elections image caption Refimprove date April 2008 Apportionment is the process of allocating political power among a set of principles or defined constituencies . In most representative governments, political power has most recently been apportioned among constituencies based on population, but there is a long history of different approaches. The United States Constitution , however, apportions political power differently between its upper house , the United States Senate Senate , and its lower house , the United States House of Representatives House of Representatives . Within the Senate, each state is represented by two seats, the result of compromise when the constitution was written. Seats in the US House of Representatives the House are apportioned among the states based on the relative population of each state in the total population of the union. The states then create districts from ... changes. Apportionment is also applied in party list proportional representation elections to distribute ... from population. There are many different mathematical schemes for calculating apportionment ..., all methods are subject to one or more apportionment paradox anomalies . With the largest remainder ... ref United States Expert subject Politics date November 2008 Refimprove date April 2008 Congress Main United States congressional apportionment The US Constitution apportions political power in the Senate ... challenged state apportionment systems, with Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims among the most important ... fedrep federal e red appendices e.htm ref The apportionment method is to grant 1 member to each ... apportionmentApportionment in the European Parliament Rotten and pocket boroughs Gerrymandering ... review of the 14th amendment s apportionment clause. http www.aceproject.org ace en topics bd ... formulae for apportionment, and statistical differences between them http www.rules.house.gov archives RL31074.pdf The House of Representatives Apportionment Formula An Analysis of Proposals for Change ... more details
update date November 2010 This article is about apportionment in law. See also apportionmentpolitics The legal term apportionment French apportionement Med. Latin apportionamentum derived from Latin portio ... apportionment falls into two classes apportionment in respect of estate and apportionment in respect ... of law. Apportionment by act of the parties Where a leasing lessee is eviction evicted from, or surrenders ..., 9 Barbados, No. 12 of 1891, 9. ref In the cases just mentioned there is apportionment in respect of estate by act of the parties. Apportionment by operation of law Apportionment by operation of law may .... To the same category belongs the apportionment of rent which takes place under various statutes ... part of a holding and the Irish Land Act 1903 61, apportionment of quit and The Crown crown rents . Apportionment in respect of time At common law, there was no apportionment of rent in respect of time. Such apportionment was, however, in certain cases allowed in England by the Distress for Rent Act 1737, and the Apportionment Act 1834, and is now allowed generally. Under that statute 2 all ... part specifically. The rent is recoverable by the heir or other person who would, but for the apportionment, be entitled to the entire rent, and he holds it subject to distribution 4 . The Apportionment ... sums made payable in policies of insurance 6 . Apportionment under the act can be excluded by express stipulation. The apportionment created by this statute is apportionment in respect of time. The cases to which it applies are mainly cases of either apportionment of rent due under leases where at a time ... of parties occurs or apportionment of income between the representatives of a limited owner ... became due. Apportionment of rent With regard to the former of these classes, it may be noticed ... v. Patterson, 1902, 2 Ir.R. 660. ref Apportionment of income With regard to the apportionment of income ... economics capital 5 . See also wiktionary References reflist 1911 title apportionment Category ... more details
Refimprove date June 2010 An apportionment paradox exists when the rules for Apportionmentpoliticsapportionment in a political system produce results which are unexpected or seem to violate common sense . To apportion is to divide into parts according to some rule, the rule typically being one of proportionality ... observations, or paradox es. Several paradoxes related to apportionment, also called fair division , have been identified. In some cases, simple adjustments to an apportionment methodology ... a state in 1907, a recomputation of apportionment showed that the number of seats due to other states ... increased by that number. Citation needed date June 2010 The method for apportionment used during ... In 1982 two mathematicians, Michel Balinski and Peyton Young , proved that any method of apportionment ... precisely, their theorem states that there is no apportionment system that has the following properties ... of the apportionment