Taxobox color taxobox colour incertae sedis domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Bikonta phylum Apusozoa phylum authority Thomas Cavalier Smith Cavalier Smith 1997 em. small subdivision ranks Orders subdivision Apusomonadida br Ancyromonadida br Hemimastigida The Apusozoa are a phylum biology phylum ref name pmid18723395 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T, Chao EE, Stechmann A, Oates B, Nikolaev S title Planomonadida ord. nov. Apusozoa ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences within Planomonas gen. nov journal Protist volume 159 issue 4 pages 535 62 year 2008 month October pmid 18723395 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2008.06.002 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S1434 4610 08 00042 4 ref comprising several genera of flagellate protozoa. They are usually around 5 20 m in size, and occur in soils and aquatic habitats, where they feed on bacterium bacteria . They are grouped together based on the presence of an organic shell or theca under the dorsal surface of the cell. The name derives from the Greek words for footless and animal . ref name urlAPUSOZOA cite web url http comenius.susqu.edu BI 202 Amoebozoae apusozoa default.htm title APUSOZOA work accessdate 2010 07 19 ref Classification There are three orders, often treated as separate ... of Apusomonadida Protozoa Apusozoa New Genera and Species journal Protist volume 161 issue 4 ... be classified in Apusozoa. ref name pmid20884290 cite journal author Gl cksman E, Snell EA, Berney ... ord. n. Apusozoa journal Protist volume 162 issue 2 pages 207 221 year 2010 month September ... been included in the Rhizaria , based on 18S rRNA gene sequencing, it has been concluded that the Apusozoa ... Stechmann, postulated that Apusozoa belongs in the bikont clade. ref cite journal author ... reflist 2 Life Category Apusozoa Category Flagellates protist stub ca Apusozou cs Apusozoa es Apusozoa fr Apusozoa ga Apusozoa ko nl Apusozoa pt Apusozoa ... more details
Taxobox color taxobox colour incertae sedis domain Eukaryota phylum Apusozoa ordo Apusomonadida ordo authority Karpov & Mylnikov, 1989 subdivision ranks subdivision Apusomonadida is a grouping of Apusozoa . It is sister to the opisthokont s. ref name pmid20537943 cite journal author Thomas Cavalier Smith & Ema E. Chao year 2010 title Phylogeny and evolution of Apusomonadida Protozoa Apusozoa new genera and species journal Protist journal Protist volume 161 issue 4 pages 549 576 pmid 20537943 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2010.04.002 ref It includes the genera Apusomonas , Manchomonas , Thecomonas , Podomonas and Multimonas . References Wikispecies reflist Eukaryota Category Apusozoa protist stub ko pt Apusomonadida ... more details
italic title Amastigomonas is a genus of Apusozoa . ref name pmid12698292 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T, Chao EE title Phylogeny of choanozoa, apusozoa, and other protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution journal J. Mol. Evol. volume 56 issue 5 pages 540 63 year 2003 month May pmid 12698292 doi 10.1007 s00239 002 2424 z url ref This genus has been divided into five different genera including Podomonas , Manchomonas , and Multimonas . ref name pmid20537943 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T, Chao EE title Phylogeny and Evolution of Apusomonadida Protozoa Apusozoa New Genera and Species journal Protist volume 161 issue 4 pages 549 76 year 2010 month May pmid 20537943 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2010.04.002 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S1434 4610 10 00024 6 ref Several species have been described including Amastigomonas borokensis , Amastigomonas caudata , Amastigomonas debruynei Podomonas magna , Podomonas capensis Multimonas media Thecamonas oxoniensis , Thecamonas trahens The genera Apusomonas and Manchomonas appear to be closely related but the branching order of the other genera has yet to be established. References reflist Eukaryota classification Category Apusozoa protist stub ko ... more details
Taxobox color taxobox colour incertae sedis domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Bikonta phylum Apusozoa phylum authority Thomas Cavalier Smith Cavalier Smith 1997 em. small ordo Apusomonadida ordo authority Karpov & Mylnikov 1989 familia genus Apusomonas subdivision ranks Species subdivision Apusomonas proboscidea italic title Apusomonas is a genus of Apusozoa . ref name pmid12698292 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T, Chao EE title Phylogeny of choanozoa, apusozoa, and other protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution journal J. Mol. Evol. volume 56 issue 5 pages 540 63 year 2003 month May pmid 12698292 doi 10.1007 s00239 002 2424 z url ref It includes the species Apusomonas proboscidea . ref name pmid16982820 cite journal author Kim E, Simpson AG, Graham LE title Evolutionary relationships of apusomonads inferred from taxon rich analyses of 6 nuclear encoded genes journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 23 issue 12 pages 2455 66 year 2006 month December pmid 16982820 doi 10.1093 molbev msl120 url ref References reflist protist stub Eukaryota classification Category Apusozoa ko ... more details
