salts, the first of anhydrous salts that can be weighed out, the second of hydrate hydrous salts that should be added to the artificial seawater as a solution. center class wikitable style float center margin 1em 1em 1em 1em Gravimetric salts Salt Molecular weight gram unit g kg sup 1 sup solution Sodium chloride NaCl 58.44 23.926 Sodium sulfate Na sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub 142.04 4.008 Potassium chloride KCl 74.56 0.677 ... all of the compounds listed in the recipe above are inorganic chemistry inorganic , mineral salts, some artificial seawater recipes, such as Goldman and McCarthy 1978 , ref Goldman, J. C. and McCarthy ... of vitamin s or organic chemistry organic compounds. See also Algae culture Aquarium Seawater References reflist External links http marine.rutgers.edu ebme html docs ASWMEDIA.htm Artificial seawater media , Goldman & McCarthy 1978 http www.ccap.ac.uk media recipes MASM.htm Modified Artificial ... pages full width 78 mixing artificial seawater Mixing artificial seawater , Aquatic Eco Systems, Inc. DEFAULTSORT Artificial Seawater Category Algae Category Aquaria Category Aquatic ecology ... more details
Artificial chromosome may refer to Yeast artificial chromosome Bacterial artificial chromosome Human artificial chromosome P1 derived artificial chromosome disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Artificial Paradise may refer to Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album , 1973 Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise film Artificial Paradise film , a 1990 Yugoslavian film disambiguation ... more details
Artificial or fake trees could refer to Artificial Christmas tree s Artificial trees used to Carbon dioxide air capture Artificial trees capture carbon dioxide disambig ... more details
Image Artificial tears brands.jpg thumb A subset of various brands of artificial tears displayed in a store Artificial tears are lubricant eye drops used to treat the dryness and irritation associated with deficient tear production in keratoconjunctivitis sicca dry eyes . ref name eMedicine 1 cite web url http www.emedicine.com oph topic695.htm title Keratoconjunctivitis, Sicca accessdate 2006 11 12 date 2006 04 21 work eMedicine publisher WebMD WebMD, Inc. ref They are also used to moisten contact lens es and in eye examinations. Artificial tears are available Over the counter drug over the counter . Artificial tears are supplemented with other treatments in moderate to severe forms of dry eyes. Chemistry Preparations contain carboxymethyl cellulose , ref name eMedicine 1 ref name FDA 1 Hypromellose hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ref name FDA 1 a.k.a. HPMC or hypromellose , and hydroxypropyl cellulose . ref name eMedicine 1 They contain water, salts and polymer s but lack the proteins found in natural tears. Patients who use them more frequently than once every three hours ref name eMedicine 1 should choose a brand without preservatives ref name eMedicine 1 or one with special non irritating preservatives. Effects Application of artificial tears every few hours ref name Merck 1 cite ... Usage Artificial tears usually are the first line of treatment for dry eyes. ref name FDA 1 While mild ... treatment, such as ten to twelve times a day. ref name eMedicine 1 Thicker artificial tears can be used ... present in some artificial tears may harm the eye. Fact date June 2007 Artificial tears have no reported drug interaction interaction s. ref name eMedicine 1 A documented contraindication of artificial tears is hypersensitivity . ref name eMedicine 1 Veterinary uses Artificial tears are a part ... indexen.htm Use of preservatives in artificial tears References references Category Ophthalmology ... es L grima artificial hr Umjetne suze pt L grima artificial zh ... more details
07 01 ref Artificialchemistry started as a method within the alife community to abstract the processes ... Artificial Life Inc Artificial life commonly Alife or alife Citation needed date July 2011 is a field ... url http dictionary.reference.com browse artificial 20life title Dictionary.com definition accessdate ... of alife, ref cite web url http www.reed.edu mab publications papers BedauTICS03.pdf title Artificial ... soft , ref cite book title Artificial Life Models in Software author Maciej Komosinski ... title Artificial Life Models in Hardware author Andrew Adamatzky and Maciej Komosinski year 2009 ... book 978 1 84882 529 1 ref from hardware and wet artificial life wet , from biochemistry. Artificial ... http zooland.alife.org title What is Artificial Life? author Christopher Langton accessdate 2007 01 19 ref The term artificial life is often used to specifically refer to soft alife. ref John Johnston, 2008 The Allure of Machinic Life Cybernetics, Artificial Life, and the New AI , MIT Press ref Image ... software breve , an artificial life simulator Overview Artificial life studies the logic of living system s in artificial environments. The goal is to study the phenomena of living systems in order ... included in the umbrella term Artificial Life are agent based model agent based systems which ..., artificial life is generally referred to as being confined to a digital environment and existence ... www.probelog.com texts Langton al.pdf Artificial Life . Addison Wesley. ., section 1 ref In the first ... of Scientific Simulations from Artificial Life to Artificial Cosmogenesis . In Death And Anti Death ... process of any ecosystem . However, different opinions about artificial life s potential have arisen The strong alife cf. philosophy of artificial intelligence Strong AI vs. weak AI Strong AI position ... Artificial life organizations Software based soft Techniques cellular automaton Cellular automata were used in the early days of artificial life, and they are still often used for ease of scalability ... more details
Refimprove date February 2010 Image Tipsy.jpg thumb right Artificial nails Artificial nails , also known ... placed over fingernails as fashion accessories . Some artificial nails attempt to mimic the appearance ... from real fingernails. Artificial nails are made from a wide variety of materials. Types The artificial ... to creating artificial nails&mdash tips and forms . Tips are made of lightweight plastic plates ... metallic colors. Forms are fitted over the nail and then an artificial nail is molded out of acrylic ... During the Ming Dynasty of China , noblewomen wore very long artificial nails as a status symbol indicating ... , many upper class women wore empty pistachio shells over their nails, slowly spreading the artificial ... the first artificial nail as a realistic looking temporary replacement. After experiments ... century, artificial nails for women became widely popular all over the world. Health effects Health ... overlays. Health Risks If fitted properly, artificial nails are usually not problematic. However ... growth. The most common problem associated with artificial nails is a fungal infection that may develop between the false and natural nail. When artificial nails are applied to the natural nail surface, minor types of trauma to the artificial nails which can happen from something as harmless as scraping ... nails bad for health.htm Musical usage Musician s who play stringed instrument s may wear artificial ... , and ruan , also commonly used artificial nails. References reflist http www.nsinails.com aboutus ... Tech Training http www.uspedicurespa.com blog 17 artificial nails.aspx types of artificial nails http www.lifestylemac.com artificial nails are glamorous but take care Artificial nails are glamorous but take care http pedisalon.com blog 5 artificial nails.aspx Facts About Artificial Nails http www.enotes.com ...., 1989. Schoon, Douglas D. Nail Structure and Product Chemistry. Milady Publishing, 1996. Periodicals ... for Nails, NailPro Magazine, June 1994. Randy Schueller DEFAULTSORT Artificial Nails Category Nail ... more details
File Standard and drug delivery artificial cells .png thumb 350px alt Two types of artificial cells, one ... artificial cell top and drug delivery artificial cell bottom . An artificial cell or minimal cell is an engineered ... of biological cells can be replaced or supplemented with a synthetic entity. Often, artificial ... have qualified as artificial cells. Micro encapsulation allows for metabolism within the membrane ... 2007 cite book last Chang first Thomas Ming Swi title Artificial cells biotechnology, nanomedicine ... and decreased immune system immune responses . Notably, artificial cells have been clinically successful ... and artificial organs based on a symposium sponsored by the Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry at the 185th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Seattle, Washington, March 20 ... ref In the area of synthetic biology , a living artificial cell has been defined as a completely synthetically ... last Deamer first D title A giant step towards artificial life? journal Trends in biotechnology date ..., but a variation of an artificial cell has been created in which a completely synthetic genome was introduced ... pages 52 56 doi 10.1126 science.1190719 ref Although not completely artificial because the cytoplasm ... development Artificial cells were first developed by Thomas Chang at McGill University in the 1960s ... volume 146 3643 pages 524 525 ref These first artificial cells consisted of ultrathin membranes ... molecules in and out of the cell. These early artificial cells were micron sized and contained Cell ... Chang 2007 . Presently, artificial cells range from hundreds of micrometer to nanometer dimensions ... 2007 The first clinical use of artificial cells was in hemoperfusion by the encapsulation of activated ... Artificial Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol year 1996 volume 24 pages ixxxvi ref In the 1970s ... pages 687 8 pmid 2570944 ref Although Thomas Chang began his initial research focused on artificial red blood cells , it was not until the mid 1990s that biodegradable artificial red blood cells were ... more details