paradoxes to be discovered. The US House of Representatives is United ... are required every 10 years. The United States congressional apportionment size of the House is set ... States Census Bureau , computed United States Congressional Apportionment apportionments for all ... but only 7 with a House size of 300. In general the term Alabama paradox refers to any apportionment ... population. However, because of how the particular apportionment rules deal with rounding methods ... procedures for apportionment. When two states have populations increasing at different rates, a small ... arises because of rounding in the procedure for dividing the seats. See the apportionment rules for the United States Congress for an example. See also United States congressional apportionment Monotonicity ... population Population Paradox http www.ams.org featurecolumn archive apportionII3.html Apportionment Balinski and Young s Contribution References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Apportionment Paradox Category ... Politics of Alabama de W hlerzuwachsparadoxon de Alabama Paradoxon fr Paradoxe de l Alabama it Paradosso ... more details
In corporate taxation, formulary apportionment is a method of allocating the profit earned, or loss incurred ... apportionment attributes profit or loss to each jurisdiction based on factors such as the proportion ... 12 ref When applied to a corporate group, formulary apportionment requires combined reporting of the group ... between the sub national jurisdictions in which they operate. In many US states formulary apportionment ..., depending on the state. The use of formulary apportionment in the United States dates back to the late ... income tax in 1911, it also used formulary apportionment based on property, cost of manufacture ... Formula had become a commonly used standard of formulary apportionment. The formula placed an equal ... apportionment is not used as a method of attributing profit between rather than within national tax jurisdictions. ref harvnb OECD 2010 para 1.16 ref The adoption of formulary apportionment has ... Jr. proposed the use of formulary apportionment within the European Union . ref harvnb McLure Weiner ... Revenue Service use formulary apportionment in the assessment of federal corporate tax in the United ... of assessing factors used in formulary apportionment worldwide unitary combination . California ... in their combined reporting. ref name MWp254 Critiques of formulary apportionment Advocates claim that transfer pricing issues increase compliance costs, that formulary apportionment reduces those ... that formulary apportionment leads to double taxation of the same profits unless there is agreement ... exchange rate movements could distort the results of the apportionment formulary apportionment does ... Apportionment publisher Brookings Institution series The Hamilton Project citation title Formulary apportionment for the internal market series Doctoral Series No. 17 publisher International Bureau ... Apportionment of Company income pages 243 292 last McLure first Charles E., Jr. last2 Weiner first2 ... EN web final version.pdf title Formulary Apportionment and Group Taxation in the European Union Insights ... more details
for the unratified Constitutional amendment Article the First The Apportionment Bill is an act passed by the Congress of the United States after each decennial census to determine the number of members which each state shall send to the United States House of Representatives . The number of the members of the first House was 65. Following the first decennial census the House was enlarged to approximate the Constitutional maximum of Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand . As the House would, at this ratio, have become even larger than today s 435 members, the ratio, which is first settled by Congress before apportionment, has been raised after each census, as will be seen from the accompanying table. class wikitable rowspan 2 Under colspan 2 Census colspan 2 Apportionment rowspan 2 Representatives Year Population Year Ratio Constitution 1787 align right n a 1789 align right 63,000 align right 65 United States Census, 1790 First Census 1790 align right 3,929,214 1793 align right 33,000 align right 105 United States Census, 1800 Second Census 1800 align right 5,308,483 1803 align right 33,000 align right 141 United States Census, 1810 Third Census 1810 align right 7,239,881 1813 align right 35,000 align right 181 United States Census, 1820 Fourth Census 1820 align right 9,633,822 1823 align right 40,000 align right 213 United States Census, 1830 Fifth Census 1830 align right 12,866,020 1833 align right 47,700 align right 240 United States Census, 1840 Sixth Census 1840 align right 17,069,453 1843 align right 70,680 align right 223 United States Census, 1850 Seventh Census 1850 align right 23,191,876 1853 align right 93,423 align right 234 United States Census, 1860 Eighth Census 1860 align right 31,443,321 1863 align right 127,381 align right ... and its legislature does not pass an apportionment bill before the next congressional election, the votes ... at large. See also Congressional Apportionment Amendment References 1911 Category United States ... more details
