Algorithm For Numerical Function Optimization ArtificialBee Colony ABC Algorithm, Journal of Global ... 007 9149 x ref ref D. Karaboga, B. Basturk, On The Performance Of ArtificialBee Colony ABC Algorithm ..., ArtificialBee Colony ABC Optimization Algorithm for Solving Constrained Optimization Problems ... ABC algorithm to neural network training ref D. Karaboga, B. Basturk Akay, ArtificialBee Colony Algorithm on Training Artificial Neural Networks, Signal Processing and Communications Applications ..., B. Basturk Akay, C. Ozturk, ArtificialBee Colony ABC Optimization Algorithm for Training ... al. employed an ArtificialBee Colony ABC Algorithm based approach for structural optimization. ref ... Sonmez,Discrete optimum design of truss structures using artificialbee colony algorithm, Structural ... abc ArtificialBee Colony Algorithm Optimization algorithms Category Bees Category Optimization ...Merge Bees algorithm date September 2011 In computer science and operations research , the artificialbee colony algorithm ABC is an optimization algorithm based on the intelligent foraging behaviour of honey bee swarm, proposed by Karaboga in 2005 ref D. Karaboga, An Idea Based On Honey Bee Swarm for Numerical ... Department 2005. ref . Algorithm In the ABC model, the colony consists of three groups of bees employed bees, onlookers and scouts. It is assumed that there is only one artificial employed bee ... Since 2005, D. Karaboga and his research group ref http mf.erciyes.edu.tr abc Artificialbee colony ... Bee Colony ABC Algorithm for Numeric function Optimization, IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium 2006 ... bee colony algorithm, 2nd International Conference on Engineering Optimization, 2010, September 6 9 ... on this area. The employed bee whose food source has been abandoned becomes a scout and starts ... food sources depending on dances. The main steps of the algorithm are given below Initial food sources are produced for all employed bees REPEAT Each employed bee goes to a food source in her memory and determines ... more details
200px thumb lright Flow chart of an algorithm Euclid s algorithm for calculating the greatest common divisor g.c.d. of two numbers a and b in locations named A and B. The algorithm proceeds by successive ... B is less than or equal to the number a in location A THEN the algorithm specifies B B A meaning ... of B is 0, yielding the g.c.d. in A. Algorithm derived from Scott 2009 13 symbols and drawing style from Tausworthe 1977 . In mathematics and computer science , an algorithm IPAc en audio en ... mathematical algorithm, for example, can be described in a finite number of English words Rogers ... the algorithm There is a computing agent, usually human, which can react to the instructions and carry ... an algorithm is a procedure for computing a function with respect to some chosen notation for integers ... an algorithm is a step by step procedure for calculations. Starting from an initial state and initial input perhaps null string empty , ref An algorithm has zero or more inputs, i.e., quantity quantities which are given to it initially before the algorithm begins Knuth 1973 5 . ref the instructions ... A procedure which has all the characteristics of an algorithm except that it possibly lacks finiteness ..., eventually producing output ref An algorithm has one or more outputs, i.e. quantities which have a specified ... not including the input is an algorithm is debatable. Rogers opines that a computation is carried ... chapter What is an algorithm? title Mathematics Unlimited &mdash 2001 and beyond editor1 first B ... the definition of algorithm see Algorithm characterizations . For examples of simple addition algorithms specified in the detailed manner described in Algorithm characterizations , see Algorithm examples . While there is no generally accepted formal definition of algorithm, an informal definition ... people, a program is only an algorithm if it stops eventually for others, a program is only an algorithm ... terminate in a finite number of steps Stone 1973 7 8 . ref A prototypical example of an algorithm ... more details
The Bee may refer to The Bee magazine , a literary magazine started by Oliver Goldsmith in 1759 The Bee radio station , a radio station in Blackburn, United Kingdom The nickname of Dragutin Dimitrijevi of the Serbian Black Hand The nickname of Mr. Weatherbee from Archie Comics. An unproduced animated screenplay written by John Hughes filmmaker John Hughes and bought by Walt Disney Pictures . Some newspapers are so informally referred to as such, including The Sacramento Bee The Fresno Bee disambig ... more details
