Argumentfromfallacy is the formal fallacy of philosophical analysis analyzing an argument and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. ref K. S. Pope 2003 Logical Fallacies ... Bill s rebuttals are arguments fromfallacy, because Ginger may or may not be a cat, and Tom may or may not be English. Of course, the mere fact that one can invoke the argumentfromfallacy against a position ... argumentfromfallacy. An example of this false reasoning follows Joe Bill s assumption that Ginger is not a cat uses the argumentfromfallacy. Therefore, Ginger absolutely must be a cat. An argument ... ref It is also called argument to logic argumentum ad logicam , fallacyfallacy , ref cite book .... The appearance of a fallacy in an argument is an external sign of its author s depravity. ref See also Argumentfrom ignorance argumentum ad ignorantiam Argumentation theory Logical fallacies Straw ... Burkle Young first2 S. last2 Maley ref or fallacist s fallacy . ref name ff Fallacious arguments can arrive at true conclusions, so this is an informal fallacy of relevance . ref cite web title Logical Fallacies Fallacies of Relevance Fallacist s Fallacy url http www.logicalfallacies.info relevance fallacists quote It is possible to offer a fallacious argument for any proposition , including those that are true. ref Form It has the general argument form If P, then Q. P is a fallacious argument ... argugrid.eu title Argument Clinic doi 10.1.1.119.3872 format pdf c since A A is fallacious c ref Thus ... that is false, is an entire argument that is fallacious. A fallacious argument, just as with a false antecedent, can still have a consequent that happens to be true. The fallacy is in concluding the consequent of a fallacious argument has to be false. That the argument is fallacious only means that the argument cannot succeed in proving its consequent. ref John Woods, http books.google.com books ... result&resnum 11&ved 0CDgQ6AEwCg v onepage&q argument 20from 20fallacy&f false The death of argument ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Argumentfrom precedent is a common fallacy in discussion, for example on committees or in meetings. It consists in saying that to act correctly in circumstances X would be inadvisable, in case others consider that this would set a precedent for acting in circumstances Y , where it is argued X and Y are superficially similar but on close examination are radically different. The Microcosmographia Academica , published in 1908, cited this as one of the reasons why nothing should ever be done for the first time . The fallacy is similar to the slippery slope argument . DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom Setting A Precedent Category Logical fallacies Philo stub ... more details
analogy is often used to illustrate the argumentfrom ignorance Argumentfrom ignorance , also ... the legal burden of proof burden of proof . Argumentfrom ignorance may be used as a rationalization ... a null result the ground is dry therefore, it probably did not rain. Related arguments Argumentfrom incredulity Lack of imagination Arguments from incredulity take the form P is too incredible or I ... Human Understanding Book IV John Locke See also Argumentfrom silence False dilemma Indeterminacy ... 2010 DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom Ignorance Category Relevance fallacies bg ca Argument ... to the contrary , is a informal fallacyfallacy in informal logic . It asserts that a proposition ... of arguments from ignorance does not mean that one can never possess evidence of absence good ... or proven in order to be upheld, and therefore the burden of proof is on the argument s proponent. Overview Basic argument Arguments that appeal to ignorance rely merely on the fact that the veracity ..., so as truly to discover reality. This fallacy can be very convincing and is considered by some ... the fallacy . To reiterate, these arguments ignore the fact, and difficulty, that some true things ... form of the ignorance fallacy i.e. P has never been absolutely proven and is therefore certainly false. . Most often it is directed at any conclusion derived from null results in an experiment or from ... from ignorance can be caused when one side of a debate forgets that we often possess evidence of absence in practice. The ignorance fallacy is sometimes confused or combined with logically valid ... made to some limited sometimes extremely high degree of probability . Arguments from ignorance can easily find their way into debates over the Existence of God . It is a fallacy to draw conclusions ... valid rule of inference that allows the creation of a new proposition from the negation and reordering ... from ignorance in that they too ignore and do not properly eliminate the possibility that something ... more details
, he or she would have objected. See also Argumentfrom ignorance Evidence of absence Negative proof Russel s teapot Notes and reference reflist Red Herring Fallacy DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom ...The argumentfrom silence also called argumentum e silentio in Latin is generally a conclusion based ... of it. ref silence, the argumentfrom . