ratio approximating that of human bone. Artificialbone refers to bone like material created in a laboratory that can be used in bone grafting bone grafts , to replace human bone that was lost due to severe fractures, disease, etc. ref cite web url http arthroscopy.com sp12013.htm title ARTIFICIALBONE GRAFTS PRO OSTEON ref Overview Bone s are rigid organs that serve various functions in the human ... artificialbone developed ref Researchers at Columbia University have grown an anatomically correct ... ref References reflist 2 Category Artificial organs Category Bone products ... production from bone marrow , etc. Bone is a very complex tissue strong, elastic, and self repairing. ref cite news url http www.nytimes.com 2009 04 28 science 28angi.html? r 1 title Bone, a Masterpiece ... 2010 04 25 ref Damaged bone can be replaced with bone from other parts of the body autografts , from ... much bone is available, while the other options can result in rejection by the human body. ref cite web url http www.springerlink.com content h21762t6600735m6 title Clinical application of artificialbone in the maxillofacial region ref There has been much research towards creating artificialbone. Richard J. Lagow, at the University of Texas at Austin , developed a way of creating a strong bone like porous structure from bone powder, which, when introduced in the body, can allow the growth of blood vessels, and which can be gradually replaced by natural bone. ref cite web url http www.faqs.org health topics 89 Artificial bone.html title Artificialbone ref Research at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has resulted in a metal ceramic composite that has, like bone, a fine microstructure, and which may help create artificialbone. ref cite web url http www.physorg.com news10408.html title Secrets of the Sea Yield Stronger ArtificialBone ref A team of British scientists have developed injectable bone , a soft substance which hardens in the body. They won the Medical Futures ... more details
Terms for anatomical location Orthopedic surgery Orthopaedics Artificialbone National Bone Health ...about the skeletal organ other uses Bone disambiguation and Bones disambiguation the tissue Osseous tissue ... organs of the body, produce red blood cell red and white blood cell s and store mineral s. Bone tissue ... functions . One of the types of tissue that makes up bone is the mineralized osseous tissue , also called bone tissue, that gives it rigidity and a Honeycomb geometry honeycomb like three dimensional internal structure. Other types of tissue found in bones include bone marrow marrow , endosteum and periosteum .... The largest bone in the human body is the femur and the smallest bones are auditory ossicles. ref ... in three dimensional space. The interaction between bone and muscle is studied in biomechanics ... hearing . Synthetic Blood production the Bone marrow marrow , located within the medullary cavity of long bones and interstices of cancellous bone, produces blood cells in a process called hematopoiesis ... calcium and phosphorus . Growth factor storage mineralized bone matrix stores important growth factors such as insulin like growth factors, transforming growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein s and others. Fat storage the yellow bone marrow acts as a storage reserve of fatty acid s. Acid Base chemistry base balance bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing Alkali salts alkaline salts . Detoxification bone tissues can also store heavy metals and other ... organ bone controls phosphate metabolism by releasing Fibroblast growth factor 23 fibroblast growth factor 23 FGF 23 , which acts on kidney s to reduce phosphate reabsorption . Bone cells also release ... issue 3 pmc 2013746 ref Mechanical properties The primary tissue of bone, osseous tissue , is a relatively ... 1006 1 title Shear Strength and Fatigue Properties of Human Cortical Bone Determined from Pure Shear ... forces well, but not pulling or torsional forces. While bone is essentially Brittleness brittle ... more details
To the Bone may refer to To the Bone The Kinks album To the Bone The Kinks album To the Bone Kris Kristofferson album To the Bone Kris Kristofferson album To the Bone Law & Order Criminal Intent To the Bone Law & Order Criminal Intent , an episode of Law & Order Criminal Intent ToTheBones , an English rock band disambig ... more details
Infobox Book name In the Bone title orig translator image Image In the bone.jpg 200px image caption Cover of the first edition author Gordon R. Dickson illustrator cover artist Richard Corben country United States language English language English series genre Science fiction short stories publisher Ace Books release date 1987 english release date media type Print Paperback pages 228 pp isbn 0 441 37049 7 oclc 15339637 preceded by followed by In the Bone The Best Science Fiction of Gordon R. Dickson is a collection of science fiction stories by Gordon R. Dickson . It was first published by Ace Books in 1987 and expands Dickson s earlier collection, Gordon R. Dickson s SF Best . Most of the stories originally appeared in the magazines Analog Science Fiction and Fact , Fantasy and Science Fiction , Satellite and if magazine If . Contents Twig God Bless Them Hilifter Brother Charlie Act of Creation Idiot Solvant Call Him Lord Tiger Green Of the People Dolphin s Way In the Bone References cite web last Brown first Charles N. authorlink Charles N. Brown coauthors William G. Contento title The Locus Index to Science Fiction 1984 1998 work publisher date url http www.locusmag.com index t58.htm A6724 format doi accessdate 2008 01 21 cite web last first authorlink coauthors title Internet Speculative Fiction Database work publisher date url http www.isfdb.org cgi bin pl.cgi?87IntheBone format doi accessdate 2008 01 21 Category 1987 short story collections Category Short story collections by Gordon R. Dickson ... more details