italic title Taxobox color taxobox color fungi name Nucleariids domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokont s ordo Nucleariida genus Micronuclearia Micronuclearia is a Nucleariid genus. ref name urlMicronuclearia cite web url http www.uniprot.org taxonomy 238745 title Micronuclearia format work accessdate 2009 03 08 ref It includes the species Micronuclearia podoventralis . ref name pmid18723395 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T, Chao EE, Stechmann A, Oates B, Nikolaev S title Planomonadida ord. nov. Apusozoa ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences within Planomonas gen. nov journal Protist volume 159 issue 4 pages 535 62 year 2008 month October pmid 18723395 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2008.06.002 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S1434 4610 08 00042 4 ref References Reflist Life protist stub Category Nucleariids ko ... more details
automatic taxobox color taxobox colour incertae sedis authority Kent 1880 type species A. sigmoides type species authority Kent 1880 synonyms Bodo cephaloporus small Larsen & Patterson , 1990 small Ancyromonas is a genus of Apusozoa . It is a flagellate. ref name pmid17021215 cite journal author Scheckenbach F, Wylezich C, Mylnikov AP, Weitere M, Arndt H title Molecular Comparisons of Freshwater and Marine Isolates of the Same Morphospecies of Heterotrophic Flagellates journal Appl. Environ. Microbiol. volume 72 issue 10 pages 6638 43 year 2006 month October pmid 17021215 pmc 1610283 doi 10.1128 AEM.02547 05 url http aem.asm.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 17021215 ref It includes the species Ancyromonas sigmoides . ref name pmid18723395 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T, Chao EE, Stechmann A, Oates B, Nikolaev S title Planomonadida ord. nov. Apusozoa ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences within Planomonas gen. nov journal Protist volume 159 issue 4 pages 535 62 year 2008 month October pmid 18723395 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2008.06.002 url ref Planomonas has been described as a junior synonym of Ancyromonas . ref name pmid20384907 cite journal author Heiss AA, Walker G, Simpson AG title Clarifying the taxonomic identity of a phylogenetically important group of eukaryotes Planomonas is a junior synonym of Ancyromonas journal J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. volume 57 issue 3 pages 285 93 year 2010 month May pmid 20384907 doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.2010.00477.x unused data DUPLICATE DATA doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.2010.00477.x ref References reflist Eukaryota classification Category Protista protist stub ko ... more details
Taxobox color khaki image domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokonta genus Ministeria subdivision ranks Species subdivision Ministeria vibrans Ministeria is a small single celled eukaryote which feeds on bacteria. Although it is an opisthokont , it seems not to fit in any of the established opisthokont lineages such as choanoflagellate s or animal s. ref citation pmid 12698292 year 2003 month May author Cavalier Smith, T Chao, Ee title Phylogeny of choanozoa, apusozoa, and other protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution volume 56 issue 5 pages 540 63 doi 10.1007 s00239 002 2424 z journal Journal of molecular evolution ref It might form a group with Capsaspora , another opisthokont of uncertain placement. ref name tabrizi citation author Shalchian Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al editor1 last Aramayo editor1 first Rodolfo title Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals journal PLoS ONE volume 3 issue 5 pages e2098 year 2008 pmid 18461162 pmc 2346548 doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0002098 url http www.plosone.org article info doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0002098 ref References reflist Category Protista protist stub Eukaryota classification fr Ministeria ko ... more details
