update date November 2010 This article is about apportionment in law. See also apportionment politics The legal term apportionment French apportionement Med. Latin apportionamentum derived from Latin portio ... apportionment falls into two classes apportionment in respect of estate and apportionment in respect of time. Apportionment in respect of estate Apportionment in respect of estate law estate may result either from the act of the parties or from the operation of law. Apportionment by act of the parties ... just mentioned there is apportionment in respect of estate by act of the parties. Apportionment by operation of law Apportionment by operation of law may be brought about where by act of law ... the apportionment of rent which takes place under various statutes e.g. the Lands Clauses Consolidation ... Land Act 1903 61, apportionment of quit and The Crown crown rents . Apportionment in respect of time At common law, there was no apportionment of rent in respect of time. Such apportionment was, however, in certain cases allowed in England by the Distress for Rent Act 1737, and the Apportionment Act ... by the heir or other person who would, but for the apportionment, be entitled to the entire rent, and he holds it subject to distribution 4 . The Apportionment Act 1870 extends to payments ... 6 . Apportionment under the act can be excluded by express stipulation. The apportionment created by this statute is apportionment in respect of time. The cases to which it applies are mainly cases of either apportionment of rent due under leases where at a time between the dates fixed for payment the lessor or lessee dies, or some other alteration in the position of parties occurs or apportionment ... interest determines at a time between the date when such income became due. Apportionment of rent ... Apportionment of income With regard to the apportionment of income, the only points requiring notice ... wiktionary References reflist 1911 title apportionment Category Legal terms bg es Aporcionamiento ... more details
In corporate taxation, formulary apportionment is a method of allocating the profit earned, or loss incurred ... apportionment attributes profit or loss to each jurisdiction based on factors such as the proportion ... 12 ref When applied to a corporate group, formulary apportionment requires combined reporting of the group ... between the sub national jurisdictions in which they operate. In many US states formulary apportionment ..., depending on the state. The use of formulary apportionment in the United States dates back to the late ... income tax in 1911, it also used formulary apportionment based on property, cost of manufacture ... Formula had become a commonly used standard of formulary apportionment. The formula placed an equal ... apportionment is not used as a method of attributing profit between rather than within national tax jurisdictions. ref harvnb OECD 2010 para 1.16 ref The adoption of formulary apportionment has ... Jr. proposed the use of formulary apportionment within the European Union . ref harvnb McLure Weiner ... Revenue Service use formulary apportionment in the assessment of federal corporate tax in the United ... of assessing factors used in formulary apportionment worldwide unitary combination . California ... in their combined reporting. ref name MWp254 Critiques of formulary apportionment Advocates claim that transfer pricing issues increase compliance costs, that formulary apportionment reduces those ... that formulary apportionment leads to double taxation of the same profits unless there is agreement ... exchange rate movements could distort the results of the apportionment formulary apportionment does ... Apportionment publisher Brookings Institution series The Hamilton Project citation title Formulary apportionment for the internal market series Doctoral Series No. 17 publisher International Bureau ... Apportionment of Company income pages 243 292 last McLure first Charles E., Jr. last2 Weiner first2 ... EN web final version.pdf title Formulary Apportionment and Group Taxation in the European Union Insights ... more details
Refimprove date June 2010 An apportionment paradox exists when the rules for Apportionment politics apportionment in a political system produce results which are unexpected or seem to violate common sense . To apportion is to divide into parts according to some rule, the rule typically being one of proportionality mathematics proportion . Certain quantities, like milk, can be divided in any proportion ... observations, or paradox es. Several paradoxes related to apportionment, also called fair division , have been identified. In some cases, simple adjustments to an apportionment methodology ... in 1907, a recomputation of apportionment showed that the number of seats due to other states would ... increased by that number. Citation needed date June 2010 The method for apportionment used during ... two mathematicians, Michel Balinski and Peyton Young , proved that any method of apportionment ..., their theorem states that there is no apportionment system that has the following properties ... of the