Infobox Hollywood cartoon cartoon name A Bone for a Bone series Looney Tunes Goofy Gophers image A Bone for a Bone title card.png caption The title card for A Bone for a Bone . director Friz Freleng I. Freleng story artist Ben Hardaway J.B. Hardaway animator Virgil Ross br Arthur Davis animator Arthur Davis br Manuel Perez br Ken Champin layout artist Hawley Pratt background artist Paul Julian voice actor Mel Blanc br Stan Freberg uncredited musician Carl Stalling producer Eddie Selzer uncredited studio Warner Bros. Cartoons distributor Warner Bros. Pictures br The Vitaphone Corporation release date April 7, 1951 color process Technicolor runtime 6 57 movie language English preceded by A Ham in a Role followed by I Gopher You A Bone for a Bone is a Looney Tunes Short subject short starring the Goofy Gophers . The cartoon, released in 1951, was directed by Friz Freleng and released by Warner Bros. Pictures , and was the first of four Goofy Gophers cartoon directed by Freleng, and would be the final work by Ben Hardaway J.B. Hardaway at the Warner Bros. studio, having returned after almost a decade at the Walter Lantz studio. Plot The Gophers Mac and Tosh are playing a Gin rummy gin game in their hole in the ground outside a house, where Tosh loses his fifth game in a row, when Geo P. Dog otherwise known as The Barnyard Dawg in the Foghorn Leghorn series digs a hole and dumps a bone on the Gophers and then dirt as he fills the bone in. Geo does remove the bone upon Tosh s request, but realizing that it was gophers who asked him to move the bone, he returns to the same hole to dig the bone. This time, Mac goes up, only to be grabbed by Geo. Mac then yells for help, which arrives in the form of Tosh and a hammer, which Tosh uses to knock Geo s head into his collar, allowing the Gophers to return to their hole and escape the dog, but not before the Gophers have an argument ... Bone for a Bone, A Category 1951 films Category Looney Tunes shorts Category Films directed ... more details
Artificial chromosome may refer to Yeast artificial chromosome Bacterial artificial chromosome Human artificial chromosome P1 derived artificial chromosome disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Artificial Paradise may refer to Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album , 1973 Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise film Artificial Paradise film , a 1990 Yugoslavian film disambiguation ... more details
and Regeneration of organ systems. See also ArtificialboneArtificial skin Bionics Biomedical Engineering ...Multiple issues refimprove September 2009 weasel September 2010 An artificial organ is a man made device ... replacing of filters, would exclude a device from being called an artificial organ. Thus a dialysis ... the duties of a kidney , is not an artificial organ. At this time an efficient, self contained artificial kidney has not become available. Reasons Reasons construct and install an artificial organ ... a Organ transplant transplant e.g. artificial heart Dramatic improvement of the patient s ability for self care e.g. Prosthesis artificial limb Improvement of the patient s ability to interact socially ... or accident The use of any artificial organ by humans is almost always preceded by extensive Animal ... not typically thought of as organs, one might also consider replacement bone, and joints thereof, such as hip ... centers to eliminate symptoms. Cardia and pylorus valves Artificial cardia and pylorus can be used ... these artificial cylinders, normally sized to be direct replacements for the natural corpus cavernosa ... successful function replacing artificial eye so far is actually an external miniature digital camera ... for the brain. The problem of creating a 100 functional artificial electronic eye is even more complex than what is already obvious. Steadily increasing complexity of the artificial connection ... eye may be available. Heart While considered a success, the use of artificial heart s is limited ... to reliably sustain life beyond about 18 months. Artificial pacemaker s are Electronics electronic ... Main artificial limb Artificial arms with semi functional hands, some even fitted with working Thumb ... liver device intended for the treatment of liver failure using stem cell s. The artificial ... a transplant is available. ref http www.hepalife.com artificial liver.php liver HepaLife Artificial ... that pieces of artificial liver could be used to repair livers injured in the next five years. These artificial ... more details
Artificial or fake trees could refer to Artificial Christmas tree s Artificial trees used to Carbon dioxide air capture Artificial trees capture carbon dioxide disambig ... more details