Taxobox color taxobox colour incertae sedis name Bikonts image Aulacanthas 01.jpg image caption A radiolaria n domain Eukaryote Eukaryota Taxobox norank entry taxon Bikonta subdivision ranks Supergroups subdivision Apusozoa br Rhizaria br Excavata br Archaeplastida br Chromalveolata A Bikont two flagella is a eukaryote eukaryotic cell with two flagella , as its name suggests. It is a division of eukaryote s. ref name pmid16829542 cite journal author Burki F, Pawlowski J title Monophyly of Rhizaria and multigene phylogeny of unicellular bikonts journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 23 issue 10 pages 1922 30 year 2006 month October pmid 16829542 doi 10.1093 molbev msl055 url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 16829542 ref Enzymes Another shared trait of bikonts is the fusion of two gene s into a single unit the genes for thymidylate synthase TS and dihydrofolate reductase DHFR encode a single protein with two functions. ref cite journal author Thomas Cavalier Smith title Protist phylogeny and the high level classification of Protozoa journal European Journal of Protistology year 2006 volume 39 issue 4 pages 338 348 doi 10.1078 0932 4739 00002 ref The genes are separately translated in unikont s. Relationships Some research suggests that a unikont a eukaryotic cell with a single flagellum was the ancestor of opisthokonts Animals, Fungi, and related forms and Amoebozoa , and a bikont was the ancestor of Archaeplastida Plants and relatives , Excavata , Rhizaria , and Chromalveolate Chromalveolata . Cavalier Smith has suggested that Apusozoa , which are typically considered incertae sedis , are in fact bikonts. Relationships within the bikonts are not yet clear. Cavalier Smith has grouped the Excavata and Rhizaria into the Cabozoa and the Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata into the Corticata , but at least one other study has suggested that the Rhizaria and Chromalveolata form a clade . ref cite journal author Burki F, Shalchian Tabrizi K, Minge M, Skj vel ... more details
Taxobox regnum Protista phylum Hemimastigophora classis Hemimastigea ordo Hemimastigida familia Spironemidae familia authority Franz Theodor Doflein Doflein , 1916 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Hemimastix small Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 small Spironema small Klebs, 1893 small Stereonema small Foissner & Foissner, 1993 small Spironemidae is a family biology family of heterotroph ic flagellate s. They vary in size and shape from the ellipsoid Hemimastix amphikineta 14 7 m to the vermiform Spironema terricola 43 3 m , and are united by the possession of two rows of cilia, called kineties. ref name Foissner cite journal author Ilse Foissner & Wilhelm Foissner year 1993 title Revision of the family Spironemidae Doflein Protista, Hemimastigophora , with description of two new species, Spironema terricola n. sp. and Stereonema geiseri n. g., n. sp. journal Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology volume 40 issue 4 pages 422 438 doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.1993.tb04936.x ref The following species are included ref name Foissner Spironema multiciliatum small Klebs, 1893 small Spironema terricola small Foissner & Foissner, 1993 small Spironema goodeyi small Foissner & Foissner, 1993 small Stereonema geiseri small Foissner & Foissner, 1993 small Hemimastix amphikineta small Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 small References Reflist Category Apusozoa protist stub ko ... more details
doi ref who also included the centrohelid s and Apusozoa . Evolutionary relationship Rhizaria ... , and some smaller, unresolved groups such as the Apusozoa and the Centrohelid a. As bikonts ... more details
Taxobox color taxobox colour incertae sedis name Unikonts domain Eukaryote Eukaryota Taxobox norank entry taxon Unikonta subdivision ranks Supergroups subdivision Opisthokonta br Amoebozoa Unikonts are members of the Unikonta, a taxonomic group proposed by Thomas Cavalier Smith . ref name pmid11931142 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T title The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa journal Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. volume 52 issue Pt 2 pages 297 354 year 2002 month March pmid 11931142 doi url http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11931142 ref ref cite journal authorlink Thomas Cavalier Smith first Thomas last Cavalier Smith title Protist phylogeny and the high level classification of Protozoa journal European Journal of Protistology year 2003 volume 39 issue 4 pages 338 348 doi 10.1078 0932 4739 00002 ref It includes amoebozoa , opisthokont s, ref name pmid19004754 cite journal author A Minge M, Silberman JD, Orr RJ, et al. title Evolutionary position of breviate amoebae and the primary eukaryote divergence journal Proc. Biol. Sci. volume 276 issue 1657 pages 597 604 year 2008 month November pmid 19004754 doi 10.1098 rspb.2008.1358 url pmc 2660946 ref ref name pmid16829542 cite journal author Burki F, Pawlowski J title Monophyly of Rhizaria and multigene phylogeny of unicellular bikonts journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 23 issue 10 pages 1922 30 year 2006 month October pmid 16829542 doi 10.1093 molbev msl055 url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 16829542 ref and Apusozoa . ref name pmid20884290 cite journal author Gl cksman E, Snell EA, Berney C, Chao EE, Bass D, Cavalier Smith T title The Novel Marine Gliding Zooflagellate Genus Mantamonas Mantamonadida ord. n. Apusozoa journal Protist volume 162 issue 2 pages 207 221 year 2010 month September pmid 20884290 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2010.06.004 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S1434 4610 10 00057 X ref Clade The group inc ... more details