sub copy edit date July 2011 Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that replicates the natural ... , is one form of artificial photosynthesis that converts water into hydrogen and oxygen ... carbon dioxide into glucose . Researchers of artificial photosynthesis are developing catalyst ... create a nano sized photocatalyst for artificial photosynthesis Turning Sunlight Into Liquid ... press release on Artificial Photosynthesis. ref cite web url http www.sciencedaily.com releases 2000 11 001127224712.htm title Scientists Developing Artificial Plants publisher Sciencedaily.com date ... title Artificial Photosynthesis publisher Csiro.au date 2005 09 20 accessdate 2011 04 19 ... pr 2003 bnlpr090903.htm title Designing a Better Catalyst for Artificial Photosynthesis publisher ... 2003 09 030910073052.htm title Designing A Better Catalyst For Artificial Photosynthesis publisher ... technology.newscientist.com article dn14441 electrode lights the way to artificial photosynthesis.html title Electrode lights the way to artificial photosynthesis doi 10.1126 science.1162018 publisher ... chemistry professor Andrew B. Bocarsly reports the direct conversion of carbon dioxide and water to methanol ... 2011 04 19 ref 2010 Mitsubishi is developing its own artificial photosynthesis by using sunlight ... Hubs, the http solarfuelshub.org Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis is set up by Caltech ... and his research team announce the first practical artificial leaf. In a speech at the 241st National ... stable. In laboratory studies, they demonstrate that an artificial leaf prototype could operate ... artificial leaf . American Chemical Society press release, March 27, 2011. ref Current Research Photoelectrochemical ... funds Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT chemistry professor Dr. Daniel Nocera in the field ... Artificial Photosynthesis ref NADP NADPH Coenzyme The coenzyme , behaving in a cyclic manner, oscillates ... Materials used for artificial photosynthesis often corrode in water, so they may be less stable than ... more details
The term artificial gills can mean Imitation gills put into stuffed fish for the sake of appearance. See taxidermy . An inaccurate term for liquid breathing breathing sets. Artificial gills extracting oxygen from water to supply a diver. See Artificial gills human . disambig ... more details
One source date October 2009 Inappropriate tone date May 2010 Artificial architecture , also referred to as algorithmic architecture and algorithmic design , is the research area combining architectural design and artificial intelligence . It can be considered a subfield of design computing , with emphases on artificial intelligence , computational creativity and knowledge engineering . The main objectives ... and objects. The term has been popularized by the Department of Artificial Architecture Institute of Artificial Art Amsterdam , where remarkable efforts in this area have been made employing visual grammar to generate random specifications of 3 dimensional objects and structures. The concept of artificial ... of a PhD Thesis developed at Polytechnical University of Madrid Spain Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism . ref Francisco Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 http oa.upm.es 553 01 FRANCISCO JAVIER FERNANDEZ HERRERO.pdf Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism , http oa.upm.es ... Notes Reflist See also Artificial intelligence Artificial life Building Information Modeling CAD ... Knowledge engineering References F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 , Arquitectura artificial ... , Arquitectura artificial o manierismo por computadora, ISBN 1847282687, 9781847282682 F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2006 , Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism, movie. Digital Video Disc Kostas Terzidis 2009 , Algorithmic Architecture, ISBN 0750667257 External links http iaaa.nl artificial acad.html Department of Artificial Architecture http iaaa.nl home.html Institute of Artificial ... Graduate School of Design http www.youtube.com profile?user ArtificialArch&view videos Artificial ... Arquitectura Artificial 1.0 , VIDA 6.0. http www.fundacion.telefonica.com arteytecnologia ... Architectural design Category Artificial intelligence Category Computer aided design Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Main Reproductive technology Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism . Examples include artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage embryo cleavage . Cutting plants stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. DEFAULTSORT Artificial Reproduction Category Reproduction Biology stub ar ... more details
