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Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors
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Encyclopedia results for Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors

Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors





Encyclopedia results for Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors

  1. Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors

    Image ALEXIS.gif thumb 256px center ALEXIS center The Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors ALEXIS X ray astronomy X ray telescope s feature curved mirrors whose multilayer coatings reflect and focus low energy X ray s or extreme ultraviolet light the way optical telescope s focus visible light. The satellite and payloads were funded by the United States Department of Energy and built by Los Alamos National Laboratory in collaboration with Sandia National Laboratories and the University of California Space Sciences Lab. The satellite bus was built by AeroAstro, Inc. of Herndon, VA. The Launch was provided by the United States Air Force Space Test Program on a Pegasus rocket Pegasus Booster on April 25, 1993. ref cite news title ALEXIS satellite marks fifth anniversary of launch url http www.fas.org spp military program masint 98 062.html accessdate 17 August 2011 newspaper Los Alamos National Laboratory date 23 April 1998 ref The mission is entirely controlled from a small groundstation at LANL. Features ALEXIS scans half the sky with its three paired sets of EUV telescopes, although it cannot locate any events with high resolution. Ground based optical astronomers can look for visual counterparts to the EUV transients seen by ALEXIS by comparing observations made at two different times. Large telescopes, with their small fields of view, cannot quickly scan a large enough piece ... Artificial satellites orbiting Earth Category Space telescopes Category X ray telescopes de Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors es Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors gl Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors ... aberration limiting resolution to about 0.25 s. Analysis of the pre flight x ray throughput ... X ray band, and Provide synoptic monitoring of variable ultrasoft X ray sources such as cataclysmic ... telescope s mirror is the primary determinant of the telescope s photon energy response function ...   more details



  1. X-ray induced conductivity of ZnSe sensors at high temperatures

    conduction of ZnSe sensors at high temperatures and high power X ray fields. Radionuclide Radioisotopic ... it. timestamp 20120103193623 Multiple issues orphan December 2011 X ray induced conductivity of ZnSe ..., 144 156 ref ref Artemiev B.V., 2002. X ray Metal Thickness Measuring. Mashinostroenie 1, 102 105 ref ref Sowerby B.D., Rogers C.A., 2005. Gamma ray density and thickness gauges using ultra low activity ... for the characterization of X ray induced conductivity of ZnSe samples.jpg thumb 250px Fig. 1 Sketch of the experimental set up adopted for the characterization of X ray induced conductivity of ZnSe ... using X ray quanta. Specially undoped ZnSe crystals had been grown after preliminary cleaning .... Quality of contacts was verified by measuring volt ampere characteristics of X ray induced conductivity ... 85 up to 513 190 sup 0 sup to 240 sup 0 sup . X ray irradiation was done by means of total radiation of X ray tube Re anode through cryostat beryllium window. Calculated exposure dose rate varied ... voltage on the electrodes is increased up to 1500 V. Since X ray radiation was used as an exciting .... Dose rate of X ray radiation in the sample surface was evaluated using calculated method ref Luyanov ... d Al cdot mu Al left overline E X right right math Gy h 1 where sub X sub flux of X ray quanta s sup 1 sup cm sup 2 sup E sub X sub mean energy in tube radiation spectrum MeV sub a sub linear coefficient of X ray radiation true absorption in the air cm sup 1 sup d sub Al sub thickness of outlet window of X ray tube brought to the equivalent thickness of aluminum screen 400 mkm sub a sub E sub X sub linear coefficient of X ray radiation attenuation having energy of E sub X sub 10 keV in the outlet window of X ray tube 71.28  cm sup 1 sup . Quanta flux in the sample surface is determined with the radiation power of X ray tube math Phi X frac 2P T 2 pi cdot r 2 cdot e k U T frac k ... T sub ordinal number of the substance of X ray tube anode Re i sub T sub filament current of X ray ...   more details



  1. A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey

    A Broadband Imaging X ray All sky Survey , or ABRIXAS was a satellite space based Germany German X ray telescope . It was launched on 28 April 1999 in a Cosmos launch vehicle from Kapustin Yar , Russia , into Earth orbit . The orbit had a periapsis of convert 549.0 km mi , an apoapsis of convert 598.0 km mi , an inclination of 48.0 and an Orbital eccentricity eccentricity of 0.00352, giving it a period of 96 minutes. ref name abrixas2 cite web url http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc spacecraftDisplay.do?id 1999 022A title NASA NSSDC Spacecraft Details ABRIXAS publisher NASA accessdate 2008 02 27 ref ref name abrixas trajectory cite web url http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc spacecraftOrbit.do?id 1999 022A title NASA NSSD Spacecraft Trajectory Details ABRIXAS publisher NASA accessdate 2008 02 27 ref The telescope s battery was accidentally overcharged and destroyed three days after the mission started. When attempts to communicate with the satellite when its solar panels were illuminated by sunlight failed, the 20 million project was abandoned. ref name abrixas end cite web url http www.astronautix.com craft abrixas.htm title ABRIXAS publisher Astronautix.com accessdate 2008 02 28 ref References Reflist 1 Space observatories Orbital launches in 1999 DEFAULTSORT Broadband Imaging X Ray All Sky Survey Category Gamma ray telescopes Category Space telescopes Category 1999 in spaceflight Germany spacecraft stub de ABRIXAS es ABRIXAS gl ABRIXAS ja ABRIXAS pl ABRIXAS ...   more details