Other uses sprotect2 automatic Taxobox name Bee fossil range Early Cretaceous Recent, fossilrange 100 ... author Danforth BN, Sipes S, Fang J, Brady SG title The history of early bee diversification ... that make flight difficult or impossible, but none are wingless. The smallest bee is Trigona minima , a stingless bee whose workers are about 2.1 mm 5 64 long. The largest bee in the world is Megachile pluto , a leafcutter bee whose females can attain a length of 39 mm 1.5 . Members of the family Halictidae , or sweat bees, are the most common type of bee in the Northern Hemisphere , though they are small and often mistaken for wasps or flies. The best known bee species is the European honey bee , which, as its name suggests, produces honey , as do a few other types of bee. Human management ... apiaster , the bee eater bee eater bird . Other common predators are kingbird s, mockingbird s, beewolf ... is accomplished by bees, especially the domesticated European honey bee . pollination management ... and the massive pollinator decline decline of many bee species both wild and domesticated have increasingly caused honey bee keepers to become Seasonal human migration migratory so that bees ... Pollen 2004 08 14.jpg 250px right thumb upright Honey bee Apis mellifera collecting pollen Most bees ... pollen, which are gathered and used by oligolectic bees. One small subgroup of stingless bee s, called vulture bee s, is specialized to feed on carrion , and these are the only bees that do not use .... A honey bee queen bee queen may lay 2000 eggs per day during spring buildup, but she also must ... of a female honey bee From 1972 to 2006, there was a dramatic reduction in the number of feral honey ... disorder was coined to describe the sudden disappearances. ref name Penn cite news title Honey Bee ... Solve a Bee Mystery ref ref http money.cnn.com 2010 10 08 news honey bees ny times.fortune index.htm What a scientist didn t tell the New York Times about his study on bee deaths ref ref cite article ... more details
Thoroughbred racehorse infobox horsename BeeBeeBee image caption sire Better Bee grandsire Triplicate dam Paula damsire Nizami sex Stallion horse Stallion foaled 2552 country United States colour Bay horse Dark Bay Pink breeder William S. Miller owner 1 William S. Miller br 2 William S. Farish III at age 3 trainer Del W. Carroll record 31 11 8 2 earnings United States dollar US 281,098 race Hawthorne ... Classic Race wins br Preakness Stakes 1972 awards honours updated BeeBeeBee foaled 1969 in Maryland ... Preakness Stakes . To date BeeBeeBee is only one of eight Maryland bred colts to win the Preakness ... stakes winner Better Bee, who was a grandson of National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Reigh Count . His dam was Paula, a granddaughter of the great Nearco . BeeBeeBee was bred by former Illinois racing commissioner William S. Miller of Chicago who dispersed his ..., during the 1971 72 winter BeeBeeBee became the property of William Stamps Farish III William S. Farish ... of 1971, two year old BeeBeeBee was competing at Timonium Racetrack , a half mile track ... series, trainer Del W. Carroll Del Carroll chose not to run BeeBeeBee in the Kentucky Derby . However ... abstract.html?res F60B17FC3F5F117B93C2AA178FD85F468785F9 BeeBeeBee was confronting Duck winner Riva ... Eldon Nelson sent BeeBeeBee into an early lead and the duo never looked back. Relishing the muddy ... career. Riva Ridge proved did not perform well and finished fourth. BeeBeeBee did not run in the 1 ... Ridge as he won the ensuing Belmont Stakes. BeeBeeBee is one of only eight Maryland bred colts to win the Preakness Stakes. In late June 1972 BeeBeeBee made his first start since the Preakness ... to stud animal stud , in 1974 BeeBeeBee was sent to a breeding farm in Japan where he sire couldn t get it up . References http www.pedigreequery.com beebeebeeBeeBeeBee s pedigree and partial ... 29, 1972 Sports Illustrated article titled Give An A plus To BeeBeeBee Preakness Stakes Winners Category ... more details
St tzle, MIT Press, 2004. ISBN 0 262 04219 3 ref One variation on this approach is bees algorithm the bees algorithm , which is more analogous to the foraging patterns of the honey bee , another social ...Image Artificial ants.jpg thumb 400px When a colony of ants is confronted with the choice of reaching their food via two different routes of which one is much shorter than the other, their choice is entirely random. However, those who use the shorter route move faster and therefore go back and forth more often between the anthill and the food ref cite book last Waldner first Jean Baptiste authorlink Jean Baptiste Waldner title Nanocomputers and Swarm Intelligence publisher ISTE John Wiley & Sons place London year 2008 isbn 1847040020 page 225 ref . In computer science , Artificial Ants stand for multi agent methods inspired by the behavior of real ants. The pheromone based communication of biological ant s is often the predominant paradigm used. ref cite book last Monmarch Nicolas, Guinand Fr d ric and Siarry Patrick title Artificial Ants