The Apportionment Act was a proposed United States federal law that would have fixed the size of the United States House of Representatives based on the United States Census of 1790 . The bill was veto ed by President George Washington on 5 April 1792 as unconstitutional, marking the first use of the U.S. President s veto power. Washington made two objections in a letter to the House describing the reason for his veto. The first objection made in the letter was that the bill did not have a uniform ratio to reach the numbers of representatives to population set forth in the bill. Secondly, the bill allotted to eight of the States more than one for every thirty thousand as delimited by Article One of the United States Constitution Clause 3 Apportionment of Representatives and taxes Article I Section II of the United States Constitution . ref The Library of Congress http lcweb2.loc.gov cgi bin ampage?collId llac&fileName 003 llac003.db&recNum 267 Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 2nd Congress, 1st Session, p.539 . Retrieved on 2008 10 3. ref The next day, the House attempted to override the President s veto but failed to reach the two thirds vote required and on 10 April efforts began to revise the bill a third time. ref James, Edmund J. 1897. The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 9 Jan. 10 12. ref Review On March 26, the bill was presented to the President. There was great disagreement among Washington s advisors, and therefore he called upon Edmund Randolph, Thomas Jefferson ..., intitled, An Act for an apportionment of Representatives among the several States according to the first ... Apportionment. Past, Present, and Future. Law and Contemporary Problems 17 2 268 275. James, Edmund J. 1897. The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States. Annals of the American ... States proposed federal legislation Category Apportionment Act Category Veto ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Ohio Apportionment Board is an administrative body which draws the single member legislative districts for the Ohio Ohio General Assembly General Assembly every ten years following the census . Each of the 33 Ohio State Senate senate districts is composed of three contiguous of the 99 Ohio House of Representatives house of representatives district. The board has five members the Governor of Ohio , the Ohio Secretary of State , the Ohio State Auditor , a member selected by the Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives and the senate leader of the same party a member selected by the house and senate leaders of other party. This format ensures that no party can hold all five seats. At least one seat will belong to the minority party. In 2011, the board s members are Gov. John Kasich R State Auditor Dave Yost R Secretary of State Jon A. Husted R Assembly Republican Member ?, and Assembly Democratic Member ? Democrats controlled the Apportionmentpoliticsapportionment board in 1971 and 1981. Republicans controlled the apportionment board in 1991, 2001, and will in 2011. Category Government of Ohio ... more details
ten year census, Congress is required to create a law that establishes the process of Apportionmentpoliticsapportionment for the next ten years. After the first census, Congress began to pass legislation ...Infobox U.S. legislation name Apportionment Act of 1911 fullname An Act For the apportionment of Representatives in Congress among the several States under the Thirteenth Census. acronym nickname Apportionment ... cite public law 62 5 cite statutes at large USStat 37 13 acts amended Apportionment Act of 1901 title ... v. Johnson 1966 br United States Dept. of Commerce v. Montana 1992 The Apportionment Act of 1911 , also ... of one seat each for Arizona and New Mexico when they became states. Previous apportionment ... see Apportionment Act . ref 3 Annals of Cong. 539 1792 ref The D Hondt method D Hondt and Jefferson Jefferson method of apportionment had been in use after the first census of 1790 through the 1830 census ..., USStat 5 491 ref Prior to the Apportionment Act of 1911, the Alexander Hamilton Hamilton Samuel ... 31 733 ref In addition to setting the number of U.S. Representatives at 435, the Apportionment Act of 1911 returned to the Daniel Webster Webster method of apportionment of U.S. Representatives ... of Arizona and New Mexico shall become States in the Union before the apportionment ... are to that extent hereby repealed. Section 3. That in each State entitled under this apportionment ... State under this apportionment such additional Representative or Representatives shall be elected by the State ... as candidates for governor, unless otherwise provided by the laws of such State. Subsequent apportionment For the first and only time, Congress failed to pass an apportionment act after the 1920 ... and the maximum of 435 representatives. ref Act of June 18, 1929, USStat 46 21 ref The Apportionment Act of 1941 made the apportionment process self executing after each decennial census. ref Act of Nov. 15, 1941, USStat 55 761 762 ref This lifted Congress s responsibility to pass an apportionment ... more details