File Standard and drug delivery artificial cells .png thumb 350px alt Two types of artificial cells, one ... artificial cell top and drug delivery artificial cell bottom . An artificial cell or minimal cell is an engineered ... of biological cells can be replaced or supplemented with a synthetic entity. Often, artificial ... have qualified as artificial cells. Micro encapsulation allows for metabolism within the membrane ... 2007 cite book last Chang first Thomas Ming Swi title Artificial cells biotechnology, nanomedicine ... and decreased immune system immune responses . Notably, artificial cells have been clinically successful ... and artificial organs based on a symposium sponsored by the Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics ... ref In the area of synthetic biology , a living artificial cell has been defined as a completely synthetically ... last Deamer first D title A giant step towards artificial life? journal Trends in biotechnology date ..., but a variation of an artificial cell has been created in which a completely synthetic genome was introduced ... pages 52 56 doi 10.1126 science.1190719 ref Although not completely artificial because the cytoplasm ... development Artificial cells were first developed by Thomas Chang at McGill University in the 1960s ... volume 146 3643 pages 524 525 ref These first artificial cells consisted of ultrathin membranes ... molecules in and out of the cell. These early artificial cells were micron sized and contained Cell ... Chang 2007 . Presently, artificial cells range from hundreds of micrometer to nanometer dimensions ... 2007 The first clinical use of artificial cells was in hemoperfusion by the encapsulation of activated ... Artificial Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol year 1996 volume 24 pages ixxxvi ref In the 1970s ... pages 687 8 pmid 2570944 ref Although Thomas Chang began his initial research focused on artificial red blood cells , it was not until the mid 1990s that biodegradable artificial red blood cells were ... Karger location Basel isbn 3 8055 6584 4 ref Most recently, artificial cells have been used extensively ... more details
The term artificial gills can mean Imitation gills put into stuffed fish for the sake of appearance. See taxidermy . An inaccurate term for liquid breathing breathing sets. Artificial gills extracting oxygen from water to supply a diver. See Artificial gills human . disambig ... more details
for artificial gravity in fiction Artificial gravity fiction Image Gemini 11 Agena.jpg thumb Gemini 11 ... station centrifuge demo Artificial gravity is the varying increase or decrease of apparent gravitation gravity g force via artificial means, particularly in space, but also on the Earth. It can be practically ... force , and for short periods linear acceleration. The creation of artificial gravity is considered ... humans and animals. Many adaptations occur over a few days, but over a long period of time bone density decreases, and some of this decrease may be permanent. The minimum g force required to avoid bone ... have been exposed to continuous artificial gravity of 1 g during Russian biosatellite missions lasting two weeks. The muscle and bone loss in these animals was found to be less than rats in 0 g. Astronauts were exposed to artificial gravity levels ranging from 0.2 to 1 g for a few minutes during several ... receptors for gravity perception are located. ref Cl ment G, Bukley A 2007 Artificial Gravity. Springer New York ref Methods for generating artificial gravity Gravity can be simulated in numerous ways Rotation File Nasa Artificial Gravity Space Station concept 1969.jpg thumb Artificial gravity ... point of view of people rotating with the habitat , artificial gravity by rotation behaves in some ... gravity that pushes away from the axis of rotation. Artificial gravity levels vary proportionately ... full 2002ESASP.501..151H title Adapting to artificial gravity AG at high rotational ... of the head. This form of artificial gravity gives additional system issues cn date November ... artificial gravity have a great number of variants with intrinsic problems and advantages. To reduce ... of weightlessness. Artificial gravity at 0.1 g would require a radius of only 22 m 74 ... area. The Gemini 11 mission attempted to produce artificial gravity by rotating the capsule ... a small amount of artificial gravity, about 0.00015 g, by firing their side thrusters to slowly ... more details
One source date October 2009 Inappropriate tone date May 2010 Artificial architecture , also referred to as algorithmic architecture and algorithmic design , is the research area combining architectural design and artificial intelligence . It can be considered a subfield of design computing , with emphases on artificial intelligence , computational creativity and knowledge engineering . The main objectives ... and objects. The term has been popularized by the Department of Artificial Architecture Institute of Artificial Art Amsterdam , where remarkable efforts in this area have been made employing visual grammar to generate random specifications of 3 dimensional objects and structures. The concept of artificial ... of a PhD Thesis developed at Polytechnical University of Madrid Spain Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism . ref Francisco Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 http oa.upm.es 553 01 FRANCISCO JAVIER FERNANDEZ HERRERO.pdf Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism , http oa.upm.es ... Notes Reflist See also Artificial intelligence Artificial life Building Information Modeling CAD ... Knowledge engineering References F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 , Arquitectura artificial ... , Arquitectura artificial o manierismo por computadora, ISBN 1847282687, 9781847282682 F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2006 , Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism, movie. Digital Video Disc Kostas Terzidis 2009 , Algorithmic Architecture, ISBN 0750667257 External links http iaaa.nl artificial acad.html Department of Artificial Architecture http iaaa.nl home.html Institute of Artificial ... Graduate School of Design http www.youtube.com profile?user ArtificialArch&view videos Artificial ... Arquitectura Artificial 1.0 , VIDA 6.0. http www.fundacion.telefonica.com arteytecnologia ... Architectural design Category Artificial intelligence Category Computer aided design Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Main Reproductive technology Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism . Examples include artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage embryo cleavage . Cutting plants stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. DEFAULTSORT Artificial Reproduction Category Reproduction Biology stub ar ... more details
Artificial eye may refer to Visual prosthesis , functioning implant designed to restore sight Ocular prosthesis , non functioning cosmetic replacement for a lost eye Artificial Eye , DVD distributor in the USA and UK, specialising in foreign language films disambig ... more details
Expand Spanish topic culture date August 2010 Respiraci n artificial Novela is an Argentina Argentine novel, written by Ricardo Piglia . It was first published in 1980. Category Argentine novels Category Spanish language novels Category 1980 novels 1980s novel stub Argentina stub es Respiraci n artificial Novela ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Artificial digestion is a laboratory technique that reduces digestible material for analytical purposes. Naturally occurring digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificial digestion. As an example, artificial digestion is used to detect the presence of encysted trichinella larvae in suspected muscle tissue. The meat sample is dissolved by a digestive solution and the remains are examined for the presence of larvae. See also digestion DEFAULTSORT Artificial Digestion Category Parasitology Med stub Parasite stub ar ... more details
File Magdalenenklause 1.jpg thumb Magdalenenklause in Munich Artificial ruins or imitation ruins are edifice fragments built to resemble real remnants of historic buildings. Artificial ruins became fashionable in Germany German interpretations of baroque and english garden s, like the Ruinenberg . The ruins are mostly of gothic or ancient style. See also Folly External links http www.360cities.net image artificial ruins inside aldara parks Artificial ruins in Riga 360 degree panorama Category Ruins in Germany Category Parks in Germany de K nstliche Ruine Germany struct stub ... more details
Artificial cream is an imitation of cream made from non dairy fats. Artificial cream is usually made from vegetable oil, not butterfat , and contains no butyric acid. Artificial cream often contains sugar to sweeten it, but intense sweeteners are also used. See also Cool Whip , a brand of imitation whipped cream. External links http www.tradingstandards.gov.uk Kent Analyst 20reports creamcakes.htm Kent County Council on Cream Cakes condiment stub Category Milk substitutes ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Artificial Minds is a book written by Stan Franklin and published in 1995 by MIT Press . The book is a wide ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written. As well as discussing the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of many approaches, it goes into some detail in explaining the workings of many of what the author considers to be the most promising examples of the era. Category Artificial intelligence publications Category 1995 books Category Computer science books Compu book stub ... more details
Artificial imagination AIm , also called Synthetic imagination or machine imagination is defined as artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks . The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of machines or Computer program programs Among some of the traits that researchers hope to simulate using machines include creativity , vision, digital art , humor , satire , etc. Artificial imagination research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science , Rhetoric , psychology , creative arts , philosophy , neuroscience , affective computing , Artificial Intelligence , Artificial intuition , cognitive science , computational linguistics linguistics , operations research , creative writing , probability and logic . The various practitioners in the field are researching various aspects of Artificial imagination, such as Artificial visual imagination, ref Visual Information Retrieval Using Synthesized Imagery http portal.acm.org ft gateway.cfm?id 1282303&type pdf ref Artificial aural Imagination, ref AUDIO CONTENT TRANSMISSION by Xavier Amatriain & Perfecto Herrera, http www.iua.upf.es mtg publications dafx2001 xamat.pdf ref modeling filtering content based on human emotions ref ... and Interactive Search ref An Artificial Imagination for Interactive Search. ICCV HCI, 4796 19 28 ... iccv iccv hci2007.html ThomeeHBL07 ref . Some articles on the topic speculate on how artificial imagination may evolve to create an artificial world which people may not want to leave at all. ref Hypertext ...., Wayne State Univ. have focused on using artificial neural networks for simulating artificial imagination ... 1007019 ref The topic of artificial imagination has gotten interest from scholars outside the computer ..., who came up with the Symbolic Convergence Theory and has worked on a project to develop artificial ... Artificial intelligence Category Artificial intelligence applications ... more details