  1. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

    , L et al. ref Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy EDS or EDX or EDAX is an analytical technique ... in the form of an X ray. The number and energy of the X rays emitted from a specimen can be measured by an energy dispersive spectrometer. As the energy of the X rays are characteristic of the difference .... A detector is used to convert X ray energy into voltage signals this information is sent to a pulse ... emit an X ray. Often, instead of X ray emission, the excess energy is transferred to a third electron ... they may not all escape the sample. The likelihood of an X ray escaping the specimen, and thus being available to detect and measure, depends on the energy of the X ray and the amount and density of material ... X ray spectroscopy X ray fluorescence X ray microtomography References reflist External links http www.microanalyst.net index e.phtml MICROANALYST.NET Information portal with X ray microanalysis and EDX contents DEFAULTSORT Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy Category Scientific techniques Category ... To stimulate the emission of characteristic X rays from a specimen, a high energy beam of charged particles such as electron s or proton s see Particle Induced X ray Emission PIXE , or a beam of X ... May 2011 X ray generation The equipment measures the number of emitted X rays. Higher accelerating voltages ... There are four primary components of the EDS setup the beam source the X ray detector the pulse processor ... X ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS is another close relative of EDS, utilizing ejected electrons ... spectroscopic counterpart, WDS wavelength dispersive X ray spectroscopy . WDS differs from EDS in that it uses ... ray, so they are not detectable by X ray spectroscopy. Also, many elements will have overlapping peaks ... count rates, Lower dead time time spent on processing X ray event , Faster analytical capabilities and more precise X ray maps or particle data collected in seconds, Ability to be stored and operated ... absorbs X rays emitted from the sample and converts this energy into heat the latter measures ...   more details



  1. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

    doi 10.1093 gerona 59.8.B796 title Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry Measured Lean Soft Tissue Mass ... Bone Densitometry explained Operations and other procedures on the musculoskeletal system Medical imaging DEFAULTSORT Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry Category Radiology Category Measuring instruments ... BMD. In DXA, bone mineral content measured as the attenuation of the X ray by the bones being scanned .... DXA uses X rays to assess bone mineral density. However, the radiation dose is approximately 1 10 that of a standard chest X ray. ref http www.radiologyinfo.org en info.cfm?pg dexa&bhcp 1 Radiology ... based imaging techniques because of its low dosage. Each state has a different policy as to what ... low carbohydrate diets and preservation of muscle mass journal Nutrition & Metabolism date 11 January ... results in low carbohydrate dieters as a result of hydration differences when compared to medium and high carbohydrate dieters and electrolyte supplementation, so that low hydration reduces LST mass ... settings. Other imaging technologies such as Peripheral quantitative computed tomography Computed ... given to adults with low bone mass can be given to children only in strictly monitored ...   more details



  1. X-ray

    placed over the window of the X ray tube, filtering out the low energy components in the spectrum ... X ray photon is limited by the energy of the incident electron, which is equal to the voltage on the tube ..., the low energy soft X rays are unwanted, since they are totally absorbed by the body, increasing ... X rays overlap with the range of long wavelength lower energy gamma ray s, however the distinction ... the X ray energy spectrum this method is called energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy EDX or EDS it is often ... uses main Medical imaging File Brain CT scan.jpg thumb Head X ray computed tomography CT scan transverse ..., as X ray imaging is useful in the diagnoses of common oral problems, such as Dental caries cavities .... The outgoing energy of the X ray can be used to identify the composition of the sample. Industrial ... Tesla s device is called the Bremsstrahlung process, in which a high energy secondary X ray emission ... other uses X ray disambiguation distinguish X wave File Electromagnetic Spectrum.png thumb X rays are part ... Ultraviolet UV rays and longer than gamma ray s. In many languages, X radiation is called R ntgen ... 0674833392. ref Correct spelling of X ray s in the English language includes the variants x ray s and X ray s . ref OED X ray ref XRAY is used as the NATO phonetic alphabet phonetic pronunciation for the letter ... medical diagnostic radiography and X ray crystallography crystallography . As a result, the term X ray is metonomy metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image produced using this method ... emitted by X ray tube s had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted by radioactive atomic ... 2850 ref However, as shorter wavelength continuous spectrum X ray sources such as linear accelerator ... books.google.com ?id b519e10OPT0C&pg PA58&dq gamma x ray isbn 0124366031 ref ref cite book last Grupen ... rays seems to vary significantly. Depending on the source, a typical dental X ray of a human results ... 2007 05 09 . Retrieved on 2011 05 05. ref ref http www.dentalgentlecare.com x ray safety.htm ...   more details



  1. Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array

    Category Balloon borne experiments fr MAXIMA it Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array ... He 3 cooled the array down to operation temperature. The shielding, together with the properties of the feed ...   more details