apportionment paradoxes to be discovered. The US House of Representatives is United States ... every 10 years. The United States congressional apportionment size of the House is set by statute ... Census Bureau , computed United States Congressional Apportionment apportionments for all House ... but only 7 with a House size of 300. In general the term Alabama paradox refers to any apportionment ... population. However, because of how the particular apportionment rules deal with rounding methods, it is possible ... for apportionment. When two states have populations increasing at different rates, a small state ... because of rounding in the procedure for dividing the seats. See the apportionment rules for the United States Congress for an example. See also United States congressional apportionment Monotonicity ... Population Paradox http www.ams.org featurecolumn archive apportionII3.html Apportionment Balinski and Young s Contribution References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Apportionment Paradox Category Paradoxes ... more details
for the unratified Constitutional amendment Article the First The Apportionment Bill is an act passed by the Congress of the United States after each decennial census to determine the number of members which each state shall send to the United States House of Representatives . The number of the members of the first House was 65. Following the first decennial census the House was enlarged to approximate the Constitutional maximum of Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand . As the House would, at this ratio, have become even larger than today s 435 members, the ratio, which is first settled by Congress before apportionment, has been raised after each census, as will be seen from the accompanying table. class wikitable rowspan 2 Under colspan 2 Census colspan 2 Apportionment rowspan 2 Representatives Year Population Year Ratio Constitution 1787 align right n a 1789 align right 63,000 align right 65 United States Census, 1790 First Census 1790 align right 3,929,214 1793 align right 33,000 align right 105 United States Census, 1800 Second Census 1800 align right 5,308,483 1803 align right 33,000 align right 141 United States Census, 1810 Third Census 1810 align right 7,239,881 1813 align right 35,000 align right 181 United States Census, 1820 Fourth Census 1820 align right 9,633,822 1823 align right 40,000 align right 213 United States Census, 1830 Fifth Census 1830 align right 12,866,020 1833 align right 47,700 align right 240 United States Census, 1840 Sixth Census 1840 align right 17,069,453 1843 align right 70,680 align right 223 United States Census, 1850 Seventh Census 1850 align right 23,191,876 1853 align right 93,423 align right 234 United States Census, 1860 Eighth Census 1860 align right 31,443,321 1863 align right 127,381 align right ... and its legislature does not pass an apportionment bill before the next congressional election, the votes ... at large. See also Congressional Apportionment Amendment References 1911 Category United States ... more details
The Apportionment Act was a proposed United States federal law that would have fixed the size of the United States House of Representatives based on the United States Census of 1790 . The bill was veto ed by President George Washington on 5 April 1792 as unconstitutional, marking the first use of the U.S. President s veto power. Washington made two objections in a letter to the House describing the reason for his veto. The first objection made in the letter was that the bill did not have a uniform ratio to reach the numbers of representatives to population set forth in the bill. Secondly, the bill allotted to eight of the States more than one for every thirty thousand as delimited by Article One of the United States Constitution Clause 3 Apportionment of Representatives and taxes Article I Section II of the United States Constitution . ref The Library of Congress http lcweb2.loc.gov cgi bin ampage?collId llac&fileName 003 llac003.db&recNum 267 Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 2nd Congress, 1st Session, p.539 . Retrieved on 2008 10 3. ref The next day, the House attempted to override the President s veto but failed to reach the two thirds vote required and on 10 April efforts began to revise the bill a third time. ref James, Edmund J. 1897. The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 9 Jan. 10 12. ref Review On March 26, the bill was presented to the President. There was great disagreement among Washington s advisors, and therefore he called upon Edmund Randolph, Thomas Jefferson ..., intitled, An Act for an apportionment of Representatives among the several States according to the first ... The Papers of George Washington Further reading Celler, Emanuel. 1952. Congressional Apportionment ... Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States. Annals of the American Academy ... States proposed federal legislation Category Apportionment Act Category Veto ... more details