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Ed ... , the argument is classed among the fallacies , but an argumentfrom silence can be a convincing .... John then concludes, by argumentfrom silence , that Jack does not in fact know Spanish or does ... for his silence. Use of argumentfrom silence in this situation is reasonable given that the alternatives .... Thus, using the argumentfrom silence , John concludes that Jack does not actually know the password. Such an argumentfrom silence, in contrast, may be considered unreasonable, since a password ... security concerns. Scholarly uses of the argument The argumentfrom silence is convincing ... that they would not have mentioned this. Here the argumentfrom silence is very convincing. ref ... , David Kusche pointed out that the argumentfrom silence has been used to create an improper shifting ... may not infer anything from the accused s failure to testify. This in effect bars the use of argumentfrom silence. On the other hand, statements volunteered by the accused may normally be considered, and in such cases the argumentfrom silence may apply in a limited form. If the accused chooses ... of classical studies , it often refers to the Deductive reasoning deduction from the lack of references ..., however, the following type of argument John Do you know any Spanish language Spanish ? Jack Of course ... information. Here is another example using the same argument but in a different context John Do ... these statements, to show where they got their information from, to see if their conclusions and interpretations ... bars the jury from making inferences about the witness s conduct. The range of inferences available ... more details
atheism2 The argumentfrom free will also called the paradox of free will , or theological fatalism contends that omniscience and free will are incompatible properties argument incompatible , and that any ... will , his argument is considered by some as affected by Modal Fallacy. See, in particular, the article ... ref Point 4 One criticism of the Argumentfrom Free Will is that in point 4 of the proof it simply assumes ... argument. Specifically, point 4 commits the modal fallacy of assuming that because some choice ... logical determinism, and it suffers from the same modal fallacy as AFFW. If a certain proposition ... of Free will An online discussion philosophy of religion Theology DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom Free Will Category Arguments against the existence of God Free will, argumentfrom Category Free will fa ... Will ref The argument may focus on the incoherence of people having free will, or else God himself ... , and often seem to echo the standard argument against free will . People and their free will File Chess ... formulated an argument regarding a person s free will, in traditional terms of good and evil ... 6 The Modal Fallacy ref quote Does God know or does He not know that a certain individual will be good ... free will is to be understood only as freedom from coercion , and anything further is an illusion ... strong or weak urges both from God and the environment around them and their own relative power .... God s free will General proof A simple version of an argument appealing specifically to God s free ... of the argument is formulated as follows ref The Freewill Argument for the Nonexistence of God by Dan ... s formulation The principal criticisms of this argument center around points 1 and 2, though there is some ... ref see eg John Polkinghorne ref If omniscient is used in the first sense then the argument s applicability depends on what God chooses to know, and therefore it is not a complete argument against the existence of God. In both cases the argument depends on the assumption that it is logically possible ... more details
Argumentfrom authority also known as appeal to authority or argumentum ad verecundiam is a special type of Inductive reasoning inductive argument which often takes the form of a statistical syllogism . ref name salmon Cite book last Salmon first M. H. title Introduction to Critical Reasoning publisher Thomson Wadsworth location Mason, OH year 2006 pages 118 9 ref Although certain classes of argumentfrom authority do on occasion constitute strong inductive arguments, arguments from authority are commonly used in a fallacious manner. ref name salmon ref name Gensler Cite book last Gensler first Harry J. title Introduction to Logic publisher Routedge location New York, NY year 2003 pages 333 4 ref ref name Baronett Cite book last Baronett first Stan title Logic publisher Pearson Prentice Hall location Upper Saddle River, NJ year 2008 page 304 ref Forms The appeal to authority may take several forms. As a statistical syllogism, it will have the following basic structure ref name salmon Most of what authority a has to say on subject matter S is correct. a says p about S . Therefore, p is correct. The strength of this argument depends upon two factors ref name salmon ref name Gensler The authority is a legitimate expert on the subject. A consensus exists among legitimate experts on the matter under discussion. These conditions may also simply be incorporated into the structure of the argument ... that A is true. Fallacious appeals to authority Fallacious arguments from authority often are the result of failing to meet at least one of the two conditions from the previous section ..., or of less imposing, education . Secondly, because the argument is inductive which in this sense ... sequitur logic non sequitur the inductive argument might have probabilistic or statistical merit ... by members of the Johns Hopkins University 1883 ref See also Credentialism Ipse dixit Logical fallacy ... Argument d autorit hy it Ad auctoritatem he lt Apeliavimas ... more details
Merge Basic belief date February 2010 The Argumentfrom a proper basis is an ontological argument for the existence of God related to fideism . Alvin Plantinga argued that belief in God is a properly basic belief , and so no basis for belief in God is necessary. ref http www.origins.org articles plantinga intellectualsophistication.html Origins.org ref Also See Foundationalism Presuppositional apologetics References Reflist Philosophy of religion Theology DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom A Proper Basis Category Arguments for the existence of God Religion stub ... more details