  1. Low-energy electron microscopy

    produces a diffraction pattern low energy electron diffraction , LEED at the imaging plane and recorded ... screens, imaging plates, CCDs, among others. Specialized imaging techniques Low energy electron .... Reflectivity contrast imaging The elastic backscattering of low energy electrons from surfaces ...Low energy electron microscopy , or LEEM , is an analytical surface science technique invented by Ernst ... to low energies 1 100 eV near the sample surface because the sample is held at a potential near that of the gun. The low energy electrons are now termed surface sensitive and the near surface sampling depth can be varied by tuning the energy of the incident electrons difference between the sample and gun potentials minus the work functions of the sample and system . The low energy elastically backscattered ... studies over a wide temperature range. Image UIUC LEEM.jpg 700px thumb center A low energy ... side of the imaging optics, i.e. through the objective lens, because samples are not transparent to low energy electrons. In order to separate the incident and elastically scattered low energy electrons ... occurs when low energy 1 100 eV electrons impinge on a clean, well ordered crystalline specimen ... secondary electron emission is imaged. main Low energy electron diffraction After a parallel beam of low energy electrons interacts with a specimen, the electrons form a diffraction or LEED pattern ... is exactly like LEED but rather than flood the entire sample with a beam of low energy electrons ... and right circularized radiation in the soft x ray range. Such application allows scientist to retrieve ... title Low energy electron microscopy journal Rep. Prog. Phys. volume 57 pages 895 938 year 1994 ......57..895B issue 9 cite journal last Tromp first R. M. title Low energy electron microscopy journal ... interactions, and thin crystalline films. In LEEM, high energy electrons 15 20 keV are emitted ... travel away from the condenser optics and into the projector lenses. Imaging of the back focal ...   more details



  1. Low-energy electron diffraction

    Spin Polarized Low Energy Electron Diffraction Inelastic Low Energy Electron Diffraction Very Low Energy Electron Diffraction See also List of surface analysis methods X ray diffraction RHEED ...Low energy electron diffraction LEED is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of crystalline materials by bombardment with a collimated beam of low energy electrons 20 200eV ref name ..., C. M. Chan title Low Energy Electron Diffraction publisher Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg ... fired low energy electrons at a crystalline nickel target and observed that the angular dependence ... consistent with the diffraction theory for X ray s developed by Bragg and Laue earlier. Before the acceptance ... as a tool in surface science Though discovered in 1927, Low Energy Electron Diffraction did not become ... single scattering theory, which had been successfully used to explain X ray diffraction experiments ... environment math 10 9 math mbar . Image Low energy electron diffraction.png thumbnail 600px Figure ... alignment of the crystal can be achieved with the help of x ray methods and should be within math 1 circ math of the desired angle ref name PendryLEED cite book author Pendry title Low Energy ... to block low energy electrons, it is called the suppressor or the gate . To make the retarding ... surface sensitivity of LEED is the fact that for low energy electrons the interaction between ... to be minimal 5 10 in the energy range of low energy electrons 20 200 eV . ref name Oura This effective ... the mean free path of low energy electrons in a crystal is only a few angstroms, only the first ... the data. Dynamical LEED calculations The term dynamical stems from the studies of X ray diffraction ... Scattering Approach to the Interpretation of Low Energy Electron Diffraction journal Surface Science ... by low energy electron diffraction. journal Comp. Phys. Comm. volume 54 issue 1 pages 137 .... Spot Profile Analysis Low Energy Electron Diffraction A real surface is not perfectly periodic ...   more details



  1. Low-energy house

    of the windows and walls of two buildings sustainable low energy passive house right and conventional leaking house left Seealso Passive house A low energy house is any type of house that from design ... contemporary house. In the practice of sustainable design , sustainable architecture , low energy building , energy efficient landscaping low energy houses often use active solar and passive solar ... of the term low energy house has changed over time, but in Europe it generally refers to a house that uses around half of the German or Swiss low energy standards referred to below for space heating ... this the term Ultra low energy building is often used. The term can also refer to any dwelling whose ... vary considerably around the world, low energy developments in one country may not meet normal practice ... solar building design gives an international look at one form of low energy building development and standards. Europe In Germany a low energy house Niedrigenergiehaus has a limit equivalent to 7 ... ultra low energy standard, currently undergoing adoption in some other Europe an countries, has a maximum ... distort the lifecycle CO sub 2 sub emissions associated with even low energy use houses. North America In the United States, the Energy Star ENERGY STAR program is the largest program defining low ... 7 March 2008. ref Zero energy and energy plus buildings Beyond ultra low energy buildings are those ... low levels of imported energy, even in winter, approaching the concept of an autonomous building ... PlusEnergy Low energy technology Introduction Main List of low energy building techniques For history and further detail Zero energy building Passivhaus Low energy buildings typically use high levels of Building insulation insulation , energy efficient Insulated glazing window s, low levels of air ... testing by certified testers is used to prove compliance. A significant feature of ultra low energy ... efficient landscaping support the low energy house in conservation and can integrate them into a neighborhood ...   more details