Apportionment Commission website Category Government of New Jersey Category Politics ...The New Jersey Apportionment Commission is a New Jersey Constitution constitutionally created ten member commission responsible for Apportionmentpolitics apportioning the forty New Jersey Legislative Districts, 2001 apportionment districts of the New Jersey Legislature . The commission is convened after each decennial U.S. Census , and the districts are to be in use for the legislative elections in the following ten years. The commission s members are appointed by the two most successful political parties in the previous gubernatorial election. Each party appoints five members. If the commission cannot agree to an apportionment plan in a timely manner, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey is to appoint an eleventh member as a tie breaking vote. ref name NJconst s New Jersey Constitution of 1947 New Jersey Constitution of 1947 . Article IV, Section III ref The Apportionment Commission is not to be confused with the New Jersey Redistricting Commission which defines districts for the U.S. House of Representatives . The ten member commission has a deadline of either February ..., whichever is later, to produce the new district apportionment. If the ten member commission is unable to produce a new apportionment by that deadline, the Chief Justice is to appoint an eleventh ... the new district apportionment. ref name NJconst 2011 Commission File New Jersey Legislative Districts ... title Commission Membership accessdate 2011 02 18 publisher New Jersey Apportionment Commission ref ..., the ten member commission had until March 5, 2011 to produce the district apportionment. ref ... Keep our legislative districts intact, Hudson County politicians testify to Apportionment Commission ... Democrat, has worked at the Eagleton Institute of Politics and has never held an elected office ... ref The result is the New Jersey Legislative Districts, 2011 apportionment . A court case challenging ... more details
Politics of the European Union Apportionment in the European Parliament relates to the distribution of legislative seat s in the European Parliament among the European Union member state states of the European Union . The Parliament s Apportionmentpoliticsapportionment is not proportional to the population of the states rather, the seats are distributed by an ad hoc scheme fulfilling degressive proportionality . Background When the Parliament was established in the 1950s as the 78 member Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community the smaller states Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands were concerned about being underrepresented and hence they were granted more seats than their population would have allowed. Membership increased to 142 with the Assembly expanded to cover the European Economic Community Economic and Euratom Atomic Energy Communities . ref name ENA COMP cite web title Composition of the European Parliament publisher European NAvigator url http www.ena.lu?lang 2&doc 3999 accessdate 2007 06 12 ref It then grew further with each Enlargement of the European Union enlargement . Membership reached 626 in 1995 with the Treaty of Amsterdam setting a limit of 700. The Treaty of Nice moved this up to 732 and set out the future distribution for up to 27 states. In 2007 Romania and Bulgaria joined with 35 and 18 members respectively temporarily pushing the number of members over the ceiling to 785. ref name ENA COMP In 2009 the number of members decreased to 736. Nice system At present, the exact number of seats allocated to each country is determined by the Treaties ... of each State Nice 2007 EP apportionment influence Lisbon system Under the Lisbon Treaty , the cap ... details ref By December 2011 all countries ratified the protocol. Apportionment in the European ... History of apportionment in the European Parliament References reflist See also United States Congressional apportionment Leveling seat Europarl Category European Parliament apportionment fr Distribution ... more details