elections image caption Refimprove date April 2008 Apportionment is the process of allocating political power among a set of principles or defined constituencies . In most representative governments, political power has most recently been apportioned among constituencies based on population, but there is a long history of different approaches. The United States Constitution , however, apportions political power differently between its upper house , the United States Senate Senate , and its lower house , the United States House of Representatives House of Representatives . Within the Senate, each state is represented by two seats, the result of compromise when the constitution was written. Seats in the US House of Representatives the House are apportioned among the states based on the relative population of each state in the total population of the union. The states then create districts from which representatives will be elected to serve in the US House of Representatives. The ideal is that each ... changes. Apportionment is also applied in party list proportional representation elections to distribute ... from population. There are many different mathematical schemes for calculating apportionment ..., all methods are subject to one or more apportionment paradox anomalies . With the largest remainder ... apportionment The US Constitution apportions political power in the Senate equally among the states ... challenged state apportionment systems, with Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims among the most important ... scripts fedrep federal e red appendices e.htm ref The apportionment method is to grant ... States congressional apportionmentApportionment in the European Parliament Rotten and pocket boroughs ... Madison s excellent historical review of the 14th amendment s apportionment clause. http www.aceproject.org ... A guide to the various formulae for apportionment, and statistical differences between them http www.rules.house.gov archives RL31074.pdf The House of Representatives Apportionment Formula An Analysis ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Ohio Apportionment Board is an administrative body which draws the single member legislative districts for the Ohio Ohio General Assembly General Assembly every ten years following the census . Each of the 33 Ohio State Senate senate districts is composed of three contiguous of the 99 Ohio House of Representatives house of representatives district. The board has five members the Governor of Ohio , the Ohio Secretary of State , the Ohio State Auditor , a member selected by the Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives and the senate leader of the same party a member selected by the house and senate leaders of other party. This format ensures that no party can hold all five seats. At least one seat will belong to the minority party. In 2011, the board s members are Gov. John Kasich R State Auditor Dave Yost R Secretary of State Jon A. Husted R Assembly Republican Member ?, and Assembly Democratic Member ? Democrats controlled the Apportionment politics apportionment board in 1971 and 1981. Republicans controlled the apportionment board in 1991, 2001, and will in 2011. Category Government of Ohio ... more details
The New Jersey Apportionment Commission is a New Jersey Constitution constitutionally created ten member commission responsible for Apportionment politics apportioning the forty New Jersey Legislative Districts, 2001 apportionment districts of the New Jersey Legislature . The commission is convened after each decennial U.S. Census , and the districts are to be in use for the legislative elections in the following ten years. The commission s members are appointed by the two most successful political parties in the previous gubernatorial election. Each party appoints five members. If the commission cannot agree to an apportionment plan in a timely manner, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey is to appoint an eleventh member as a tie breaking vote. ref name NJconst s New Jersey Constitution of 1947 New Jersey Constitution of 1947 . Article IV, Section III ref The Apportionment Commission is not to be confused with the New Jersey Redistricting Commission which defines districts for the U.S. House of Representatives . The ten member commission has a deadline of either February 1st in the year following the Census or one month from the release of the census data for New Jersey, whichever is later, to produce the new district apportionment. If the ten member commission is unable to produce a new apportionment by that deadline, the Chief Justice is to appoint an eleventh member. After the appointment of the 11th member, the eleven member commission has one month to produce the new district apportionment. ref name NJconst 2011 Commission File New Jersey Legislative Districts ... Commission Membership accessdate 2011 02 18 publisher New Jersey Apportionment Commission ref On February ..., the ten member commission had until March 5, 2011 to produce the district apportionment. ref ... Keep our legislative districts intact, Hudson County politicians testify to Apportionment Commission ... 4, 2011 ref References reflist External link http apportionmentcommission.org Apportionment Commission ... more details