  1. Low-energy ion scattering

    Engineering and Science ACSES . Low energy ion scattering spectroscopy LEIS , sometimes referred ... momentum conservation. Consider a particle with mass m sub x sub , velocity v sub 0 sub , and energy ... the energy and mass of the primary ions E sub 0 sub and m sub x sub , respectively and the scattering ... of very low energy 1 100 eV caesium Cs sup sup ions to probe molecules adsorbed at the surface ... does not give crystal structure structural information. X ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS ... in a sample. Low energy electron diffraction LEED is often used in combination with LEIS in order ..., velocity velocities , and energy energies of the ions that have interacted with the surface ... of those atoms. LEIS is closely related to both medium energy ion scattering MEIS and rutherford backscattering high energy ion scattering HEIS, known in practice as Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, or RBS , differing primarily in the energy range of the ion beam used to probe the surface .... In order to attain good experimental sensor resolution it is important to have a narrow energy spread ... in the hemispherical geometry. Only ions of a selected energy pass through to the detector. As opposed to TOF analyzers, electrostatic analyzers achieve ion energy resolution using electrostatic deflectors to direct only ions of a particular energy range into a collector, while all other ions are redirected. This type of analyzer can give good energy resolution and thus, selectivity but typically ... of a certain energy range and ignores neutral species altogether. Two types of detectors are used ... electron emission processes initiated by ion or fast neutral energy 1 keV impact to give a gain ..., or even at the same time. Some additional tools may include Auger electron spectroscopy AES , low energy electron diffraction LEED , and x ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS . Use of these tools typically requires the presence of additional detectors as well as thermionic emission electron and or x ...   more details



  1. Bluetooth low energy

    sensors and other devices. Bluetooth low energy technology will enhance existing use cases and will enable ...Bluetooth low energy BLE is a feature of Bluetooth 4.0 wireless radio technology, aimed at new, principally ... Version 4.0. http www.bluetooth.com English Technology Works Pages Bluetooth low energy technology.aspx ... entertainment industries. Lower power consumption Devices using Bluetooth low energy wireless ... low duty cycles, and the use cases envisaged. A Bluetooth low energy device used for continuous data ... bursts. Several chip suppliers have released Bluetooth low energy chips. Other semiconductor companies are expected to release Bluetooth low energy chips in 2011. Some of these offered chip designs ... technology Bluetooth low energy standard, others are just tailored for one protocol suite. Those offering ... low energy Support publisher Broadcom date accessdate 2011 07 27 ref , CSR , ref cite ... 289 title Datasheet EM9301 Single Cell Battery Bluetooth low energy Controller for Single Mode Applications ... , ref cite web url http www.nordicsemi.com eng Products Bluetooth R low energy nRF8001 title Nordicsemi.com ... in both Bluetooth low energy technology and Bluetooth modes. In sleep modes, the aim is to have current ... col Bluetooth V2.1 scope col Bluetooth low energy technology scope col NFC scope col RFID mode active ... of almost all phone types. Bluetooth low energy technology set up time has been designed to be faster ... as a Bluetooth ultra low power technology, now known as Bluetooth Bluetooth low energy Bluetooth low ... the adoption of Bluetooth low energy wireless technology as the hallmark feature of the Bluetooth ... of Bluetooth low energy technology with the Core Specification will be completed in early 2010 and the first Bluetooth low energy enabled products should be available before the end of the calendar year ... with support for Bluetooth low energy wireless technology. End user devices with Bluetooth v4.0 are expected to reach the market in late 2010 or early 2011. Actual status The Bluetooth low energy specification ...   more details



  1. Low Energy Antiproton Ring

    The Low Energy Anti Proton Ring LEAR was an experiment at CERN designed to decelerate and store antimatter , to study the properties of antimatter and to create atoms of antihydrogen . The experiment was constructed in 1982 and operated until 1996, when it was converted into the Low Energy Ion Ring , which will be used in the lead ion injection process for the Large Hadron Collider . Antimatter for the ring was created by the CERN Proton Synchrotron . The creation of at least 9 atoms of antihydrogen were confirmed by the PS210 experiment in 1995. Low energy antiproton research continues at CERN using the Antiproton Decelerator . It was built as a successor for LEAR and started operation in 2000. References http livefromcern.web.cern.ch livefromcern antimatter history AM history02 c.html The History of Antimatter CERN particle stub Category Particle experiments Category CERN sv Low Energy Antiproton Ring ...   more details



  1. Low-energy vehicle

    Cleanup rewrite date May 2009 A Low energy vehicle is any type of vehicle that uses less energy than ... its powertrain. Energy consumption as low as 5 12.5 kWh 100  km 180 450 kJ km ... low by lower parasitic masses compared to the average load causing low energy demand in transitional ... . The crash protection is certainly a problem in current traffic conditions, but the low energy ... type tires and 0.010 to 0.015 for car tires. Technological support for low energy operation may ... and minimising the part load losses. Purely electric vehicles use up to 10 x less energy 0,3 to 0,5MJ ... generated title ref and 1.2 for commuting. Outlook In the near future several low energy vehicles may ... than a 3000  lb 1350  kg vehicle. Fleet Management and Low Energy Consumption The EU sponsored ... e i.html Mitsubishi i concept car tested at 3.8 l 100 km 62 mpg DEFAULTSORT Low Energy Vehicle ... efficiency for Europe is about 40 , ref http themes.eea.europa.eu Sectors and activities energy indicators ... energy consumption of electric cars lies in the range 0.45 to 1.1 MJ km. Average energy efficiency ... Reducing CO2 Emissions 20Aug 2005.pdf p.5 feasible targets for fuel consumption ref The energy consumption ... MJ km, excluding distribution energy. At 20  km h it would take 50 hours to travel 1000  km ... Greenfleet Image TwikeFreiburg.jpg thumb 200px LEV Twike Reducing global energy demand might help ... two seater on the market the smart automobile Smart MHD consumes two or three times more energy ... 100  km electricity. Available electric LEVs already use substantially less energy than available ... four seater . Energy Efficiency in MJ per km or kWh per 100  km It is more straightforward to express energy efficiency in MJ Mega Joule per km because terms like MPG Miles Per Gallon and litres ... consumed go up drastically when converting a gasoline car to LPG. This does not mean that the energy consumption goes up it only means that there is less energy in a litre of LPG. Ethanol also contains ...   more details