Taxobox name Ascetosporea domain Eukaryota regnum Rhizaria phylum Cercozoa classis Ascetosporea classis authority Sprague, 1979 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Haplosporidiidae Haplosporidium 23 species Minchina 5 species Urosporidium 8 species Paramyxidae Marteilia Paramartelia Paramyxa The Ascetosporea are a group of protist s that are parasite s of animals, especially marine invertebrate s. There are two groups, the haplosporids and paramyxids, which are not particularly similar morphologically but consistently group together on molecular trees, which place them near the base of the Cercozoa . ref cite journal author Thomas Cavalier Smith & Ema E. Y. Chao year 2003 title Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other Protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution journal Journal of Molecular Evolution volume 56 issue 5 pages 540 563 pmid 12698292 doi 10.1007 s00239 002 2424 z ref Both produce spore s without the complex structures found in similar groups such as polar filaments or tubules . Haplosporid spores have a single cell nucleus nucleus and an opening at one end, covered with an internal diaphragm or a distinctive hinged lid. After emerging, it develops within the cells of its host, usually a marine Mollusca mollusc or annelid , although some infect other groups or freshwater species. The trophic cell is generally multinucleate . Paramyxids develop within the digestive system of marine invertebrates, and undergo internal budding to produce multicellular spores. A 2009 study concluded that Haplosporidium species form a paraphyletic group and that the taxonomy of the haplosporidians needs a thorough revision. ref cite journal author P. M. Hine, R. B. Carnegie, E. M. Burreson & M. Y. Engelsma year 2009 title Inter relationships of haplosporidians deduced from ultrastructural studies journal Diseases of Aquatic Organisms volume 83 issue 3 pages 247 256 doi 10.3354 dao02016 pmid 19402456 url http www.int res.com articles dao oa d083p247.pdf format Portable Docume ... more details
pp move indef Taxobox color rgb 224, 208, 176 name Eukaryotes temporal range long fossil range 2100 0 earliest 2700 latest 0 2.1 billion years ago Recent putatively as early as 2.7 billion years ago image image caption Ostreococcus is the smallest known free living eukaryote, with an average size of 0.8 m . superdomain Neomura See Talk Eukaryote Neomura domain Eukaryota domain authority Robert Whittaker Whittaker & Lynn Margulis Margulis ,1978 subdivision ranks Kingdom biology Kingdoms subdivision div style background D3D3A4 padding 4px Animal ia Animals div div style background lightblue padding 4px Fungus Fungi div div style background FFC8A0 padding 4px Amoebozoa div div style background lightgreen padding 4px Plant ae Plants div div style background greenyellow padding 4px Chromalveolata div div style background lavender padding 4px Rhizaria div div style background khaki padding 4px Excavata div style background e0d0b0 colspan 2 Thomas Cavalier Smith Alternative phylogeny style padding 0 .5em text align left colspan 2 Unikont a Opisthokonta Metazoa Mesomycetozoa Choanozoa Eumycota Amoebozoa Bikonta Apusozoa Rhizaria Excavata Archaeplastida Chromalveolata A eukaryote IPAc en icon ju k r i . o t respell ew KARR ee oht or IPAc en ju k r i t is an organism whose Cell biology cells contain complex structures enclosed within Biological membrane membranes . Eukaryotes may more formally be referred to as the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota . The defining membrane bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from Prokaryote prokaryotic cells is the Cell nucleus nucleus , or nuclear envelope , within which the genetic material is carried. ref name Youngson cite book last Youngson first Robert M. title Collins Dictionary of Human Biology year 2006 publisher HarperCollins location Glasgow isbn 0 00 722134 7 ref ref name Nelson&Cox Cite book surname1 Nelson given1 David L. surname2 Cox given2 Michael M. year 2005 title Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ed ... more details
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