Mechanistic models for niche apportionment are biological models used to explain relative species abundance ... within species or the relative biomass of individuals within species. History Niche apportionment ... with purely statistical models , presenting instead 3 mechanistic niche apportionment models ..., M. 1990 Tokeshi, M. 1990 . Niche apportionment or random assortment species abundance patterns ... roughly 7 mechanistic niche apportionment models. These mechanistic models provide a useful ... considered mechanistic models for niche apportionment. The models with steeper slopes such as the Dominance ... species are equally abundant and relatively few species are rare. A niche apportionment model can be used ... 2 . Niche apportionment models have been used in the primary literature to explain, and describe changes ... of actual abundance, and these measure can create a higher variance around the niche apportionment ... models of niche apportionment Seven mechanistic models that describe niche apportionment are described ... apportionment the species colonize random portion between 50 and 100 of the smallest remaining niche ... fish assemblages with niche apportionment models patterns. processes, and scale dependence. Transactions ... apportionment over time and thus species appear to have no relationship between extent of occupancy .... The random fraction model of niche apportionment is an extreme of the power fraction model ... model of niche apportionment, suggesting a relatively even distribution of freshwater fish species in Texas ... apportionment models described above because the largest niche is always broken into two smaller ... when a combination of niche apportionment models are acting in different portions of the resource ... Diptera , in that different niche apportionment models fit different functional groups of the data ... from different habitats and with different species compositions conform to different niche apportionment ... of the species range. Fitting mechanistic models of niche apportionment to empirical data Mechanistic ... more details
Lisbon Treaty update Politics of the European Union mini Apportionment in the European Parliament relates to the distribution of legislative seat s in the European Parliament among the European Union member state states of the European Union . The Parliament s Apportionment politics apportionment is not proportional to the population of the states rather, the seats are distributed by an ad hoc scheme fulfilling degressive proportionality . Background When the Parliament was established in the 1950s as the 78 member Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community the smaller states Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands were concerned about being underrepresented and hence they were granted more seats than their population would have allowed. Membership increased to 142 with the Assembly expanded to cover the European Economic Community Economic and Euratom Atomic Energy Communities . ref name ENA COMP cite web title Composition of the European Parliament publisher European NAvigator url http www.ena.lu?lang 2&doc 3999 accessdate 2007 06 12 ref It then grew further with each Enlargement of the European Union enlargement . Membership reached 626 in 1995 with the Treaty of Amsterdam setting a limit of 700. The Treaty of Nice moved this up to 732 and set out the future distribution for up to 27 states. In 2007 Romania and Bulgaria joined with 35 and 18 members respectively temporarily pushing the number of members over the ceiling to 785. ref name ENA COMP In 2009 the number of members decreased to 736. Nice system At present, the exact number of seats allocated to each ... against the population of each State Nice 2007 EP apportionment influence Lisbon system Under the Lisbon ... 10 10 2007 2007 false default en.htm accessdate 2007 10 11 ref Apportionment in the European ... in membership History of apportionment in the European Parliament References reflist See also United States Congressional apportionment Leveling seat Europarl Category European Parliament apportionment ... more details
United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives ... constitutionally mandated decennial United States Census census . Each state is Apportionment ... the total number of representatives and the method of apportionment to be carried into force at that time can be created prior to the census. The decennial apportionment also determines the size of each ... is addressed twice in the United States Constitution U.S. Constitution . Originally, the apportionment ... district population sizes among the states that result from the present method of apportionment. Upon ... shelve D.C. voting rights bill date April 21, 2010 ref Apportionment methods Apart from the requirement ... of voting power across the various states was known until recently and five distinct apportionment ... were even susceptible to the apportionment paradox . Citation needed date November 2009 In 2008 ... of equal weight. The Method of Equal Proportions See Huntington Hill method The apportionment methodology currently used is the method of equal proportions, ref Cite web title The History of Apportionment ... 