Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image ShuswapArms.png thumb right 350px Shuswap Lake in British Columbia with its three arms In geography , an arm is a narrow extension, inlet , or smaller reach geography reach , of water from a much larger body of water, like an ocean , sea , or lake . Although different geographically, a sound geography sound or bay may be called an arm. By extension, a canal arm is a subsidiary branch of a canal or inland waterway . See also River Channel geography Channel Indian Arm Alice Arm DEFAULTSORT Arm Geography Category Landforms Category Bodies of water Topography stub io Brakio geografio ... more details
About the upper part of the human upper limb other uses Arm disambiguation Refimprove date June 2011 Infobox Anatomy Name Arm French bras Latin bracchium GraySubject GrayPage Image Upperarm.jpg Caption The human arm Image2 Gray413 color.png Caption2 Cross section through the middle of upper arm. Map ... anatomy , the arm is the part of the upper limb between the Shoulder joint shoulder and the elbow joint s. In other animals, the term arm can also be used for analogous structures, such as one of the paired forelimb s of a Quadrupedalism four legged animal or the cephalopod arm arms of cephalopods . In anatomical usage, the term arm refers specifically to the segment between the shoulder and the elbow, ref DorlandsDict one 000007845 arm Dead link date June 2011 ref ref MeshName Arm ref while ... usage, arm refers to the entire upper limb from shoulder to wrist. This article uses the former definition see upper limb for the wider definition. In primates the arm is adapted for precise positioning ... File Human arm bones diagram.svg thumb Bone structure of a human arm. The humerus is the bone of the arm. It joins with the scapula above in the shoulder at the glenohumeral joint and with the ulna .... Its strength allows it to handle loading up to convert 300 lbs . Muscles The arm is divided by a fascia ... compartments the Anterior compartment of the arm anterior and the Posterior compartment of the arm posterior compartments of the arm . The fascia merges with the periosteum outer bone layer ... the same action. Two other muscles are considered to be partially in the arm The large deltoid muscle ... muscle of the upper limb and extends over the shoulder. The brachioradialis muscle originates in the arm ..., the shaft of the humerus and the triceps brachii of the arm and lies deep to the triceps brachii. Here it travels with a deep artery of the arm the profunda brachii , which sits in the radial groove ... no supply to the arm. These include The median nerve , nerve origin C5 T1, which is a branch of the lateral ... more details
Image Schema ARNt 448 658.svg thumb Transfer RNA The T arm or T loop is a specialized region on the tRNA molecule which acts as a special recognition site for the ribosome to allow a tRNA ribosome complex to form during the process of protein biosynthesis . The T arm has two components to it the T stems and the T loop. There are two T stems of five base pairs each. T stem 1 is from 49 53 and T stem 2 is from 61 65. The T loop is also often known as the T C arm due to the presence of thymidine , pseudouridine and cytidine residues. tRNA is the only RNA species that contains the nucleoside thymidine. Organisms with T loop lacking tRNA exhibit a much lower level of aminoacylation and elongation factor EF Tu EF Tu binding than in organisms which have the native tRNA. In Mammalian DNA , telomeric repeat binding factor 2 or TRF2 has been found to remodel linear telomeric DNA into large T loops. References Griffith Jack D. et al. Mammalian Telomeres End in Large Duplex Loop. 1999. Cell Press. 97 503 514 DEFAULTSORT T Arm Category RNA Category Protein biosynthesis ... more details
Dicdef A reach in geography can mean several things. Most generally, a reach is any length of a stream between any two points. The points may be selected for any reason, such as gauging station s, river mile s, natural features, and topography. They may be arbitrary or vague. ref http water.usgs.gov wsc glossary.html R Hydrologic Definitions , Science in Your Watershed, United States Geological Survey USGS ref ref http www.streamnet.org glossarystream.html Glossary stream related terms , StreamNet ref A reach may also be an expanse, or widening, of a stream or river channel. This commonly occurs after the river or stream is dammed. A reach is similar to an Armgeographyarm . The term reach can also refer to An extended portion or stretch of land or water a straight portion of a stream or river, as from one turn to another a level stretch, as between locks in a canal an arm of the sea extending up into the land. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Reach Geography Category Physical geography Category Fluvial landforms Category Rivers Category Water streams Category Hydrology ... more details