  1. Low Energy Dance Music

    Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Low Energy Dance Music Type Album Artist Elephant Micah Cover MicahLowEnergy.jpg Released February, 2002 Recorded Louisville, Kentucky Genre lo fi music Lo fi indie music indie Label Landmark Records Reviews Sponic Zine Rating 4 5 http www.sponiczine.com review detail.asp?wfArtist Elephant 20Micah link Last album Lost Sense Recollected br 2001 This album Low Energy Dance Music br 2002 Next album The Untied States of Elephant Micah br 2002 Low Energy Dance Music is the debut album of Indiana lo fi music lo fi musician Joe O Connell, better known as Elephant Micah . The album was released in February, 2002 on Landmark Records. Track listing You Take My Sense With Longing Loud Guitars Breakdance in 3 4 Late Radio Put to Bed Story of a Hospitalized Heart Like This Artificial Lights Flickering Piece for Organ and Baritone Halloween Sunday Dance Sensation Rides Away Low Energy Beat Category Elephant Micah Category Debut albums Category 2002 albums ...   more details



  1. Low energy transfer

    A low energy transfer , or low energy trajectory , is a route in space which allows spacecraft to change orbit s using very little fuel. ref name Capture cite book last Belbruno first Edward authorlink Edward Belbruno title Capture Dynamics and Chaotic Motions in Celestial Mechanics With Applications to the Construction of Low Energy Transfers publisher Princeton University Press date 2004 pages 224 isbn 978 0 691 09480 9 url http press.princeton.edu titles 7687.html ref ref name FlyMe cite book last Belbruno first Edward authorlink Edward Belbruno title Fly Me to the Moon An Insider s Guide to the New Science of Space Travel publisher Princeton University Press date 2007 pages 176 isbn 978 0 691 12822 1 url http press.princeton.edu titles 8375.html ref These routes work in the Earth Moon system and also in other systems, such as traveling between the satellites of Jupiter . The drawback of such trajectories is that they take much longer to complete than higher energy more fuel transfers such as Hohmann transfer orbit s. Low energy transfer are also known as weak stability boundary trajectories, or ballistic capture trajectories. Low energy transfers follow special pathways in space ... distances to be traversed for little expenditure of delta v . Missions that have used low energy ... Space Agency ESA Genesis , from NASA . Citation needed date June 2009 Proposed missions using low energy transfers include European Student Moon Orbiter ESMO History Low energy transfers to the Moon ... Human & robotic mission applications of low energy transffers to Phobos & Deimos url http multimedia.seti.org ... Design http www.annalsnyas.org cgi content abstract 1065 1 55 Earth to Moon Low Energy Transfers Targeting L1 Hyperbolic Transit Orbits http www.annalsnyas.org cgi content abstract 1065 1 1 Low Energy ... articles 20050416 bob9.asp Navigating Celestial Currents Orbits DEFAULTSORT Low Energy Transfers ... Delta v savings From low earth orbit to lunar orbit, the delta v savings approach 25 and allow for a doubling ...   more details



  1. Low Energy Ion Ring

    The Low Energy Ion Ring LEIR is a particle accelerator at CERN used to accelerate lead ions from the LINAC 3 to the Proton Synchrotron PS to provide lead ion s for collisions within the Large Hadron Collider LHC . History LEIR was converted from a previous machine the Low Energy Antiproton Ring LEAR an experiment designed to decelerate and store antimatter ref http public.web.cern.ch public en research Antimatter en.html ref which had finished in 1996. LEIR was first proposed in 1993 ref http cdsweb.cern.ch record 279362 files ref but it wasn t until 2003 that work to transform the old experiment in to the new accelerator was started. The upgrade took just over over two years being commissioned in October 2005 ref http cerncourier.com cws article cern 29480 ref ref http accelconf.web.cern.ch AccelConf e06 PAPERS WEOBPA02.PDF ref and tested for 4 months. In Autumn 2006 it was used to re commission the PS to handle ions and then again a year later it was used to re commission the Super Proton Synchrotron SPS . However it wasn t until November 2010, five years later, that it successfully carried out it s primary role to provide the lead ions to the LHC for its first ion collisions. ref http www.telegraph.co.uk science large hadron collider 8116226 Large Hadron Collider creates mini Big Bang with lead ions.html ref Operation LEIR takes long bunches of lead ions from the LINAC 3, and splits them into 4 bunches. Each bunch contains 2.2x10 sup 8 sup lead ions which is accelerated from 4.2 Electronvolt MeV to 72 MeV before passing them through to the PS for storage. Each group of two bunches takes about 2.5 seconds to accelerate, with the LHC using 592 bunches of ions, it takes around 10 minutes for a complete fill of the LHC for operations. ref http chanel.home.cern.ch chanel design leir.pub.final.pdf ref References reflist Radiation CERN DEFAULTSORT Low Energy Ion Ring Category Particle accelerators Category Types of magnets particle stub ...   more details