02 00000002 a000 .html accessdate 2008 05 13 ref ref Cite web title Computing Apportionment publisher U.S. Census Bureau url http www.census.gov population www censusdata apportionment computing.html ... two states. ref Cite web author Edward V Huntington title The Mathematical Theory of the Apportionment ... differences in the size of the congressional districts. ref Cite web title Congressional Apportionment ... publisher U.S. Bureau of the Census date 2001 02 21 url http www.census.gov population censusdata apportionment .... Past apportionments See also Apportionment Bill United States congressional apportionment Changes following the 2010 census On December 21, 2010 the U.S. Census Bureau released its official apportionment ... APPORTIONMENT POPULATION AND NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES, BY STATE 2010 CENSUS work US Census date 2010 ... Clause 3 Apportionment of Representatives and taxes Const. Art. I, br 2, cl. 3 Seats apportioned ... more details
The Uniform Apportionment of Tort Responsibility Act UATRA , and its periodic revisions, is one of the Uniform Act s drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws NCCUSL with the intention of harmonizing state law s in force in the U.S. state states . Purpose The UATRA is meant to be a successor to the Uniform Comparative Fault Act as a way to apportion legal liability liability in negligence cases. The UATRA was designed to overcome the low popularity of the Uniform Comparative Fault Act by modifying the usage of joint and several liability among multiple tortfeasors. ref Henderson, J.A. et al. The Torts Process, Seventh Edition. Aspen Publishers, New York NY, 2007, p. 374 ref Adoption The UATRA was promulgated in 2002. It has not yet been adopted by any states, but it has been introduced in North Carolina in 2009. ref http www.nccusl.org Update uniformact factsheets uniformacts fs uatra.asp NCCUSL Fact Sheet on the UATRA ref References reflist External links http www.law.upenn.edu bll archives ulc uatla 2003final.htm Text of the UATRA at the NCCUSL http www.nccusl.org nccusl uniformact summaries uniformacts s uatra.asp Discussion of the UATRA and the UCFA at the NCCUSL Category Uniform Acts ... more details
Politics of Sweden The electoral system in Sweden is Proportional representation proportional . Of the 349 seats in the national diet, the unicameral Parliament of Sweden Riksdag , 310 are fixed constituency seats lang sv valkretsmandat allocated to constituencies in relation to the number of people entitled to vote in each constituency lang sv valkrets . The remaining 39 leveling seat s lang sv utj mningsmandat are used to correct the deviations from proportional national distribution that may arise when allocating the fixed constituency seats. There is a constraint in the system that means that only a party that has received at least four per cent of the votes in the whole country participates in the distribution of seats. However, a party that has received at least twelve per cent of the votes in a constituency participates in the distribution of the fixed constituency seats in that constituency. ref See e.g. http www.regeringen.se sb d 10025 a 117744 SOU 2008 125 En reformerad grundlag Constitutional Reform , Prime Ministers Office. ref Apportionment of fixed constituency seats class wikitable style font size 90 white space nowrap text align right Constituency 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 ref Preliminary apportionment, See e.g. http allehanda.se start harnosand 1.861758 L net tappar ett mandat , rnsk ldsviks Allehanda, March 20, 2009. ref style background F0F0F0 text align left Stockholms kommun 31 29 27 26 26 25 25 25 25 26 27 27 27 style background F0F0F0 text align left Stockholms l n 24 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 33 34 35 36 37 style background F0F0F0 text align left Uppsala l n ref By the election in 2006, Heby Municipality was transferred from V stmanlands l n to Uppsala l n. ref 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 style background F0F0F0 text align left S dermanlands l n 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 style background F0F0F0 text align left sterg tlands l n 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 style background F0F0F0 text align lef ... more details