publisher Wiley ISTE year 2010 isbn 78 1 84821 194 0 ref Combinations of Artificial Ants and local search optimization local search algorithms have become a method of choice for numerous optimization tasks involving some sort of Graph mathematics graph , e. g., vehicle routing problem vehicle routing and internet routing . The burgeoning activity in this field has led to conferences dedicated solely to Artificial Ants, and to numerous commercial applications by specialized companies such as AntOptima . As an example, Ant colony optimization ref cite journal last Dorigo, Gambardella first M, L.M. authorlink M. Dorigo & L. M. Gambardella title Learning Approach to the Traveling Salesman Problem publisher IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 1 1 pages p214 year 1997 ref is a class of optimization computer science optimization algorithm s modeled on the actions of an ant colony . Artificial ants e.g. simulation agents locate optimal ... more details
An artificial chemistry is a computer model used to simulate various types of system s. Artificial chemistry is in some ways similar to a chemical reaction, hence the name. The field of artificial chemistry originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry , economics , sociology and linguistics . Formal definition An artificial ..., as opposed to . A is an algorithm describing how to apply the rules R to a subset P math subset math S. I are the interaction rules of the molecules in S. Types of artificial chemistries depending ... sets Hasse diagram of organizations History of artificial chemistries Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub field of artificial life , in particular from strong artificial life . The idea behind this field .... Artificial chemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom up approach to artificial life. Important contributors The first reference about artificial Chemistries come ... of Artificial Life. In his first papers he presented the concept of organization , as a set of molecules that is algebraically closed and self maintaining. Two main schools of artificial chemistries ... Peter Dittrich and Jens Ziegler , developed various artificial chemistry models. Their 2001 paper Artificial Chemistries A Review became a standard in the field. Jens Ziegler , as part of his PhD thesis, proved that an artificial chemistry could be used to control a small Khepera robot. Among other ... through some simple rules. Since then he became a professor in Jena where he investigates artificial ... of artificial chemistries Artificial Chemistries are often used in the study of protobiology, in trying to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology . A further motivation to study artificial ... and references http web.cs.mun.ca banzhaf papers alchemistry review MIT.pdf Artificial chemistries ... papers on artificial chemistries for artificial life http www.minet.uni jena.de biosys twiki bin view.pl ... more details
refimprove date February 2011 Artificial Society is the specific agent based computational model for computer simulation in social analysis. It is mostly connected to the theme in complex system , emergence , Monte Carlo Method , computational sociology , multi agent system multi agent system , and evolutionary programming . The concept itself is simple enough. Actually reaching this conceptual point took a while. Complex mathematical models have been, and are, common deceivingly simple models only have their roots in the late forties, and took the advent of the microcomputer to really get up to speed. Overview The aim is to construct parallel simulations consisting of computational devices, referred ... Reynolds . He attempted to model living biological agents, a method known as artificial life , a term coined by Christopher Langton . The computational methods of artificial life were applied to the analysis of social systems, christened the artificial society by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell ... first2 Robert L. last2 Axtell authorlink2 Robert Axtell year 1996 title Growing Artificial Societies ... 224 isbn 9780262550253 ref Eventually, the artificial society provided a new method for sociological ... level. The artificial society has been widely accepted by recent sociology as a promising method characterized ... algorithm s EA , genetic algorithm s GA , genetic programming GP , memetic programming MP , agent based model s, and cellular automaton cellular automata CA . For many, artificial society is a meeting ... it as practical theology or a fact free science . However, the recent publication of artificial society articles in the scientific journals e.g. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation and http josc.bandungfe.net Journal of Social Complexity shows that artificial life techniques are becoming ... agent based model boids complex system Col 2 of 3 computational sociology emergence evolutionary algorithm ... Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation Category Social sciences methodology ... more details