  1. Low-Cost Guided Imaging Rocket

    The Low Cost Guided Imaging Rocket is a weapons system under development for the US Navy in a joint program with South Korea . ref http www.defenseindustrydaily.com 2006 04 apkws ii hellfire jr hydra rockets enter sdd phase index.php APKWS II Hellfire Jr. Hydra Rockets Enter SDD Phase DID ref The program aims to provide a precision guided 2.75 inch 70 mm rocket for use with existing Hydra 70 systems in service, as such it has many similarities with the Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System program. The principal difference between the systems is that while APKWS would use terminal laser homing , requiring the target to be painted until impact, LOGIR would home on an image supplied by the launching aircraft, making it possibly less accurate against moving targets, but also a true fire and forget weapon. ref http www.defenseindustrydaily.com 2007 03 guided hydra rockets program halts new entries index.php Guided Hydra Rockets Program Halts & New Entries Defense Industry Daily ref Development South Korea s contribution in the LOGIR program are the following ref cite web url http www.kjclub.com UploadFile exc board 53 2010 06 23 BEMIL085 116094 1.jpg title ROK Contribution for LOGIR ref br Electronics for Guidance system guidance and control system Electronics for aircraft flight control system control actuation system DSP and PWM inverter board Assembly parts for control actuation system CAS frame and integrated BLDC motor Airframe structure and fins canard fin, CAS skin, seeker skin Cruciform tail fins and nozzle assembly Warhead and fuze attachment improvement Specifications Diameter 70 mm Guidance Inertial guidance system INS midcourse Infrared homing Imaging infrared terminal. Motor Existing Hydra 70 motors References reflist See also Direct Attack Guided Rocket Guided Advanced Tactical Rocket Laser Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System Roketsan Cirit External links http www.designation systems.net dusrm app4 275in rockets.html Air Launched 2.75 Inch Rockets Designation ...   more details



  1. Ultrahigh energy gamma-ray

    energy gamma rays Ultrahigh energy gamma ray UHEGR denotes Gamma ray gamma radiation with the shortest ... and main parameters of ultra high energy gamma ray binaries last Ikhsanov first N. R. journal Astrophysics ... ultrahigh energy gamma ray source journal Astronomy Reports publisher Springer volume 45 issue 4 pages ... energy gamma ray photons journal Astronomy Letters volume 24 issue 2 pages 134 138 url http adsabs.harvard.edu ... November 2011 ref Markarian 501 has so far produced the highest measured energy for a gamma ray of 16 ... rays are too low energy to show the Landau Pomeranchuk Migdal effect . Only magnetic field perpendicular ... 1991Ap&SS.184..297I ref a unit of energy used in particle physics . ref name Ikh Individual photons will have energies from J to Joules. As a frequency this is as high as 3x10 sup 31 sup Hz. Such energy ... systems containing a compact object . ref name Ikh For example, radiation emitted from Cygnus X 3 has ... photon entering the Earth s atmosphere. ref name 3c This method is called imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique or IACT . A high energy photon produces a cone of light confined to 1 of the original ..., provided the energy is above 0.1  TeV. ref name 3c Instruments include the planned Cherenkov Telescope Array , GT 48 in Crimea, MAGIC telescope MAGIC on La Palma , High Energy Stereoscopic System HESS in Namibia ref cite web url http www.mpi hd.mpg.de hfm HESS HESS.shtml title High Energy Stereoscopic System accessdate 26 November 2011 ref VERITAS ref name Dar and Chicago Air Shower Array ... cite web url http arxiv.org PS cache arxiv pdf 0906 0906.0973v1.pdf title High Energy Phenomena In The Universe last Dar first Arnon date 4 June 2009 work 44th Rencontre De Moriond on High Energy Phenomena In The Universe pages 3 4 accessdate 3 December 2011 ref Ultra high energy gamma rays interact ... 21 sup eV photon is expected to interact about 5000  km above the earth s surface. The high energy particles then go on to produce more lower energy photons that can suffer the same fate. This effect ...   more details