See also Index of geography articles The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geographyGeography &ndash science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. ref Cite web title Geography work The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition publisher Houghton Mifflin Company url http dictionary.reference.com browse geography .... File Political world2.jpg thumb 300px right The human world. TOC limit limit 3 Nature of geographyGeography is an academic discipline &ndash a body of knowledge given to or received by a disciple student ... in. Modern geography is an all encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the Earth and all ... to be. Geography has been called the world discipline . ref Bonnett, Alastair What is Geography? London ... is published. There are many geography related scientific journals. a natural science &ndash field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of natural environment physical geography . a social science &ndash field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society human geography ... geography are also branches of Earth science. Etymology of geography Etymology of geography ... http www.etymonline.com index.php?term geography title Online Etymology Dictionary publisher Etymonline.com ... usually are about a work, an art, or a field of study. Branches of geography As the bridge between the human and physical sciences, geography is divided into two main branches human geography physical geography ref http web.clas.ufl.edu users morgans lecture 2.prn.pdf ref ref Cite web url http www.physicalgeography.net fundamentals 1b.html title 1 b . Elements of Geography publisher Physicalgeography.net ... of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition, by M. Pidwirny, 2006 ref Other branches include integrated geography geomatics regional geography All the branches are further described below... Physical geography Physical geography &ndash examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation ... more details
Geography of Georgia can refer to Geography of Georgia country Geography of Georgia U.S. state geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
wiktionary geographyGeography is the study of the earth and its features, inhabitants, and phenomena. Geography may also refer to Geography album Geography album by Front 242 Geographia , Ptolemy s main work besides the Almagest Geographica , Strabo s 17 volume geographic encyclopedia disambig hr Geografija razdvojba ... more details
Retail Geography is the study of where to place retail stores based on where their customers are. The use of retail geography has grown significantly in the past decade due to the use of geographic information systems GIS . See also Marketing geography Geo marketing Economic geography Business geography Human geography Category Economic geography Geo term stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Integrated geography is the branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the dynamics of geology , meteorology , hydrology , biogeography , ecology , and geomorphology , as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment. The links between cultural and physical geography were once more readily apparent than they are today. As human experience of the world is increasingly mediated by technology, the relationships have often become obscured. Integrated geography represents a critically important set of analytical tools for assessing the impact of human presence on the environment biophysical environment by measuring the result of human activity on natural landforms and cycles. Integrated geography is the third branch of geography, as compared to physical and human geography. Integrated geography concentrates on the relationship between human and the surrounding world. See also Wikipedia Books Geography Physical geography Meteorology Climate Human geography Environmental social science DEFAULTSORT Environmental Geography Category Human geography Category Physical geography Category Environment Category Environmental social science Geo term stub gl Xeograf a ambiental hi hr Ekolo ka geografija ka zh ... more details
History of geography sidebar Critical geography takes a critical theory Frankfurt School approach to the study and analysis of geography. The development of critical geography can be seen as one of the four major turning points in the history of geography the other three being environmental determinism , regional geography and quantitative revolution . Though post positivist approaches remain important in geography the critical geography arose as a critique of positivism introduced by quantitative revolution. Two main schools of thought emerged from human geography and one existing school Behavioral geography behavioural geography which made a brief comeback. Behavioural geography sought to counter the perceived tendency of quantitative geography to deal with humanity as a statistical phenomenon ... base left behavioural geography open to critique as merely descriptive and amounting to little more than a listing of spatial preferences. Radical geography emerged during the 1970s and 1980s as the