United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives ... constitutionally mandated decennial United States Census census . Each state is Apportionmentpolitics apportioned a number of seats which approximately corresponds to its share of the aggregate ... and the method of apportionment to be carried into force at that time can be created prior to the census. The decennial apportionment also determines the size of each state s representation ... the elections that are held during that same year. For example, the electoral college apportionment ... . Originally, the apportionment of United States House of Representatives House seats was commanded ... sizes among the states that result from the present method of apportionment. Upon reaching ... D.C. voting rights bill date April 21, 2010 ref Apportionment methods Apart from the requirement that the number ... of voting power across the various states was known until recently and five distinct apportionment ... even susceptible to the apportionment paradox . Citation needed date November 2009 In 2008, however ... weight. The Method of Equal Proportions See Huntington Hill method The apportionment methodology currently used is the method of equal proportions, ref Cite web title The History of Apportionment ... a000 .html accessdate 2008 05 13 ref ref Cite web title Computing Apportionment publisher U.S. Census Bureau url http www.census.gov population www censusdata apportionment computing.html accessdate .... ref cite journal author Edward V Huntington title The Mathematical Theory of the Apportionment ... Congressional Apportionment publisher NationalAtlas.gov url http www.nationalatlas.gov articles boundaries ... CENSUS publisher U.S. Bureau of the Census url http www.census.gov population apportionment data ... publisher U.S. Bureau of the Census date 2001 02 21 url http www.census.gov population censusdata apportionment ... seat to be allocated. Past apportionments See also Apportionment Bill United States congressional ... more details
Mechanistic models for niche apportionment are biological models used to explain relative species abundance ... within species or the relative biomass of individuals within species. History Niche apportionment ... with purely statistical models , presenting instead 3 mechanistic niche apportionment models ..., M. 1990 Tokeshi, M. 1990 . Niche apportionment or random assortment species abundance patterns ... roughly 7 mechanistic niche apportionment models. These mechanistic models provide a useful starting point for describing the species composition of communities. Description A niche apportionment ... fragment Figure 2 . Niche apportionment models have been used in the primary literature to explain, and describe ... apportionment models than abundance measured strictly as the number of individuals. ref Gaston, K ... s mechanistic models of niche apportionment Seven mechanistic models that describe niche apportionment ... model of niche apportionment the species colonize random portion between 50 and 100 of the smallest ... . Modeling stream fish assemblages with niche apportionment models patterns. processes, and scale ... in niche apportionment over time and thus species appear to have no relationship between ... for acquisition. The random fraction model of niche apportionment is an extreme of the power ... stick model of niche apportionment, suggesting a relatively even distribution of freshwater ... relative to the niche apportionment models described above because the largest niche is always broken ... model exists when a combination of niche apportionment models are acting in different portions ... of freshwater Diptera , in that different niche apportionment models fit different functional ... niche apportionment models, thus the entire species assemblage was a combination of models in different regions of the species range. Fitting mechanistic models of niche apportionment to empirical data Mechanistic models of niche apportionment are intended to describe communities. Researchers ... more details
Politics of Sweden The electoral system in Sweden is Proportional representation proportional . Of the 349 seats in the national diet, the unicameral Parliament of Sweden Riksdag , 310 are fixed constituency seats lang sv valkretsmandat allocated to constituencies in relation to the number of people entitled to vote in each constituency lang sv valkrets . The remaining 39 leveling seat s lang sv utj mningsmandat are used to correct the deviations from proportional national distribution that may arise when allocating the fixed constituency seats. There is a constraint in the system that means that only a party that has received at least four per cent of the votes in the whole country participates in the distribution of seats. However, a party that has received at least twelve per cent of the votes in a constituency participates in the distribution of the fixed constituency seats in that constituency. ref See e.g. http www.regeringen.se sb d 10025 a 117744 SOU 2008 125 En reformerad grundlag Constitutional Reform , Prime Ministers Office. ref Apportionment of fixed constituency seats class wikitable style font size 90 white space nowrap text align right Constituency 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 ref Preliminary apportionment, See e.g. http allehanda.se start harnosand 1.861758 L net tappar ett mandat , rnsk ldsviks Allehanda, March 20, 2009. ref style background F0F0F0 text align left Stockholms kommun 31 29 27 26 26 25 25 25 25 26 27 27 27 style background F0F0F0 text align left Stockholms l n 24 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 33 34 35 36 37 style background F0F0F0 text align left Uppsala l n ref By the election in 2006, Heby Municipality was transferred from V stmanlands l n to Uppsala l n. ref 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 style background F0F0F0 text align left S dermanlands l n 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 style background F0F0F0 text align left sterg tlands l n 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 style background F0F0F0 text align left ... more details