  1. X-ray telescope

    Exosat The two low energy imaging telescopes onboard Exosat used Wolter telescope Wolter I X ray optics ..., and 0.95 keV. SIGMA telescope The hard X ray and low energy gamma ray Granat SIGMA SIGMA telescope ... the x ray mirror for the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array NuStar telescope pushed this up to 79 ... x ray observatory journal J Brit Interplan Soc Space Chronicle . month Aug year 1983 volume 36 issue 8 pages 363 7 bibcode 1983JBIS...36..363H ref Hard X ray telescope On board OSO 7 was a hard X ray telescope. Its effective energy range 7 550 keV, field of view FOV 6.5 , effective area 64 ... included optical sensors mounted on the outside of the station together with the X ray detectors. The power ...File IXOFlyby1Small.jpg thumb right center International X ray Observatory IXO concept center An X ray telescope XRT is a telescope that is designed to observe remote objects in the X ray spectrum. In order to get above the Earth s atmosphere, which is opaque to X rays, X ray telescopes must be mounted on high altitude rockets or artificial satellites. Optical design main X ray optics X ray telescopes can use a variety of different designs to image X rays. The most common methods used in X ray telescopes are Wolter telescope grazing incidence mirrors and coded aperture s. The limitations of X ray ... of X ray mirrors for extrasolar X ray astronomy simultaneously requires the ability to determine the location at the arrival of an X ray photon in two dimensions and a reasonable detection efficiency ... grazing angle incidence materials for X ray mirrors are gold and iridium . The critical reflection ... W Silicon Si or Platinum Pt Siliconcarbite SiC . ref name nustar1 Coded apertures Some X ray telescopes ..., which weighs much less than any kind of focusing X ray lens, but requires considerably more post ... content p461k5k336p11568 title A hard X ray sky survey with the SIGMA telescope of the GRANAT ... NASA HEASARC accessdate 2007 12 05 ref ART P X ray telescope The Granat ART P ART P X ray telescope ...   more details



  1. X-ray astronomy satellites

    url http www.astronautix.com chrono 20072.htm ref A soft X ray solar imaging telescope is on board ... calorimeter in space failed on August 8, 2005 after launch on July 10, 2005, the X ray Imaging Spectrometer ... , ROSAT , the Einstein Observatory the first fully imaging X ray telescope , the Advanced Satellite ... Satellite ANS could measure X ray photons in the energy range 2 to 30 keV. Ariel 5 was dedicated to observing the sky in the X ray band. High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 HEAO 1 scanned the X ray sky over 0.2 keV 10 MeV. Hakucho was Japan s first X ray astronomy satellite. Array of low energy X ray imaging sensors The Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors ALEXIS featured curved mirrors whose multilayer coatings reflect and focus low energy X rays or extreme ultraviolet light the way ... period of 18 hrs. It gathers multi wavelength imaging including X ray of the aurora astronomy aurora ..., and a suite of instrumentation, including a wide field imaging detector, a hard X ray imaging ... categories Category X ray astronomy Satellites for X ray astronomy Category Astronomical imaging Category ... to 8 nm, over which Earth s atmosphere is Opacity optics opaque . X ray astronomy satellites study X ray emissions from celestial objects. Satellites, which can detect and transmit data about the X ray emissions are deployed as part of branch of space science known as X ray astronomy . Satellites ... on satellites are able to observe the full range of the Dispersion optics X ray spectrum . Unlike ... instance, the Vela satellite Vela 5B satellite, the X ray detector remained functional for over ten years. Active X ray observatory satellites Satellites in use today include the XMM Newton XMM Newton observatory low to mid energy X rays 0.1 15 keV and the INTEGRAL satellite high energy X rays 15 60 keV . Both were launched by the European Space Agency . NASA has launched the Rossi X ray Timing .... One of the instruments on Swift is the http www.swift.psu.edu xrt Swift X Ray Telescope ...   more details



  1. High energy X-rays

    number of the material and the X ray energy. Several centimeter thick volumes can be accessed ... transitions in a gamma TiAl based alloy as observed by ex and in situ high energy X ray diffraction ...High energy X rays or HEX rays are very hard X rays , with typical energies of 80 keV 1000 keV 1 MeV , about one order of magnitude higher than conventional X rays and well into gamma ray energies over ... for simple detector setups. Advantages High Energy X Rays HEX rays between 100 and 300 keV bear unique advantage over conventional hard X rays, which lie in the range of 5 20 keV or 12 to 120 keV . Citation ... ten times smaller than in the low energy case and allows whole regions to be mapped in a reciprocal ... diffraction setup for high energy X rays . HEX Rays entering from the left are diffracted in forward ... journal author Liss KD, Bartels A, Schreyer A, Clemens H title High energy X rays A tool for advanced ... light source Synchrotron radiation X radiation X ray fluorescence X ray generation X ray generator X ray tube Div col end References reflist 2 Further reading cite book author Eberhard Haug & Werner ... High energy X rays A tool for advanced bulk investigations in materials science and physics ... DEFAULTSORT High Energy X Rays categories Category Applied and interdisciplinary physics Category Gamma ... limited at low energies while volume enhancement takes place at high energies. Complete .... Special non resonant magnetic scattering. LLL interferometry . Access to high energy spectroscopic ... for light metals. A casting setup can be set up on a beamline and probed with the HEX ray beam in real ... of conventional X rays. It has been found and confirmed in almost all studies, that critical ... and HEX ray investigations on the same sample, such as contrast variations due to the different scattering ... of the valence electron shells. Imaging and tomography with high energies. Dedicated sources can be strong enough to obtain 3D tomograms in a few seconds. Combination of imaging and diffraction ...   more details