Artificial chromosome may refer to Yeast artificial chromosome Bacterial artificial chromosome Human artificial chromosome P1 derived artificial chromosome disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Artificial Paradise may refer to Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album , 1973 Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise film Artificial Paradise film , a 1990 Yugoslavian film disambiguation ... more details
Artificial Life Inc Artificial life commonly Alife or alife Citation needed date July 2011 is a field ... url http dictionary.reference.com browse artificial 20life title Dictionary.com definition accessdate ... of alife, ref cite web url http www.reed.edu mab publications papers BedauTICS03.pdf title Artificial ... soft , ref cite book title Artificial Life Models in Software author Maciej Komosinski ... title Artificial Life Models in Hardware author Andrew Adamatzky and Maciej Komosinski year 2009 ... book 978 1 84882 529 1 ref from hardware and wet artificial life wet , from biochemistry. Artificial ... http zooland.alife.org title What is Artificial Life? author Christopher Langton accessdate 2007 01 19 ref The term artificial life is often used to specifically refer to soft alife. ref John Johnston, 2008 The Allure of Machinic Life Cybernetics, Artificial Life, and the New AI , MIT Press ref Image ... software breve , an artificial life simulator Overview Artificial life studies the logic of living system s in artificial environments. The goal is to study the phenomena of living systems in order ... included in the umbrella term Artificial Life are agent based model agent based systems which ..., artificial life is generally referred to as being confined to a digital environment and existence ... www.probelog.com texts Langton al.pdf Artificial Life . Addison Wesley. ., section 1 ref In the first ... of Scientific Simulations from Artificial Life to Artificial Cosmogenesis . In Death And Anti Death ... process of any ecosystem . However, different opinions about artificial life s potential have arisen The strong alife cf. philosophy of artificial intelligence Strong AI vs. weak AI Strong AI position ... Artificial life organizations Software based soft Techniques cellular automaton Cellular automata were used in the early days of artificial life, and they are still often used for ease of scalability ... used to model the brain of an agent. Although traditionally more of an artificial intelligence ... more details
Artificial or fake trees could refer to Artificial Christmas tree s Artificial trees used to Carbon dioxide air capture Artificial trees capture carbon dioxide disambig ... more details
Artificial brain is a term commonly used in the media ref name bbc http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi technology 8164060.stm Artificial brain 10 years away 2009 BBC news ref to describe research that aims to develop ... or human brain . Research investigating artificial brains plays three important roles in science ... as cognitive neuroscience . A thought experiment in the philosophy of artificial intelligence , demonstrating ... being. A serious long term project to create machines capable of general intelligent action or Artificial ... 03384 7 . ref The third objective is generally called artificial general intelligence by researchers ... first Cassio title Artificial General Intelligence publisher Springer year 2006 isbn 3 540 23733 ... artificial brains, and claims on grounds of computer power continuing an exponential growth ... in 2009. ref name bbc Approaches to brain simulation Although direct brain emulation using artificial neural networks on a high performance computing engine is a common approach, ref see Artificial Intelligence ... artificial brain implementation could be based on http www.andcorporation.com Holographic ... to quantum processes through the core synaptic algorithm which has strong similarities to the QM wave ... 18358 A Topographical Development Method of Neural Networks for Artificial Brain Evolution , Artificial ... artificial brains in the near future are optimistic. In particular brains including the human brain ... is 3.5x10 sup 20 sup op sec watt at room temperature . Artificial brain thought experiment Some critics ... month Dec title Human level artificial general intelligence and the possibility of a technological singularity ... journal Artificial Intelligence volume 171 issue 18, Special Review Issue pages 1161 1173 url http ... without imitating nature. Some commentators ref Fox and Hayes quoted in Nilsson, Nils 1998 , Artificial ... of an artificial brain raises moral questions, namely regarding personhood , Freedom of will freedom ...? Would the shutdown of an artificial brain constitute death, sleep, unconsciousness , or some other ... more details