Artificial eye may refer to Visual prosthesis , functioning implant designed to restore sight Ocular prosthesis , non functioning cosmetic replacement for a lost eye Artificial Eye , DVD distributor in the USA and UK, specialising in foreign language films disambig ... more details
Expand Spanish topic culture date August 2010 Respiraci n artificial Novela is an Argentina Argentine novel, written by Ricardo Piglia . It was first published in 1980. Category Argentine novels Category Spanish language novels Category 1980 novels 1980s novel stub Argentina stub es Respiraci n artificial Novela ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Artificial digestion is a laboratory technique that reduces digestible material for analytical purposes. Naturally occurring digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificial digestion. As an example, artificial digestion is used to detect the presence of encysted trichinella larvae in suspected muscle tissue. The meat sample is dissolved by a digestive solution and the remains are examined for the presence of larvae. See also digestion DEFAULTSORT Artificial Digestion Category Parasitology Med stub Parasite stub ar ... more details
File Magdalenenklause 1.jpg thumb Magdalenenklause in Munich Artificial ruins or imitation ruins are edifice fragments built to resemble real remnants of historic buildings. Artificial ruins became fashionable in Germany German interpretations of baroque and english garden s, like the Ruinenberg . The ruins are mostly of gothic or ancient style. See also Folly External links http www.360cities.net image artificial ruins inside aldara parks Artificial ruins in Riga 360 degree panorama Category Ruins in Germany Category Parks in Germany de K nstliche Ruine Germany struct stub ... more details
Artificial cream is an imitation of cream made from non dairy fats. Artificial cream is usually made from vegetable oil, not butterfat , and contains no butyric acid. Artificial cream often contains sugar to sweeten it, but intense sweeteners are also used. See also Cool Whip , a brand of imitation whipped cream. External links http www.tradingstandards.gov.uk Kent Analyst 20reports creamcakes.htm Kent County Council on Cream Cakes condiment stub Category Milk substitutes ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Artificial Minds is a book written by Stan Franklin and published in 1995 by MIT Press . The book is a wide ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written. As well as discussing the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of many approaches, it goes into some detail in explaining the workings of many of what the author considers to be the most promising examples of the era. Category Artificial intelligence publications Category 1995 books Category Computer science books Compu book stub ... more details
Artificial imagination AIm , also called Synthetic imagination or machine imagination is defined as artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks . The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of machines or Computer program programs Among some of the traits that researchers hope to simulate using machines include creativity , vision, digital art , humor , satire , etc. Artificial imagination research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science , Rhetoric , psychology , creative arts , philosophy , neuroscience , affective computing , Artificial Intelligence , Artificial intuition , cognitive science , computational linguistics linguistics , operations research , creative writing , probability and logic . The various practitioners in the field are researching various aspects of Artificial imagination, such as Artificial visual imagination, ref Visual Information Retrieval Using Synthesized Imagery http portal.acm.org ft gateway.cfm?id 1282303&type pdf ref Artificial aural Imagination, ref AUDIO CONTENT TRANSMISSION by Xavier Amatriain & Perfecto Herrera, http www.iua.upf.es mtg publications dafx2001 xamat.pdf ref modeling filtering content based on human emotions ref ... and Interactive Search ref An Artificial Imagination for Interactive Search. ICCV HCI, 4796 19 28 ... iccv iccv hci2007.html ThomeeHBL07 ref . Some articles on the topic speculate on how artificial imagination may evolve to create an artificial world which people may not want to leave at all. ref Hypertext ...., Wayne State Univ. have focused on using artificial neural networks for simulating artificial imagination ... 