The argumentfrom miracles is an Arguments for the existence of God argument for the existence of God relying on eyewitness testimony of the occurrence of miracle s usually taken to be physically impossible extremely improbable events to establish the active intervention of a supernatural being or supernatural agents acting on behalf of that being . One example is the claims of some Christians that historical evidence proves that Resurrection of Jesus Jesus rose from the dead , and this can only be explained if God exists. This is also known as the Christological argument Christological argument for the existence of God . Another example is the claims of some Muslims that the Qur an has many fulfilled prophecies, and this can also only be explained if God exists. Criticisms A counter argument to the Argumentfrom miracles is the Argumentfrom inconsistent revelations , which states that multiple incompatible miracles are alleged to have occurred which provide evidence for different religions. Not all these can be correct. Another counter argument is Occam s Razor , which can be used to argue that God is unnecessary to explain miracles for which natural explanations can be found. In his documentary The Root of All Evil? , British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins utilises this argument when examining the supposed miracles in Lourdes , France. According to Catholic theology, supernatural cures may occur in the area. Dawkins expresses doubts as to their divine nature, noting that all the recorded cures comprise diseases which may have healed by themselves without the need for a divine cause. References David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding , L. A. Selby Bigge, ed. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1902. ISBN 978 0198245353 Richard Swinburne ed. Miracles . London Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1989. ISBN 0 02 418731 3 philosophy of religion Theology DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom Miracles Category Arguments for the existence of God Category Theology Category Miracles ... more details
The argumentfrom desire is an argument for the existence of God . It is most known in recent times through the writings of C. S. Lewis , for whom it played pivotal role in his own conversion to theism and thence to Christianity . As a syllogism it can be expressed as follows. Major premise All innate human desires have objects that exist. By innate we mean those desires that are universal. The desire for food, the desire for companionship, the desire to enjoy beauty are innate desires in this sense. The desires to have a grand house or a PhD are not. The premise cannot be proved but is plausible . We feel hunger there is such a thing as eating. We feel sexual desire there is such a thing as sex. It would be unlikely for a race of individuals to exist who reported feeling hungry yet but did not possess food, mouths nor stomachs. For every such innate desire in human experience save one we can identify the object. Minor premise There is a desire for we know not what whose object cannot be identified. We are never truly satisfied. For even while we satisfy our hunger, our need for companionship .... Yet the argumentfrom desire can be persuasive because the premises and conclusion can be not merely understood but seen in a much more direct way than similar arguments, such as the Ontological Argument . It is more directly applicable to the human experience. Criticisms The argumentfrom desire has attracted criticisms from both religious and non religious commentators whilst using it as evidence for God s existence, Christian philosopher Thomas Aquinas did not consider it a valid argument ... Press, ISBN 0521001897 ref In examining the use of the argumentfrom desire in Aquinas s philosophy, historian Robert Pasnau criticises the argument as being based on strong teleological assumptions ... on the Argumentfrom Desire philosophy of religion Theology DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom Desire Category ... of this desire does not exist in this world, it must exist in another. The argument is not meant ... more details
Citations missing date July 2009 The argumentfrom degrees or the degrees of perfection argument is an existence of God argument for the existence of God first proposed by mediaeval Roman Catholic theologian Thomas Aquinas as one of the Quinquae viae five ways to philosophically argue for God in his Summa Theologica . It is based on Perfection Ontological and theological perfection ontological and theological notions of perfection . ref cite encyclopedia first Simon last Blackburn title Degrees of perfection argument encyclopedia Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy publisher Oxford University Press id ISBN 0 19 283134 8 ref Contemporary Thomist scholars are often in disagreement on the metaphysical justification for this proof. Aquinas s original formulation quote The fourth proof arises from the degrees that are found in things. For there is found a greater and a less degree of goodness, truth, nobility, and the like. But more or less are terms spoken of various things as they approach in diverse ways toward something that is the greatest, just as in the case of hotter more hot that approaches nearer the greatest heat. There exists therefore something that is the truest, and best, and most noble, and in consequence, the greatest being. For what are the greatest truths are the greatest beings, as is said in the Metaphysics Bk. II. 2. What moreover is the greatest in its way, in another way is the cause of all things of its own kind or genus thus fire, which is the greatest heat, is the cause of all heat, as is said in the same book cf. Plato and Aristotle . Therefore there exists ... DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom Degree Category Arguments for the existence of God philo stub fa ... Aquinas Anselm s Arguments in Syllogistic Form Bot generated title ref Rebuttals A common argument ... degree, that such an object exists. In response to this objection, defenders of the argument usually cite Axiom S5 , and this is how this argument links into Anselm s well known ontological argument ... more details