inadequacies ... to problems. The final and, arguably, most successful of the three schools was humanistic geography , initially formed part of behavioural geography but fundamentally disagreed with the use of quantitative ... analysis. Humanistic geography used many of the techniques that the humanities use such as source ..., Cultural geography revived due to humanistic geography new areas of study such as Feminist geography , postmodernist and poststructuralist geography began to emerge. Additional reading Critical Geographies ... , A Radical Journal of Geography, Blackwell Publishing http www.blackwellpublishing.com journal.asp ... in 2009 http jssj.org See also Geography History of geography Quantitative revolution Quantitative Revolution environmental determinism Environmental Determinism Regional geography Regional Geography feminist geography Feminist Geography behavioral geography Behavioral Geography Critical geopolitics Critical theory Human geography DEFAULTSORT Critical Geography Category Human geography Category ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Visual geography is the study of mental people in paintings, photos and other forms of the visual arts . Both human geography and physical geography in the visual arts are studied. Typical studies in Visual Geography include the geographical symbols within visual arts. Another is cross referencing the date a piece of visual art was produced with known weather records to see if the art was drawn accurately in the field or from memory in a studio. Category Branches of geography DEFAULTSORT Visual Geography Geo term stub ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 A geography fair is creative approach to learning geography . Each student researches a geographic region, usually a country, and reports to the class using displays, written and oral reports, and other means. Geography fairs are similar to science fair s, except the topic is geographic instead of scientific. External links http www.geographyfair.com Geography Fair site http www.macalester.edu geography mage enrichment fair school fair.htm Minnesota Alliance for Geographic Education http www.massgeo.org Fair1.htm Southeast Massachusetts Geography Network Category Educational programs ... more details
countries . Hence, an integrative geography of settlements that considers the urban and the rural ... Referring to Stone 1965 , settlement geography is Quotation the description and analysis of the distribution of buildings by which people attach themselves to the land. Further, that the geography of settling ... of a Focus for the Geography of Settlement. In Economic Geography , Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 346 355 ref With respect to the latter definition Jordan 1966 emphasizes, that settlement geography not exclusively ... produce them. ref Jordan, T.G. 1966 On the nature of settlement geography. In The Professional Geographer , Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 26 28 ref See also UN HABITAT References reflist Human geography DEFAULTSORT Settlement geography Category Geography Category Branches of geography Category Human geography Category Urban geography de Siedlungsgeographie pl Geografia osadnictwa ... more details
italictitle for the study field Urban geography Urban Geography ISSN 0272 3638 is a Peer review peer reviewed academic journal that was first published in 1980. It appears semi quarterly and covers topics concerning urban policy and planning , Race classification of human beings race , poverty , ethnicity in urban areas , House housing , and provision of Public services services and urban economic activity . Urban Geography is published by Bellwether Publishing Ltd. and is available online. External links http www.bellpub.com ug Bellwether Publishing Urban Geography Category Geography journals Category Urban studies and planning magazines socialscience journal stub ... more details
Crisis in Geography 1950s crisis in geography , which raised serious questions about geography as an academic discipline in the United States. This sub branch of human geography is closely related .... Human geography DEFAULTSORT Historical Geography Category Human geography Category Historical geography ... more details
portal box Philosophy Science Geography Atlas Space Time unsourced date September 2011 Philosophy of geography is that subfield of philosophy which deals with epistemology epistemological , metaphysics metaphysical , and axiology axiological issues in geography . The Society for Philosophy and Geography was founded in 1997 by Andrew Light, a philosopher currently at George Mason University, and Jonathan Smith a geographer at Texas A&M University. Three volumes of an annual peer reviewed journal, Philosophy and Geography, were published by Rowman & Littlefield Press which later became a bi annual journal published by Carfax publishers. This journal merged with another journal started by geographers, Ethics, Place, and Environment, in 2005 to become Ethics, Place, and Environment A journal of