An artificial chemistry is a computer model used to simulate various types of system s. Artificial chemistry is in some ways similar to a chemical reaction, hence the name. The field of artificial chemistry originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry , economics , sociology and linguistics . Formal definition An artificial ... math S. I are the interaction rules of the molecules in S. Types of artificial chemistries depending ... sets Hasse diagram of organizations History of artificial chemistries Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub field of artificial life , in particular from strong artificial life . The idea behind this field .... Artificial chemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom up approach to artificial life. Important contributors The first reference about artificial Chemistries come ... of Artificial Life. In his first papers he presented the concept of organization , as a set of molecules that is algebraically closed and self maintaining. Two main schools of artificial chemistries ... Peter Dittrich and Jens Ziegler , developed various artificial chemistry models. Their 2001 paper Artificial Chemistries A Review became a standard in the field. Jens Ziegler , as part of his PhD thesis, proved that an artificial chemistry could be used to control a small Khepera robot. Among other ... through some simple rules. Since then he became a professor in Jena where he investigates artificial ... of artificial chemistries Artificial Chemistries are often used in the study of protobiology, in trying to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology . A further motivation to study artificial ... and references http web.cs.mun.ca banzhaf papers alchemistry review MIT.pdf Artificial chemistries ... papers on artificial chemistries for artificial life http www.minet.uni jena.de biosys twiki bin view.pl ACHEM WebHome the ARTIFICIAL CHEMISTRY webpage of Peter Dittrich s workgroup. http protobiology.org ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date July 2008 Artificial Psychology is a theoretical discipline proposed by Dan Curtis b. 1963 . The theory states that when the artificial intelligence approaches the level of complexity where the intelligence meets two conditions Condition I A Makes all of its decisions autonomously B Is capable of making decisions based on information that is New Abstract Incomplete C The artificial intelligence is capable of reprogramming itself based on the new data D And is capable of resolving its own programming conflicts, even in the presence of incomplete data. This means that the intelligence autonomously makes value based decisions, referring to values that the intelligence has created for itself. Condition II All four criteria are met in situations that are not part of the original operating program When both conditions are met, then the possibility exists that the intelligence will reach irrational conclusions based on real or created information. At this point, the criteria is met for intervention which will not necessarily be resolved by simple re coding of processes due to extraordinarily complex nature of the codebase itself but rather a discussion with the intelligence in a format which more closely resembles classical human psychology . If the intelligence cannot be reprogrammed by directly inputting new code, but requires the intelligence ... to function normally, then artificial psychology is by definition, what is required. The level .... The theory of artificial psychology does not address the specifics of what those levels may be, but only ... must go through to address their own dysfunctionalities. Along the same lines, artificial ... or not. The current level of artificial intelligence in 2008 does not approach any threshold where any of the theories or principles of artificial psychology may even be tested, and therefore, for the foreseeable future, artificial psychology will remain a theoretical discipline. Category Artificial ... more details
orphan date October 2009 The term Artificial atom is commonly used to describe objects that have bound, discrete electronic states, as is the case with naturally occurring atoms. Semiconductor quantum dots are the most common example of artificial atoms, and are analogies for real atoms. Artificial atoms, or quantum dots, are really made up of more than one atom, but are like single atoms in one important way when you provide the right amount or quanta of energy, they will give off coloured light. External links See also Programmable matter Category Atoms ... more details
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