mergeto Analogy date December 2011 Argumentfrom Analogy is a special type of Inductive reasoning inductive argument , whereby perceived similarities are used as a basis to infer some further similarity that has yet to be observed. Analogical reasoning is one of the most common methods by which human beings attempt to understand the world and make decisions. ref name Baronett Cite book last Baronett first Stan title Logic publisher Pearson Prentice Hall location Upper Saddle River, NJ year 2008 pages 321 325 ref When a person has a bad experience with a product and decides not to buy anything further from the producer, this is often a case of analogical reasoning. It is also implicit in much of science for instance, experiments on laboratory rats typically proceed on the basis that some physiological similarities between rats and humans entails some further similarity e.g. reaction to a drug ... of the argument requires that we take into consideration more than just the form the content must also come under scrutiny. Analyzing Arguments from Analogy Several factors affect the strength of the argumentfrom analogy The relevance of the known similarities to the similarity inferred in the conclusion ... name salmon In order to understand how one might go about analyzing an argumentfrom analogy, consider the Watchmaker analogy teleological argument and the criticisms of this argument put forward by the philosopher David Hume . According to the analogical reasoning in the teleological argument, it would ... inference involves noting the shared properties of two or more things, and from this basis infering ..., the argument doesn t assert that the two things are identical , only that they are similar . The argument ... share. ref name Baronett ref name salmon Arguments from analogy may be attacked by use of disanalogy .... ref name Baronett Finally, Hume provides many possible unintended consequences of the argument ..., the reasoning employed by the teleological argument would seem to lend support to polytheism ... more details
POV date May 2010 The Argumentfrom Reason is an argument for the existence of God at least as a supernatural instantiater of human reason largely developed by C.S. Lewis . The argument C.S. Lewis originally posited the argument as follows cquote One absolutely central inconsistency ruins the popular scientific philosophy . The whole picture professes to depend on inferences from observed facts. Unless ... is not a counter to this argument. A computer derives its rationality from its rational creator ... Plantinga have expanded on the so called Argumentfrom Reason and credit C.S. Lewis who called it The Cardinal ... the possibility of valid grounds from which to reach it. To summarize the argument in the book, Lewis .... ISBN 0006280943 Theology DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom Reason Category Arguments for the existence of God ... Poetry The argument against materialism holds For an assertion to be capable of truth or lie falsehood it must come from a rational source see explanation below . No merely physical material or combination ... that is true or false can come from a merely physical source. The assertions of human minds ... see explanation below . The argument for the existence of God holds 5 A being requires a rational process to assess the truth or falsehood of a claim hereinafter, to be convinced by argument . 6 Therefore, if humans are able to be convinced by argument, their reasoning processes must have a rational source. 7 Therefore, considering element two above, if humans are able to be convinced by argument ... from out of nothing but only from another rationality. 10 All humans began to exist at some point in time. 11 Therefore, if humans are able to be convinced by argument, there must be a necessary .... Limits and explanations of the argument The argument as stated is not strictly a proof of God s existence ... can be convinced by argument. The assumption that humans can assess the truth or falsehood ... or be content to accept or reject no claims whatsoever. cn date October 2011 This argument fails ... more details
cleanup date June 2008 noref date October 2009 The argumentfrom illusion is an argument for the existence of sense data . It is posed as a criticism of direct realism . Naturally occurring illusions best illustrate the argument s points, a notable example concerning a stick I have a stick, which appears to me to be straight, but when I hold it underwater it seems to bend and distort. I know that the stick is straight and that its apparent flexibility is a result of its being seen through the water, yet I cannot change the mental image I have of the stick as being bent. Since the stick is not in fact bent its appearance can be described as an illusion. Rather than directly perceiving the stick, which would entail our seeing it as it truly is, we must instead perceive it indirectly, by way of an image or sense datum . This mental representation does not tell us anything about the stick s true properties, which remain inaccessible to us. With this being the case, however, how can we be said to be certain of the stick s initial straightness? If all we perceive is sense data then the stick s apparent initial straightness is just as likely to be false as its half submerged bent appearance. Therefore, the argument runs, we can never gain any knowledge about the stick, as we only ever perceive a sense datum, and not the stick itself. A critical argument would be as follows Because the stick provides a contrasting surface in the surrounding water, the bent appearance of the stick is evidence of the previously unaccounted for physical properties of the water. It would be a mistake to categorize an optical effect resulting from a physical cause as sensory fallibility because it results from an increase in information from another previously unaccounted for object or physical property. Unless the water is not taken into consideration, the example in fact reinforces the reliability ... of parts from the perceived object. ref1 References Austin, John, 1962. Sense and Sensibilia, Oxford ... more details