Infobox Legislature background color F0DC82 text color 000080 name New Jersey Legislature coa pic Seal of New Jersey.svg coa pic session room New Jersey State House.jpg legislature 215th through 219th Legislatures house type Bicameral houses New Jersey Senate Senate br New Jersey General Assembly General Assembly leader1 type President of the Senate leader1 party1 election1 leader2 type Speaker of the General Assembly leader2 party2 election2 members 120 political groups1 Democratic Party United States Democratic Party br Republican Party United States Republican Party last election1 meeting place New Jersey State House , Trenton, New Jersey Trenton , New Jersey website http www.njleg.state.nj.us njleg.state.nj.us Image New Jersey Legislative Districts Map 2011 .svg thumb right 255px as per 2011 redistricting The members of the New Jersey Legislature are chosen from 40 electoral districts. Each district elects one New Jersey Senate Senator and two New Jersey General Assembly Assemblymen . New Jersey is one of only seven U.S. states states with Nesting voting districts nested state legislative districts , in which two or more state House are coextensive with a single state Senate seat. In New Jersey, each district elects one Senator and two Assembly members. States which have similar practices are Arizona , Idaho , Maryland , North Dakota , South Dakota and Washington U.S. state Washington . Districts are reapportioned decennially by the New Jersey Apportionment Commission following each United States Census , as provided by Article IV, Section III of the New Jersey Constitution state Constitution . The most recent changes to the legislative districts go into effect in 2011 , following the United States 2010 Census 2010 United States Census . ref cite web title Municipalities sorted by legislative districts url http www.njelections.org 2011 legislative districts towns district.pdf work www.njelections.org publisher Department of State, State of New Jersey accessdate ... more details
Summary Information Description a self made graphic on party division in the US Senate Source I WVnativeson created this work entirely by myself. Date 20 11, 13 November 2009 UTC Author WVnativeson other versions Licensing PD self date November 2009 ... more details
The Sixteenth Amendment may refer to the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which let Congress raise income tax without apportionment among the states Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland , which allowed for detention on bail based on expectation of reoffending disambig ... more details
Infobox U.S. legislation name Apportionment Act of 1911 fullname An Act For the apportionment of Representatives in Congress among the several States under the Thirteenth Census. acronym nickname Apportionment ... cite public law 62 5 cite statutes at large USStat 37 13 acts amended Apportionment Act of 1901 title ... v. Johnson 1966 br United States Dept. of Commerce v. Montana 1992 The Apportionment Act of 1911 , also ... of one seat each for Arizona and New Mexico when they became states. Previous apportionment ... ten year census, Congress is required to create a law that establishes the process of Apportionment politics apportionment for the next ten years. After the first census, Congress began to pass legislation ... see Apportionment Act . ref 3 Annals of Cong. 539 1792 ref The D Hondt method D Hondt and Jefferson Jefferson method of apportionment had been in use after the first census of 1790 through the 1830 census ..., USStat 5 491 ref Prior to the Apportionment Act of 1911, the Alexander Hamilton Hamilton Samuel ... 31 733 ref In addition to setting the number of U.S. Representatives at 435, the Apportionment Act of 1911 returned to the Daniel Webster Webster method of apportionment of U.S. Representatives ... of Arizona and New Mexico shall become States in the Union before the apportionment ... are to that extent hereby repealed. Section 3. That in each State entitled under this apportionment ... State under this apportionment such additional Representative or Representatives shall be elected by the State ... as candidates for governor, unless otherwise provided by the laws of such State. Subsequent apportionment For the first and only time, Congress failed to pass an apportionment act after the 1920 ... and the maximum of 435 representatives. ref Act of June 18, 1929, USStat 46 21 ref The Apportionment Act of 1941 made the apportionment process self executing after each decennial census. ref Act of Nov. 15, 1941, USStat 55 761 762 ref This lifted Congress s responsibility to pass an apportionment ... more details
orphan date August 2009 The Wyoming Rule is a proposal to increase the United States congressional apportionment size of the United States House of Representatives so that the standard Representative to population ratio would be that of the smallest entitled unit, which is currently Wyoming . Under Article One of the United States Constitution Clause 3 Apportionment of Representatives and taxes Article I of the U.S. Constitution , each U.S. state is guaranteed at least one Representative. If the disparity between the population of the most and least populous states continues to grow, the disproportionality of the House will continue to increase unless the House is expanded. A House size of 569 would be required to implement the Wyoming Rule, based on the 2000 Census results. ref http fruitsandvotes.com ?p 328 Increase the size of the House via the Wyoming Rule , Matthew S berg Shugart , Fruits and Votes , Dec. 1, 2005. ref However, the 2010 United States Census saw Wyoming s population increase by a greater percentage than the U.S. as a whole as a result, the required House size to implement the Wyoming Rule was reduced to 547. See also United States Constitution Article One of the United States Constitution United States congressional apportionment United States House of Representatives List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of U.S. states and territories by population Apportionment politics Apportionment US election stub References reflist Category Electoral reform in the United States ... more details