philosophy and geography published by Routledge. The journal was edited by Light and Smith up to 2009. The journal publishes work by philosophers, geographers, and others in allied fields, on questions of space, place, and the environment broadly construed. The journal has been instrumental in expanding the scope of the field of environmental ethics to include work on urban environments. In 2009 Smith retired from the journal and Benjamin Hale from the University of Colorado came on as the new co editor. Hale and Light will relaunch the journal in January 2011 as Ethics, Policy, and Environment. http www.tandf.co.uk journals carfax 1366879X.html While the journal will now focus more on the relationship between environmental ethics and policy it still welcomes submissions on relevant work ... study of geographical knowledge. See also Philosophy of science Science History of geographyGeography External links http www.cep.unt.edu geosoc.html Society for Philosophy and Geography Philosophy topics Philosophy of science Geography topics Category Philosophy of science Geography Category Branches of geography Category Philosophy by field Category History of geography Philo stub fa ... more details
saved book title subtitle cover image cover color GeographyGeography Outline of geography 3D city models Anatopism Atlantic World Bermuda National Grid Biogeography Bodden BOLTSS Boundary problem in spatial analysis Camarinal Sill Chevron land form City marketing Cross border town naming Cultural geography Digital orthophoto quadrangle Distance decay Earth Ecogovernmentality Economic restructuring Extreme environment Field geography Fundamental plane spherical coordinates Gazetteer Geo replication Geoarchaeology Geocriticism Geographic feature Geographic information science Geographic targeting Geographical clusters List of geographical societies Glaciogenic Reservoir Analogue Studies Project Glossary of geography terms Governmentality Hemispheres of the Earth Hermit kingdom Human ecology Incorporation of nature within a city Indices of deprivation 2004 Indices of deprivation 2007 Intermontane Kappa effect Land cover Landlocked developing countries Landscape connectivity Language geography Linear referencing Mainland Map Minimum bounding rectangle Motor Vehicle Use Map Muslim world Nunatak hypothesis Pan region Place identity Plantmaps Political ecology Population density Poquoson geographic term Poverty map Provisional Administrative Line Rank size distribution Region Regional geography Religion and geography Scroll plain Seerhein Small Island Developing States Solar equator Sotadic zone Spatial analysis Spatial justice Spatial mismatch Subregion Swath width Synekism Time geography Tobler s first law of geography Traditional knowledge GIS Transportation geography Triangulated irregular network Two step floating catchment area method Urban semiotics Vernacular geography ... more details
History of geography sidebar notability date January 2011 incomplete date January 2011 Regional geography is the study of world regions. Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as natural elements, human elements, and Regionalism politics regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into region s. Regional geography is also a certain approach to geographical study, comparable to quantitative revolution quantitative geography or critical geography . This approach prevailed during the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, a period when then regional geography paradigm was central within the geographical sciences. It was later criticised for its descriptiveness and the lack of theory. Strong criticism was leveled .... H. T. Kimble ref Kimble, G.H.T. 1951 The Inadequacy of the Regional Concept , London Essays in Geography ... 1953 Exceptionalism in Geography A Methodological Examination , Annals of the Association of American Geographers , vol. 43, pp. 226 245. ref The regional geography paradigm has had an impact on many other geographical sciences, including economic geography and geomorphology . Regional geography ... approach to the study of geography gained some credence in the mid 1990s through the work of geographers ... figures in regional geography were Alfred Hettner in Germany, with his concept of chorology Paul Vidal de la Blache in France, with the Possibilism geography possibilism approach possibilism being a softer ... with other scale spatial scale s. ref MacLeod, G. and Jones, M. 2001 Renewing The Geography of Regions , Environment and Planning D, 16 9 , pp. 669 695. ref See also Wikipedia Books Geography Chorography History of geography References reflist DEFAULTSORT Regional Geography Category Area studies Category History of geography Category Branches of geography Category Geography Category Regional geography ar ca Geografia regional cs Region ln geografie de L nderkunde es Geograf a ... more details