The Argumentfrom Queerness is a term used in the philosophical study of ethics first developed by J. L. Mackie in his book Ethics Inventing Right and Wrong ISBN 0 14 013558 8 1977 . Mackie argues against the view that there can be moral objectivism objective ethical values , and he uses the term to describe a certain sort of reductio ad absurdum which belief in such values implies. He states that If there were objective values, then they would be entities or qualities or relations of a very strange sort, utterly different from anything else in the universe 1977, p. 38 . Hence Mackie argues that this in itself is sufficient reason for doubting their existence. The argument In his book Morality without Foundations A Defense of Ethical Contextualism 1999 , Mark Timmons provides a reconstruction of Mackie s views in the form of the two related argument s. These are based on the rejection of properties, facts, and relationships that do not fit within the worldview of philosophical naturalism ... own ethical theory, based on an effort to accommodate this deficiency. Mackie s argumentfrom queerness ... ad absurdum of the contrary then the argumentfrom queerness cannot give you any particular reason ... attraction of this outlook in contemporary philosophy no doubt stems from the rise of modern ..., pp. 12 13 . The first argument is that our ordinary moral discourse purports to refer to intrinsically ... with philosophical naturalism page 50 . The second argument is that, if moral realism posits the existence ... of the argument include noting that for the very fact that such entities would have to be something fundamentally different from what we normally experience and therefore assumably outside our sphere ... . Moral Realism and the Sceptical Arguments from Disagreement and Queerness , Australasian Journal of Philosophy ... , Edward N. Zalta ed. . Shepski, Lee 2008 . http leeshepski.net VanishingArg.php The Vanishing Argumentfrom Queerness , Australasian Journal of Philosophy 86 3 371 87. Timmons, Mark 1999 . Morality without ... more details
atheism2 Inappropriate tone date December 2007 The argumentfrom nonbelief or the argumentfrom divine hiddenness is a philosophical argument against the existence of God , specifically, the God of theism . The premise of the argument is that if God existed and wanted humanity to know it , he would have ... unbelievers, and therefore, this weighs against God s existence. This argument is similar to the classic problem of evil argumentfrom evil in that it affirms inconsistency between the world ... name hs ne Schellenberg s argumentfrom reasonable nonbelief A formal presentation of the argument ... attempt to improve the argument Drange s argumentfrom nonbelief see below , claims there are many ... that our experience of love is itself a argumentfrom love proof of God s existence . However, there are a few ... from nonbelief Theodore Drange proposed a version of the nonbelief argument in 1996. He considers ... of religion Theology DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom Nonbelief Category Arguments against the existence of God Nonbelief, argumentfrom es Argumento de la no creencia fa simple Argument ... the problem of divine hiddenness as an instance of the problem of evil. The argument was the subject ... thy form. What, O most high Lord, shall this man do, an exile far from thee? What shall thy servant do, anxious in his love of thee, and cast out afar from thy face? He pants to see thee, and thy face is too far from him. He longs to come to thee, and thy dwelling place is inaccessible. He is eager ... s argument, cite Nietzsche s question a god who is all knowing and all powerful and who ... nonbelief occurs. No perfectly loving God exists from 2 and 3 . Hence, there is no God from 1 and 4 . In an article revisiting the argument ten years after it was originally proposed, ref name jl2005a Cite journal last Schellenberg first John L. year 2005 title The hiddenness argument revisited ... that the argument should be put forward only in relation to theists who already accept the first ... more details
The argumentfrom morality is one of many arguments for the existence of God . It comes in different ... thumb right 200px C. S. Lewis used a transcendental argumentfrom morality in his book Mere ... developed his own version of the argumentfrom morality. Premises 1 and 2 reflect Immanuel Kant s belief ... ArgumentFrom Morality Category Ethics Category Arguments for the existence of God Morality, argumentfrom fa hu Moralit s rv no Det moralske argument ... is generally the Problem of evil . General form All forms of the moral argument begin with the premise ... argument is that Some aspect of Morality e.g., its objective force is observed. Moral realism Existence ... follows are some of the more common variations of the moral argument. Moral sanctions Moral norms exist ... have such authority, there should be a rational argument why human beings should act ... sanctions to behavior provides such a rational argument, better than alternatives. Therefore, to the extent ... their self interest. Criticisms The argument is formally valid but each of 1 , 2 and 3 may be disputed ... of being commanded by God wrongness consists in being forbidden by God . In order for this argument .... Critics suggest that this argument appeals to a divine command theory of ethics. Objections to divine command theories of ethics are numerous, most stemming from forms of the Euthyphro dilemma . Is an action ... made his commands in accordance with transcendental facts that exist apart from God exactly the types of facts that the theist is asking the non theist to provide an account for. The argument is thus ... facts unexplained. Proponents of the argument maintain that the Euthyphro dilemma can be adequately ... from virtue. Its existence would mean that there is a perfect moral causality at work in the world ... be false . Critics Citation needed date June 2008 point out a certain type of circularity Kant s argument .... Notably, Jean Paul Sartre made an Inverse logic inverse form of this argument, taking the non ... more details