The Uniform Apportionment of Tort Responsibility Act UATRA , and its periodic revisions, is one of the Uniform Act s drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws NCCUSL with the intention of harmonizing state law s in force in the U.S. state states . Purpose The UATRA is meant to be a successor to the Uniform Comparative Fault Act as a way to apportion legal liability liability in negligence cases. The UATRA was designed to overcome the low popularity of the Uniform Comparative Fault Act by modifying the usage of joint and several liability among multiple tortfeasors. ref Henderson, J.A. et al. The Torts Process, Seventh Edition. Aspen Publishers, New York NY, 2007, p. 374 ref Adoption The UATRA was promulgated in 2002. It has not yet been adopted by any states, but it has been introduced in North Carolina in 2009. ref http www.nccusl.org Update uniformact factsheets uniformacts fs uatra.asp NCCUSL Fact Sheet on the UATRA ref References reflist External links http www.law.upenn.edu bll archives ulc uatla 2003final.htm Text of the UATRA at the NCCUSL http www.nccusl.org nccusl uniformact summaries uniformacts s uatra.asp Discussion of the UATRA and the UCFA at the NCCUSL Category Uniform Acts ... more details
, 2011 apportionment 2011 apportionment . District 1 NJ Legislative 01 Avalon, New Jersey Avalon ... elections, 2001 Category Politics of New Jersey Category New Jersey legislative districts ... more details
The Politics of Ecstasy may refer to The Politics of Ecstasy book , a book by Timothy Leary The Politics of Ecstasy album The Politics of Ecstasy album , a 1996 album by Nevermore, named after the book The Politics of Ecstasy Astralasia album , an album by Astralasia , also named after the book disambiguation it The Politics of Ecstasy ... more details
Politics of China may refer to Politics of the People s Republic of China Politics of the Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan See also Cross Strait relations dab ... more details
New Politics can refer to New Politics 1950s , the ideology of the U.S. Democratic Party during the 1950s. New Politics 1968 , a movement in the U.S. Democratic Party around the candidacies of Eugene J. McCarthy and Robert F. Kennedy. New Politics band , a rock band from Denmark New Politics Album , the first studio album by New Politics band New Politics New Politics magazine , a U.S. left wing publication New Politics Initiative in Canada New Politics Network in the UK New Politics Party in Thailand disambiguation fi New Politics ... more details
Politics of Korea may mean Politics of North Korea Politics of South Korea disambig commonscat Politics of Korea bs Politika Koreje vor pt Pol tica da Coreia ... more details
The Politics of Dancing may refer to The Politics of Dancing Re Flex album The Politics of Dancing Re Flex album , 1983 The Politics of Dancing song The Politics of Dancing song , the title track from this album The Politics of Dancing Paul van Dyk album The Politics of Dancing Paul van Dyk album , 2001 The Politics of Dancing 2 , 2005 disambig cs The Politics of Dancing ... more details
Politics is the process observed in all human and many non human group interactions by which groups make decisions, including activism on behalf of specific issues or causes. Politics may also refer to Political science ,a social science concerned with the study of the state, government and politicsPolitics Aristotle Politics Aristotle , a treatise on philosophy Politics novel Politics novel , a 2003 book by Adam Thirlwell Politics comedy , a stand up show by Ricky Gervais Politics Stargate SG 1 Politics Stargate SG 1 , an episode of the television series Stargate SG 1 Politics song Politics song , a 2006 song by Korn on the album See You on the Other Side Politics S bastien Tellier album Politics S bastien Tellier album , 2004 Politics Yellowjackets album Politics Yellowjackets album , 1988 Politics poem , by William Butler Yeats Politics journal Politics journal , published 1944 1949 Politics , a 1931 film by Charles Reisner disambiguation es Pol tica desambiguaci n it Politics disambigua ... more details
Institute of Politics may refer to Harvard Institute of Politics Saint Anselm College New Hampshire Institute of Politics New Hampshire Institute of Politics at Saint Anselm College Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers University Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics at the University of Kansas Hinckley Institute of Politics at the University of Utah Instituts d tudes politiques , nine publicly owned institutions of higher learning in France disambig Category Educational institution disambiguation ... more details
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