geography Development and Economic geography Economic Geography right thumb 350px Human geography is one of the two major sub fields of the discipline of geography . Human geography is a branch ... editor4 first Michael title Human Geography encyclopedia The Dictionary of Human Geography pages 353 ... space and place. Human geography differs from physical geography mainly in that it has a greater focus ... methodologies . As a discipline, Human geography is particularly diverse with respect to its methods and theoretical approaches to study see Human geography Philosophical & theoretical approaches below . History Main History of geography Geographical knowledge, both physical and social, has a long history. In the History of geography, geographers have often recorded and described features of the Earth ... world as well as physical features. It was not until the 18th and 19th Centuries, however, that geography ... full Chair of geography until 1917. The first real geographical intellect to emerge in United Kingdom geography was Halford John Mackinder , appointed reader at University of Oxford Oxford University ... of epidemiology , the map is probably one of the earliest examples of Health geography . The now fairly distinct differences between the subfields of physical and human geography developed at a later date. This connection between both physical and human properties of geography is most apparent in the theory ... geography , during the later 19th and first half of the 20th Centuries. The goal of regional geography ... lead to strong criticism of regional geography. Due to a perceived lack of scientific rigour in and overly descriptive nature of the discipline, and a continued separation of geography from geology and the two subfields of physical and human geography, geographers in the mid 20th Century began ... to many branches of human geography. Well known geographers from this period are Fred K. Schaefer ... of the positivism now associated with geography emerged. Known under the term critical geography this signalled ... more details
for the journal Economic Geography journal File ElSalvadorfairtradecoffee.jpg thumb right 250px The economics of coffee coffee trade is a worldwide industry Economic geography is the study of the location ... of David Harvey social theorist and geographer David Harvey and the new economic geography which ... sidebar Economic geography is usually regarded as a subfield of the discipline of geography , although ... part of economic geography. ref cite book editor Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, and Meric S. Gertler title The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography isbn 978 0 19 823410 4 publisher Oxford ... frontcover&dq 22Economic geography 22&source bl&ots x1w8qTXGfi&sig DTOZmshfo7muaRIt3ifaAT8Fj5E&hl en&ei ... trade theory the new economic geography , which directly competes with an approach within the discipline of geography that is also called new economic geography . ref From S.N. Durlauf and L.E. Blume, ed. 2008 . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition new economic geography by Anthony ... &result number 2 Abstract. regional development, geography of by Jeffrey Sachs Jeffrey D. Sachs and Gordon ... the variety of approaches, economic geography has taken to many different subject matters, including the location of industries, economies of agglomeration also known as linkages , Transportation geography ... geography is a very broad discipline with economic geographers using many different methodologies ... over time Theoretical economic Geography focuses on building theories about spatial arrangement and distribution of economic activities. Regional geography Regional economic geography examines the economic ... , and local Economic growth economic development as well. Historical geography Historical economic geography examines history and the development of spatial economic structure. Using historical ... geography Critical economic geography is approach from the point of view of contemporary critical geography and its philosophy. Behavioral geography Behavioral economic geography which examines ... more details
Refimprove date April 2008 Marxism Marxist geography is a critical geography which utilises the theories and philosophy of Marxism to examine the Spatial analysis spatial relations of human geography . In Marxist geography the relations that geography has traditionally analyzed natural environment and spatial relations are reviewed as outcomes of the mode of material production. To understand geographical relations, the social structure must also be examined. Marxist geography attempts to change the basic structure of society. ref http eric.ed.gov ERICWebPortal custom portlets recordDetails detailmini.jsp? nfpb true& &ERICExtSearch SearchValue 0 EJ312759&ERICExtSearch SearchType 0 no&accno EJ312759 An Introduction to Marxist Geography. ref Philosophy and methodology Marxist geography is Radicalization radical in nature and its primary criticism of the positivist spatial science centered upon its methodologies, which failed to account or demonstrate the underlying mechanisms of capitalism and exploitation that underlie human spatial arrangements. As such, early Marxist geographers were explicitly political in advocating for social change and activism they sought, through application ... ref Harvey, David. 