The Argumentfrom religious experience is an argument for the existence of God , as against materialism . Outline logical structure Its logical structure is essentially as follows There are compelling reasons for considering at least some religious experience s to point to and validate spiritual realities that exist in a way that transcends any material manifestations. According to Materialism, nothing exists in a way that transcends its material manifestations. According to Classical Theism in general, and to many theistic faiths, God endows Humans with the ability to have spiritual experiences and to perceive, albeit imperfectly, such spiritual realities. There are innumerable references in both the Old testament , from Adam talking with God in Genesis onwards, and in the New Testament of which the Transfiguration and St Paul s comments in 1 Corinthians about spiritual gifts and seeing through a glass darkly i.e. through a poor mirror, imperfectly may stand as two examples and these spiritual realities exist in a way that transcends any material manifestations. Therefore, to the extent that premise 1 is accepted, Theism is more plausible than Materialism. Points 2, 3 and 4 are relatively un controversial, and the argument is formally valid, so discussion focuses on the premise 1 . Suggested reasons for accepting the premise The principal arguments for the premise are Very substantial ... are lies, possibly done for attention or acceptance. ref name Facts Argumentfrom Inconsistent Revelations ..., OUP 2004 ISBN 0198250010. Richard Dawkins who in The God Delusion dismisses the Argumentfrom ... of Religious Experience Kai man Kwan The Argumentfrom Religious Experience in The Blackwell ... philosophy of religion Theology Use dmy dates date June 2011 DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom Religious Experience Category Arguments for the existence of God Religious Experience, argumentfrom fa ... in them acts of extreme self sacrifice well beyond what could be expected from evolutionary arguments ... more details
The Argumentfrom Marginal Cases is a philosophical argument regarding the morality moral status of animal s. Its proponents hold that if members of society such as infants , the senile , the coma comatose , and the cognition cognitively disabled do have direct moral status, animals do have a direct moral status, too, since there is no known morally relevant ability that those marginal case humans have that animals lack. The moral status may refer either to a right not to be killed or made to suffer, or to a general moral requirement to be treated in a certain way. Overview of the argument The argumentfrom marginal cases takes the form of a proof by contradiction . It attempts to show that you cannot coherently believe both that all humans have moral status, and that all non humans lack moral status. Consider a cow. We ask why it is acceptable to kill this cow for food we might claim, for example ... A. Vegetarianism and the Argumentfrom Marginal Cases in Porphyry. Journal of the History of Ideas 45.1 ... is the Argumentfrom Species Normality a term coined by David Graham philosopher David ... and shelter all animals who are unable to fend for themselves. According to the Argumentfrom ... problems with the argumentfrom marginal cases and Problems With the ArgumentFrom Marginal Cases ... Further reading Dombrowski, Daniel. Babies and Beasts The argumentfrom marginal cases University of Illinois ... similar to non human animals. ref Rachels, James. Created from animals the moral implications ... Machan s Why Animal Rights Don t Exist Bot generated title ref A related counterargument from ..., and from thereon has full moral agency even if this capacity is lost or diminished That is why a cow .... 100, Animal Rights and Human Obligations ref Ex vegan writer Rhys Southan argues that the Argumentfrom Marginal Cases fails because it requires us to treat like cases alike, yet those who fight for animal ... Philosophical arguments Category Rights Category Animal rights de Argument der menschlichen Grenzf lle ... more details
The argumentfrom consciousness is an argument for the existence of God based on consciousness . Philosophical summary of the argument The argument may be stated in inductive reasoning inductive or deductive reasoning deductive form ref Both these are following J. P Moreland The Argumentfrom Consciousness in The Rationality of Theism ed Paul Copan and Paul Moser, London Routeledge 2003 ISBN 0 415 26332 8 and J. P Moreland Consciousness and The Existence of God ref Inductive form Given theism and Naturalism philosophy naturalism as live options fixed by our background beliefs, theism provides a better explanation of consciousness than naturalism, and thus receives some confirmation from the existence of consciousness. Deductive form Genuinely nonphysical mental states exist. There is an explanation for the existence of mental states. Personal explanation PE is different from natural scientific explanation NSE . The explanation for the existence of mental states is either a PE or a NSE. The explanation ... . http afterall.net papers 490852 Argumentfrom consciousness ref Moreland spends much of the book ... ac.html The Argumentfrom Consciousness Refuted . ref However, Moreland maintains that questioning .... Notes and references references philosophy of religion Theology DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom ... slightly a different version of this argument which focuses on mental physical correlations and not merely ... Frank Jackson , known for the knowledge argument in support of dualism about the mind, comments ..., go with science. Although I once dissented from the majority, I have capitulated and now see the interesting issue as being where the arguments from the intuitions against physicalism the arguments ... ref If one is willing to accept the first premise that reductive forms of physicalism are false, then the argument takes off. Thus, one could think of Moreland as making an argument that tries to move a person from rejecting physicalism to accepting theism . The crucial step in this move is the fifth ... more details