  1. X-ray filter

    An X ray filter is a device to block or filter out some or all wavelengths in the X ray spectrum. X ray filters are used to block low energy X rays during medical x ray imaging. Low energy X rays are more likely to be absorbed by the patient s soft tissues. This causes non stochasic radioactive effects, and does not contribute to image quality. X ray filters are used in X ray crystallography , where crystalline lattice spacings can be determined using Bragg diffraction . The filters allow only a single X ray wavelength to penetrate through to a target crystal, allowing the resulting scattering to determine the diffraction distance. Various elemental effects Results Using a Mo X Ray generator Zirconium Absorbs Bremsstrahlung & K Beta . br Iron Absorbs the entire spectra. br Molybdenum Absorbs Bremsstrahlung Leaving K Beta & K Alpha . br Aluminium Pinches Bremsstrahlung & Removes 3rd Generation peaks. br Silver Same as Aluminium, But to greater extent. br Indium Same as Iron, But to lesser extent. br Copper Same as Aluminium, Leaving only 1st Generation Peaks. Bremmstrahlung pinching is due to the atomic mass. The denser the atom, the higher the X Ray Absorption. Only the higher energy X Rays pass through the filter, appearing as if the bremmstrahlung continuum had been pinched. In this case, Mo appears to leave K Alpha and K Beta alone while absorbing the Bremsstrahlung. This is due to Mo absorbing all of the spectra s energy, but in doing so produces the same characteristic peaks as generated by the target. See also X ray crystallography X rays Bragg diffraction br br Category X rays Filter physics stub ...   more details



  1. History of X-ray astronomy

    Counter Array, the High Energy X ray Timing Experiment HEXTE , and one instrument called the All .... ref name nrspcr Herbert Friedman began X ray solar studies in 1949 and soon reported that the energy of the solar X ray spectrum ... is adequate to account for all of E layer ionization. Thus ... large area PCA Proportional Counter Array on the current RXTE Rossi X ray Timing Explorer mission genuinely ... X ray camera on Ariel 5 1974 1980 was the first X ray astronomy experiment to use imaging proportional ... over the energy range 7 550 keV. OSO 7 performed an X ray All sky survey and discovered the 9 day ... observations of the 1980s pioneered hard X ray imaging of solar flares. ref name Hudson cite ... high resolution spectra of the diffuse soft X ray background in the energy band from 0.15 to 0.28 keV ... V 3A catalogue of X ray sources I. Sources at low galactic latitude absolute value of b 10 journal ... a number of X ray sources 1210 . From this the EXOSAT Medium Energy Slew Survey catalog was created ...File Saturn comp.jpg thumb 280px Chandra X ray Observatory Chandra s image of Saturn left and Hubble Space Telescope Hubble optical image of Saturn right . Saturn s X ray spectrum is similar to that of X rays from the Sun . 14 April 2003 History of X ray astronomy begins in the 1920 s with interest in short ... able to detect ultraviolet solar ultraviolet radiation occurred in 1946. X ray solar ... doi accessdate 2011 09 13 ref In 1965 the Goddard Space Flight Center program in X ray astronomy ... X ray wavelengths reveal information about the bodies sources that emit them. ref name Keller ... included the inference of an X ray corona by optical methods and, in 1949, more direct evidence by detecting X ray photons. ref name Gudel cite journal author G del M pages 74 and 75 Introduction title X ray astronomy of stellar coronae journal Astron Astrophys Rev. year 2004 volume 12 issue 2 ... astronomy for the first 50 years. X ray astronomy became possible only with the capability to use ...   more details



  1. X-ray astronomy detector

    altitude by balloon s, sounding rocket s, and satellite s. X ray astronomy is part of space science . X ray astronomy detectors have been designed and configured primarily for energy and occasionally ... by an incoming particle, such as an X ray photon, absorb its energy and scintillate, i.e. reemit ... Energy X ray Experiment, which employed a Phoswich Detector phoswich of sodium iodide and caesium ... sources available, prior to the launch of X ray imaging telescopes. ref name Cominsky cite web author ... Crystal X ray Spectrometer, with energy range of 2 8 keV, FOV 3 . The Granat Granat ART S ART S X ... to 8 nm, over which Earth s atmosphere is Opacity optics opaque . X ray astronomy detectors are instruments that detect X rays for use in the study of X ray astronomy . X ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X ray emission from celestial objects. X radiation .... Detection and imaging of X rays File Saturn comp.jpg thumb 350px Chandra s image of Saturn left and Hubble Space Telescope Hubble optical image of Saturn right . Saturn s X ray spectrum is similar ... , frequency 50 PHz 50 EHz and energy 0.12 120 keV . In terms of temperature, 1 eV 11,604 K. Thus X rays ... 5 page 1852 doi 10.1063 1.323938 title 0.1 10 keV X ray induced electron emissions from solids Models ... by X ray tube s had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted by radioactive atomic nucleus nuclei ... continuous spectrum X ray sources such as linear accelerator s and longer wavelength gamma ray ... year 2005 page 109 isbn 3540253122 ref Although the more energetic X rays, photon s with an energy greater ... outer space all the way to the Earth s surface they would have been detected and medical X ray machines ... of air. To detect X rays from the sky, X ray detectors must be flown above most of the Earth s atmosphere ... voltage . All X ray proportional counters consist of a windowed gas cell. ref name PropCount cite ... the two chambers. ref name Hoff cite journal author Hoff HA title Exosat the new extrasolar X ray ...   more details




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