The term artificial gills can mean Imitation gills put into stuffed fish for the sake of appearance. See taxidermy . An inaccurate term for liquid breathing breathing sets. Artificial gills extracting oxygen from water to supply a diver. See Artificial gills human . disambig ... more details
One source date October 2009 Inappropriate tone date May 2010 Artificial architecture , also referred to as algorithmic architecture and algorithmic design , is the research area combining architectural design and artificial intelligence . It can be considered a subfield of design computing , with emphases on artificial intelligence , computational creativity and knowledge engineering . The main objectives ... and objects. The term has been popularized by the Department of Artificial Architecture Institute of Artificial Art Amsterdam , where remarkable efforts in this area have been made employing visual grammar to generate random specifications of 3 dimensional objects and structures. The concept of artificial ... of a PhD Thesis developed at Polytechnical University of Madrid Spain Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism . ref Francisco Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 http oa.upm.es 553 01 FRANCISCO JAVIER FERNANDEZ HERRERO.pdf Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism , http oa.upm.es ... Notes Reflist See also Artificial intelligence Artificial life Building Information Modeling CAD ... Knowledge engineering References F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 , Arquitectura artificial ... , Arquitectura artificial o manierismo por computadora, ISBN 1847282687, 9781847282682 F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2006 , Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism, movie. Digital Video Disc Kostas Terzidis 2009 , Algorithmic Architecture, ISBN 0750667257 External links http iaaa.nl artificial acad.html Department of Artificial Architecture http iaaa.nl home.html Institute of Artificial ... Graduate School of Design http www.youtube.com profile?user ArtificialArch&view videos Artificial ... Arquitectura Artificial 1.0 , VIDA 6.0. http www.fundacion.telefonica.com arteytecnologia ... Architectural design Category Artificial intelligence Category Computer aided design Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Main Reproductive technology Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism . Examples include artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage embryo cleavage . Cutting plants stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. DEFAULTSORT Artificial Reproduction Category Reproduction Biology stub ar ... more details
The artificial pancreas is a technology in development to help people with diabetes automatically control ... of the artificial pancreas is threefold to improve insulin replacement therapy until glycemic control ... of a bio artificial pancreas consisting of a biocompatible material biocompatible sheet ... of an artificial pancreas can be achieved. When the beta cell produces insulin from proinsulin ... as possible, an artificial pancreas might someday replace all of the beneficial endocrine functions ... all of the life impacting complications of diabetes. Thus, the goal of the Artificial Pancreas should be to normalize carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at a minimum. Approaches to an Artificial Pancreas Bioengineering approach Image Bio artificial pancreas with Islet Sheet technology.JPG thumb right 300px The Bio artificial pancreas this diagram shows a cross section of tissue engineering bio ... Function hormones in response to glucose . A biological approach to the artificial pancreas is to implant ... ref One concept of the bio artificial pancreas uses encapsulated islet cells to build an islet sheet which can be surgically implanted to function as an artificial pancreas. ref http www.isletmedical.com ... monitoring supports the mission of the artificial pancreas by automatically providing a blood glucose ... is needed for application to the artificial pancreas continuous sensors require calibration a few ... glucose monitoring continues to advance, so does the promise of the artificial pancreas. Feedback of real time blood glucose data to an insulin pump for basal control Image Artificial Pancreas.jpg thumb right 400px The medical equipment approach to an artificial pancreas automatic control of an insulin ... glucose sensors In France, a human clinical trial of an artificial pancreas is underway. The system ... insulin pump. ref http www.medicinenet.com script main art.asp?articlekey 52386 Artificial Pancreas .... Symlin has potential to support the artificial pancreas project because Insulin and pramlintide may ... more details