ArgumentFrom Inconsistent Revelations Category Arguments against the existence of God Inconsistent revelations, argumentfrom es Argumento de las revelaciones inconsistentes fa ko simple Argumentfrom inconsistent revelations ... divine revelations or miracles might simply result unintentionally from the divine nature ... others is diminishingly small. Appearances The argument appears, among other places, in Voltaire Voltaire ... more details
The argumentfrom beauty is an argument for the existence of God as against materialism . Outline logical ... would deny that here is beauty in abundance? If we confine ourselves to the argumentfrom the beauty of the inanimate and plant worlds, the argument surely works. ref Swinburne, The Existence of God ... this is actually an addition to the argumentfrom beauty, rather than a criticism. Critics have labeled ..., Knopf, 1956 ref Notes and references references See also Argumentfrom poor design Human nature ... Theology DEFAULTSORT ArgumentFrom Beauty Category Arguments for the existence of God Category Logical ... gives an extensive discussion of this, and of creativity from a metaphysical point of view ref ... advantage like clouds seen from aeroplanes, or images from telescopes . Scientists, especially physicists ... This is part of the logic of Thomas Reid s argument for the real existence of beauty. See http plato.stanford.edu ... a variation of this argument blockquote God has reason to make a basically beautiful world, although ... h.k will be greater than P e k ... Few, however, would deny that our universe apart from its animal ... under materialism. The difficulty with this variation of the argument is that it depends on an essentially ... than might be expected if God or gods did not exist. Idealism The argument as stated is for theism ... Looking around my philosopher colleagues in Britain, virtually all of whom I know at least from ...? p 91 ref Truth, Beauty and Science There is a related question that bears on this argument. Scientists ... criteria that seem far removed from science. Einstein once said that the only physical theories ... discussion of this topic and gives numerous examples from the history of science. ref Of course, scientists ... beauty become all the more important the more remote the science is from human experience. If the sense ... The argument implies beauty is something immaterial instead of being a subjective neurological response to stimuli. Some may say that the argument fails to consider the enhanced beauty perception people ... more details
atheism2 The dysteleological argument or argumentfrom poor design is an argument against the existence ... known Teleological argumentargumentfrom design , which runs as follows Living things are too well .... This creator is God. The complete phrase argumentfrom poor design has rarely been used in the literature ... the hill , but a species cannot normally get from a lower peak to a higher peak without first going through a valley. The argumentfrom poor design is one of the arguments that was used by Charles Darwin ... generally reject the argumentfrom design, but do still maintain belief in the existence of God ... against the argumentfrom poor design. In the case of the panda s thumb, the argument is not that it works ... does nothing to invalidate the argumentfrom poor design, as it merely shifts the focus of the question ... regarding God The argumentfrom poor design is sometimes interpreted, by the argumenter ... from poor design itself points out that the argumentfrom poor design assumes that efficiency and neatness ... of the argumentfrom design. The apparently sub optimal design of organisms has also been used by theistic ... From Poor Design Category Arguments against the existence of God Poor design, argumentfrom ... either did not create these organisms or is not omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent. The argument ... , devoted most of a chapter to the argument, and ended by proposing, perhaps with tongue slightly ... of nature that are currently flawed in design. The name stems from the acronym I.D. and is used to counter .... Prior to modern surgical techniques, complications from hernias including intestinal blockage, gangrene ... devices in orchid s, apparently constructed from components commonly having different functions in other ... laryngeal nerve is such that it travels from the brain to the larynx by looping around the aortic ... Several generic philosophical criticisms can be directed towards the first premise of the argument that a Creator God would have designed things optimally . The argument hinges on an assumption that the human ... more details