blockquote In 1842 the debate on apportionment in the House began in the customary way with a jockeying ... instead an apportionment of 223 members using Webster s method. In the House John Quincy Adams ... Amendment to the United States Constitution dramatically increased the apportionment population .... The reapportionment of 1872 created a house size of 292. No particular apportionment method was used ... was calculated in such a way as to ensure that no state lost a seat due to shifts in apportionment ... out of their districts. ref http www.census.gov history www apportionment 011651.html Apportionment ... some or all representatives at large. See also United States congressional apportionment ... more details
Clemons v. Department of Commerce see also United States congressional apportionment Controversy and history was a lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi on September 17, 2009, and unsuccessfully appealed to the United States Supreme Court , that challenged the constitutionality of the Public Law 62 5 law setting membership in the United States House of Representatives at 435 members. The case The case, in brief, asked the court to decide three major points Does the Constitution s requirement of One man, one vote one person, one vote see also Reynolds v. Sims apply to the interstate apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives? Does the current level of inequality violate this standard? Does Congress need to increase the size of the House to remediate this inequality? ref Jurisdictional Statement, August 26, 2010, http apportionment.us JurisdictionalStatement.pdf ref Based on the principle of One man, one vote one person, one vote , the suit cited a lack of compliance with Article I of the United States Constitution Section 2 House of Representatives Article I, Section 2 and 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution Apportionment of Representatives Amendment XIV, Section 2 of the United States Constitution that Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers and asked that the court declare the current apportionment system to be unconstitutional. History of the case and current status On July 7, 2010, the three judge panel in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi ruled that Congress has discretion to set the size of the United States House of Representatives , even if significant voter inequality results. The plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the United States Supreme Court on August 26, 2010. On November 17, 2010, the government filed ... United States congressional apportionment United States congressional apportionment Controversy and history ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 See also 1929 in Zimbabwe , 1930 other events of 1930 , 1931 in Zimbabwe and the Timeline of Zimbabwe history . Events The Land Apportionment Act is passed and divides Southern Rhodesia into African and European areas Births Empty section date January 2011 Deaths DEFAULTSORT 1930 In Zimbabwe Category Years in Zimbabwe Category 1930 by country Zimbabwe Category 1930 in Africa Zimbabwe, 1930 In Category 1930 in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe hist stub ... more details
The Uniform Comparative Fault Act UCFA , and its periodic revisions, is one of the Uniform Act s drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws NCCUSL with the intention of harmonizing state law s in force in the U.S. state states . The UCFA seeks to establish an apportionment of legal liability liability that is more flexible than the all or nothing approaches of the contributory negligence and last clear chance doctrines. Under the UCFA, the judgment against tortfeasors can be reduced according to any negligence on behalf of the plaintiff, and multiple tortfeasors held jointly and severally liable joint and several liability can seek contributions from their codefendants. ref Henderson, J.A. et al. The Torts Process, Seventh Edition. Aspen Publishers, New York, NY 2007, p. 372 ref The UCFA has not been adopted by a large number of states, ref Henderson, p.374 ref because many states prefer to modify joint and several liability among multiple tortfeasors. An attempt to address these shortcomings of the UCFA has been made with the Uniform Apportionment of Tort Responsibility Act , promulgated in 2002. ref Henderson, p. 374 ref References reflist External links http www.law.upenn.edu bll archives ulc fnact99 1970s ucfa79.htm Text of the UCFA at the NCCUSL http www.nccusl.org nccusl uniformact summaries uniformacts s uatra.asp Discussion of the UCFA and UATRA at the NCCUSL Category Uniform Acts ... more details
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