1973. Social Justice and the City ref . Marxist geography makes exegetical ... of the Marxist movement in human geography. In order to accomplish such philosophical aims, these geographers ... Marxist geography s emphasis on constraints of structure upon human agency has been criticized ... by capitalism s structural mechanisms in Marxist analysis. By contrast, Humanistic geography is a differing critical geography, which concentrates upon human will and autonomy in explaining geography ... fold though humanistic geography is itself seen as lacking for failing to account for behavioural constraints imposed by social structures . Marxist geography is also subject to critiques ... have responded in kind to these polemics. References reflist Human geography Category Human geography ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Strategic geography is concerned with the control of, or access to, spatial areas that have an impact on the national security security and prosperity of nation s. Spatial areas that concern strategic geography change with human needs and development. This field is a subset of human geography , itself a subset of the more general study of geography . It is also related to geostrategy . Strategic geography is that branch of science,which deals with the study of spatial areas that have an impact on the security and prosperity of a nation. Further reading Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. New York Basic Books, 1997. Gray, Colin S. and Geoffrey Sloan. Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. Portland, OR Frank Cass, 1999. Kemp G., Harkavy R. Strategic Geography and the changing Middle East. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in cooperation with Brookings Institution Press, 1997. Mackinder, Halford J. http www.ndu.edu inss books Books 20 201979 20and 20earlier Democratic 20Ideals 20and 20Reality 20 201942 DIR.pdf Democratic Ideals and Reality. Washington, DC National Defense University Press, 1996. Daclon, Corrado Maria. Geopolitics of Environment, A Wider Approach to the Global Challenges. Italy Comunit Internazionale, SIOI, 2007. Faringdon, Hugh. Strategic Geography NATO, the Warsaw Pact, and the Superpowers . Routledge 1989 . ISBN 0 415 00980 4. http europeangeostrategy.ideasoneurope.eu European Geostrategy DEFAULTSORT Strategic Geography Category Human geography Category Geopolitics Category International security Geo term stub Poli stub hr Strate ka geografija ru uk ... more details
Behavioral geography is an approach to human geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach. Behavioral geographers focus on the cognitive process es underlying spatial reasoning , decision making , and behavior . In addition, behavioral geography is an ideology approach in human geography that makes use of the methods and assumptions of behaviorism to determine the cognitive processes involved in an individual s perception of, and or response and reaction to their environment. Behavioral geography is that branch of human science, which deals with the study of cognitive processes with its response to its environment, through behaviorism. Issues in behavioral geography Because of the name it is often assumed to have its roots in behaviorism . While some behavioral geographers clearly have roots in behaviorism ref name Norton01 Norton, W. 2001 . Initiating an affair human geography and behavior analysis . The Behavior Analyst Today , 2 4 , 283 290 http www.baojournal.com ref ref name Norton02 Norton, W. 2002 Explaining Landscape Change Group Identity and Behavior. The Behavior Analyst Today , 3 2 , 155 160 http www.baojournal.com BAO ref due to the emphasis on cognition, most can be seen as cognitively oriented. Indeed, it seems that behaviorism interest is more recent ref name Glass07 Glass, J.E. 2007 . Behavior analytic grounding of sociological social constructionism . The Behavior Analyst Today , 8 4 , 426 433 http www.baojournal.com BAO ref and growing. ref name Norton01 This is particularly true in the area of human landscaping. Behavioral geography .... ref name Norton97 Norton, W. 1997 . Human geography and behavior analysis An application of behavior ... in behavioral geography is closely related to that of psychology , but draws on research findings from ... planning, and many others. References reflist Human geography DEFAULTSORT Behavioral Geography Category Human geography Category Behaviorism psych stub geo term stub cs Behavior ln geografie hi ... more details
of the southern Casamance arm of the country has been classified by the World Wildlife Fund as part ... Image SenSavanna3.JPG Senegalese savanna with high grass gallery References reflist Geography of Africa Africa topic Climate of DEFAULTSORT Geography Of Senegal Category Geography of Senegal es Geograf a ... more details
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