POV date February 2010 The Argumentfrom love is an argument for the existence of God , as against materialism and reductionist forms of physicalism . Outline of argument The deep relationship of theism ... Dawkins who suggests that it is an Argumentfrom emotional blackmail . ref The God Delusion p83 ... Theology DEFAULTSORT Love, ArgumentFrom Category Arguments for the existence of God fa ... where theism was taken for granted, the primacy and quality of love was used as an argument for the truth ... Apologeticum ch. 39, 7 ref However in modern times the suggested reality of love has become seen as an argument ... signpost pointing away from this philosophy to the central elements of the Christian story. ref ... made in heaven sometimes end not far from hell resonates particularly with the Christian account ... even Spinoza elevates love out of the emotional into the ontological realm. And it is well known that from ..., 1954, p25 ref and that an understanding of this should lead us to turn from the naive nominalism in which ...... arbitrary and temporary ref Lloyd cites Quentin Smith ref or emerging from relationship ... or reductionist physicalism . ref Note that this argument only supports Theism as against Materialism ... physical, was far from widely accepted before the twentieth century see vitalism . ref Andrew Melnyk .... Relation to other philosophical approaches Relation to Idealism The argument as stated is for theism ... its physical manifestations the argument works against physicalism as well as materialism. However ... to be compatible with the existence of love in a way that transcends its physical manifestations the argument ... of belief in God and Love A variant on the argument is a defence of the rationality of theism ... then it shouldn t be seen as irrational to believe in God. ref This type of argument was made by Alvin Plantinga in God and Other Minds ref The philosopher Roger Scruton suggests Rational argument can ... articles science sc0078.html Dawkins is wrong about God reproduced from The Spectator ref Suggested ... more details
from the premises in the manner described. By extension, an argument can contain a formal fallacy ... fail to support the proposed conclusion, but the argument is structured properly or Formal fallacy ... generalization argues from a special case to a general rule. Example Argument Every person I ve met ... Straw man A straw man argument is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent s position ... Same Team Fallacy A case where an arguer knows the main criticisms of their argument, and then asserts that the counter argument should have the same criticisms based on a genetic fallacy of its ... are brought out, and the fallacy of repetition thereafter. Example Argument I Skeptics are as religious ... version the absence of the genetic fallacy , exposing the basic fault of the argument ... quote and used to discredit the argument. It is a form of False attribution attribution fallacy . Apophasis ... of composition Fallacy of composition From each to all . Arguing from some property of constituent ... of division Division Fallacy of division Division , the converse of the preceding, arguing from a property ... fallacyfallacy . Both may actually be true, or even more probable as a result of the argument e.g. ... , a fallacy is usually an improper argumentation in reasoning resulting in a misconception ... appeal to emotion , or take advantage of social relationships between people e.g. argumentfrom authority . Fallacious arguments are often structured using rhetorical patterns that obscure any logical argument. Fallacies can be used to win arguments regardless of the merits. Among such devices, discussed in more detail below, are ignoring the question to divert argument to unrelated issues using a red herring, making the argument personal argumentum ad hominem and discrediting the opposition ... or fallacy in which the situation is oversimplified, card stacking or selective use of facts, and false analogy . Another favorite device is the false generalization , an abstraction of the argument ... more details
as Logical fallacy logical fallacies . Soundness Main Soundness A sound argument is a valid ... from the particular to particular. An argument by analogy may use a particular truth in a premise ... of argument by analogy because the reasoning employed in it proceeds from a particular ... Main Logical fallacy A fallacy is an invalid argument that appears valid, or a valid argument with disguised ... the words therefore , so , because and hence typically separate the premises from the conclusion of an argument ...About the subject as it is studied in logic and philosophy In philosophy and logic , an argument is an attempt ... conclusion. ref http www.iep.utm.edu argumentArgument , Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. In everyday life, we often use the word argument to mean a verbal dispute or disagreement. This is not the way ... typically presents an argument for his or her position, in the sense described above. In philosophy ... theory of argument New Jersey Laurence Erlbaum, 2000 , 46 49. ref The general structure of an argument ... Rationality A pragmatic theory of argument New Jersey Laurence Erlbaum, 2000 , 46. ref ref The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd Ed. CUM, 1995 Argument a sequence of statements such that some ... can also be formulated in a formal language . An argument in a formal language shows the logical ... deductive argument , the premises are meant to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion, while in an inductive argument , they are thought to provide reasons supporting the conclusion ... one could call indispensability claims. They move from their starting points to their conclusions ... argumentArgument , Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ref Ways of formulating arguments effectively ... and must sometimes be made explicit by analysis. Standard argument types There are several kinds ... claim. A Deductive reasoning deductive argument asserts that the truth of the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises. An inductive argument , on the other hand, asserts that the truth ... more details
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