1007019 ref The topic of artificial imagination has gotten interest from scholars outside the computer ..., who came up with the Symbolic Convergence Theory and has worked on a project to develop artificial ... Artificial intelligence Category Artificial intelligence applications ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date July 2008 Artificial Psychology is a theoretical discipline proposed by Dan Curtis b. 1963 . The theory states that when the artificial intelligence approaches the level of complexity where the intelligence meets two conditions Condition I A Makes all of its decisions autonomously B Is capable of making decisions based on information that is New Abstract Incomplete C The artificial intelligence is capable of reprogramming itself based on the new data D And is capable of resolving its own programming conflicts, even in the presence of incomplete data. This means that the intelligence autonomously makes value based decisions, referring to values that the intelligence has created for itself. Condition II All four criteria are met in situations that are not part of the original operating program When both conditions are met, then the possibility exists that the intelligence will reach irrational conclusions based on real or created information. At this point, the criteria is met for intervention which will not necessarily be resolved by simple re coding of processes due to extraordinarily complex nature of the codebase itself but rather a discussion with the intelligence in a format which more closely resembles classical human psychology . If the intelligence cannot be reprogrammed by directly inputting new code, but requires the intelligence ... to function normally, then artificial psychology is by definition, what is required. The level .... The theory of artificial psychology does not address the specifics of what those levels may be, but only ... must go through to address their own dysfunctionalities. Along the same lines, artificial ... or not. The current level of artificial intelligence in 2008 does not approach any threshold where any of the theories or principles of artificial psychology may even be tested, and therefore, for the foreseeable future, artificial psychology will remain a theoretical discipline. Category Artificial ... more details
orphan date October 2009 The term Artificial atom is commonly used to describe objects that have bound, discrete electronic states, as is the case with naturally occurring atoms. Semiconductor quantum dots are the most common example of artificial atoms, and are analogies for real atoms. Artificial atoms, or quantum dots, are really made up of more than one atom, but are like single atoms in one important way when you provide the right amount or quanta of energy, they will give off coloured light. External links See also Programmable matter Category Atoms ... more details
Refimprove date January 2009 Artificial demand constitutes demand for something that, in the absence of exposure to the vehicle of creating demand, would not exist. It has controversial applications in microeconomics Pump and dump pump and dump strategy and advertising . Synonyms for artificial demand include fake demand and false need . A demand is usually seen as artificial when it Allocative efficiency increases consumer utility very inefficiently for example, a physician proscribing unnecessary surgeries would be creating artificial demand. ref cite journal journal Obesity Surgery title Economic Theory and Physician Behavior in Bariatric Surgery volume 10 publisher Springer doi 10.1381 09608920060674012 page 4 year 2000 month February url http www.springerlink.com content 6245253378812852 fulltext.pdf first1 A. M. C. last1 MacGregor first2 C. C. last2 MacGregor pmid 10715635 issue 1 pages 4 6 ref Fiscal policy Economic effects of fiscal policy Government spending with the primary purpose of providing jobs rather than deliverying any other end product has been labelled artificial demand . ref cite web title Real Demand is Not Artificial year 2008 url http www.american consensus.org resources econ prereq economics.html publisher American Consensus ref Vehicles of creating artificial demand can include mass media advertising, which can create demand for good economics goods , Service economics services , policy political policies or political platform platforms , and other entities. Another example of artificial demand can be seen in penny stock Spam e mail spam . After purchasing a large number of shares of an extremely low value stock, the spammer attempts to create artificial demand by implementing a spam based guerilla marketing strategy. Notes Reflist See also Pump and dump Category Social psychology Category Microeconomics Category Advertising Category Anti corporate activism Category Ethically disputed business practices social psych stub microeconomics stub ... more details
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