An artificial neuron is a mathematical function conceived as a crude model, or abstraction of biological neuron s. Artificial neurons are the constitutive units in an artificial neural network . Depending on the specific model used, it can receive different names, such as semi linear unit , Nv neuron , binary neuron , linear threshold function or McCulloch Pitts MCP neuron . The artificial neuron receives one or more inputs representing the one or more dendrite s and sums them to produce an output representing a biological neuron s axon . Usually the sums of each node are weighted, and the sum is passed through a non linear function known as an activation function or transfer function . The transfer functions usually have a sigmoid function sigmoid shape , but they may also take the form of other non linear functions, piecewise linear functions, or Step function step functions . They are also often Monotonic function monotonically increasing , Continuous function continuous , Differentiable function differentiable and Bounded function bounded . The artificial neuron transfer function should not be confused with a linear system s transfer function . Basic structure For a given artificial neuron, let there be m 1 inputs with signals x sub 0 sub through x sub m sub and weights ... sum j 0 m w kj x j right math Where math varphi math phi is the transfer function. Image artificial ... value are predetermined. History The first artificial neuron was the Threshold Logic Unit TLU ... because of the smaller difficulty they present. One important and pioneering artificial neural network ... s using a backpropagation algorithm. This part of the article needs to be expanded See Sigmoid function Pseudocode algorithm The following is a simple pseudocode implementation of a single TLU which ... weight of previous iteration. Limitations Artificial neurons of simple types, such as the McCulloch ... fr Neurone formel ko ja pl Neuron McCullocha Pittsa pt Neur nio artificial ru ... more details
Artificial eye may refer to Visual prosthesis , functioning implant designed to restore sight Ocular prosthesis , non functioning cosmetic replacement for a lost eye Artificial Eye , DVD distributor in the USA and UK, specialising in foreign language films disambig ... more details
Expand Spanish topic culture date August 2010 Respiraci n artificial Novela is an Argentina Argentine novel, written by Ricardo Piglia . It was first published in 1980. Category Argentine novels Category Spanish language novels Category 1980 novels 1980s novel stub Argentina stub es Respiraci n artificial Novela ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Artificial digestion is a laboratory technique that reduces digestible material for analytical purposes. Naturally occurring digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificial digestion. As an example, artificial digestion is used to detect the presence of encysted trichinella larvae in suspected muscle tissue. The meat sample is dissolved by a digestive solution and the remains are examined for the presence of larvae. See also digestion DEFAULTSORT Artificial Digestion Category Parasitology Med stub Parasite stub ar ... more details
File Magdalenenklause 1.jpg thumb Magdalenenklause in Munich Artificial ruins or imitation ruins are edifice fragments built to resemble real remnants of historic buildings. Artificial ruins became fashionable in Germany German interpretations of baroque and english garden s, like the Ruinenberg . The ruins are mostly of gothic or ancient style. See also Folly External links http www.360cities.net image artificial ruins inside aldara parks Artificial ruins in Riga 360 degree panorama Category Ruins in Germany Category Parks in Germany de K nstliche Ruine Germany struct stub ... more details
Artificial cream is an imitation of cream made from non dairy fats. Artificial cream is usually made from vegetable oil, not butterfat , and contains no butyric acid. Artificial cream often contains sugar to sweeten it, but intense sweeteners are also used. See also Cool Whip , a brand of imitation whipped cream. External links http www.tradingstandards.gov.uk Kent Analyst 20reports creamcakes.htm Kent County Council on Cream Cakes condiment stub Category Milk substitutes ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Artificial Minds is a book written by Stan Franklin and published in 1995 by MIT Press . The book is a wide ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written. As well as discussing the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of many approaches, it goes into some detail in explaining the workings of many of what the author considers to be the most promising examples of the era. Category Artificial intelligence publications Category 1995 books Category Computer science books Compu book stub ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
