Infobox journal title AppliedOptics cover editor Joseph N. Mait discipline Optics language abbreviation Appl. Opt. publisher Optical Society of America country United States frequency 36 issues year history 1962 present openaccess license impact 1.410 impact year 2009 website http www.opticsinfobase.org ao home.cfm link1 http www.opticsinfobase.org ao issue.cfm link1 name Online access link2 http www.opticsinfobase.org ao browse.cfm link2 name Online archive JSTOR OCLC 01481728 LCCN 2004252118 CODEN APOPAI ISSN 0003 6935 eISSN 2155 3165 AppliedOptics is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal published by the Optical Society of America three times a month. It was established in 1963 with John N. Howard as founding editor. The journal has four divisions of editorial scope optical technology , information processing , laser s, photonics and environmental optics , and biomedical optics . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal s 2009 impact factor is 1.410, ranking it 25th out of 71 journals in the category Optics . ref name WoS cite web url http isiwebofknowledge.com title Web of Science year 2011 accessdate 2011 04 19 ref References Reflist External links Official http www.opticsinfobase.org ao Category Optics journals Category Optical Society of America academic journals Category English language journals Category Publications established in 1962 ... more details
Journal of Optics may refer to Journal of Optics IOP Publishing Journal of Optics IOP Publishing ISSN 2040 8978 , a journal published by IOP Publishing on behalf of the European Optical Society Journal of Optics A Pure and AppliedOptics Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics Journal of Optics Springer Journal of Optics Springer ISSN 0972 8821 , a journal published by Springer on behalf of the Optical Society of India Not to be confused with Journal of Modern Optics Journal of the Optical Society of America A Journal of the Optical Society of America B dab ... more details
ref T. Russell Wilkins, The Institute of AppliedOptics of the U. of R., The Journal of the Optical ...Image UR BME Optics.jpg thumb 300px right Goergen Hall Biomedical Engineering and Optics. The Institute of Optics is a academic department department and research center at the University of Rochester ... and Engineering University of Rochester School of Engineering and Applied Sciences . Since its founding, the Institute has granted over 2,400 degrees in optics, making up about half of the degrees ... about.html The Institute of Optics About the Institute ref According to the United States National ... of Optics was ranked 25th in the nation. Citation needed date June 2010 date June 2010 History ... Higher education educational program in the United States devoted to optics . ref http www.labs21century.gov ... companies relied heavily on German optics. The need for an American based institution of optical training became apparent when the flow of German imports, including optics, attenuated. The Institute of Optics has long been deeply involved in American optics study and research. The Optical Society ... , Corning Glass Works , Bausch and Lomb , and many others. The Institute of Optics occupied the top ... expanding into the new Robert B. Goergen Hall for Biomedical Engineering and Optics, which was completed ... Pioneer in the field of quantum optics , first demonstrated photon self interference, discovered the Mandel ... theory and quantum optics , predicted the Wolf Effect . Professor Robert W. Boyd Pioneer in the field of non linear optics . Professor Joseph H. Eberly Pioneer in the field of quantum optics and former ... optics and Quantum Information . Professor James Zavislan Director of the Center for Institute Ventures Professor Lukas Novotny Pioneer in nano optics . Professor Chunlei Guo Pioneer in femtosecond ... for Optical Design and Engineering. Professor Wayne H. Knox Current Director of the Institute of Optics ... . Research Areas Biomedical engineering Biomedical optics Coherence theory Fiber optic s Quantum ... more details
In physics , physical optics , or wave optics , is the branch of optics which studies Interference wave ... the ray approximation of geometric optics is not valid. This usage tends not to include effects ... theory . The physical optics approximation Physical optics is also the name of an approximation commonly used in optics, electrical engineering and applied physics . In this context, it is an intermediate method between geometric optics , which ignores wave effects, and full wave electromagnetism , which ... optics ray optics and not that it is an exact physical theory. This approximation consists of using ray optics to estimate the field on a surface and then integral integrating that field over the surface ... of the problem are treated as a perturbation theory perturbation . In optics, it is a standard ..., it is often more accurate in optics than for radio. In optics, it typically consists of integrating ... low reflection surfaces. The ray optics field or current is generally not accurate near edges or shadow ... optics has some defects in the evaluation of the scattered fields. ref name Umul cite journal title Modified theory of physical optics first Y. Z. last Umul journal Optics Express month October ... optics, are incorrect. In 2004, Y. Z. Umul has introduced an improved theory that leads to the exact ... surface normal vectors in the physical optics journal Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions ... 2008ITAP...56.3714S ref See also Electromagnetic modeling History of optics Negative index metamaterials ..., S. Yu title Physical Optics publisher Oxford University Press year 1997 isbn 0 19 851795 5 cite journal title A double edge diffraction Gaussian series method for efficient physical optics analysis ... 2597 cite journal title The physical optics method in electromagnetic scattering first J. S. last ... 299 doi 10.1063 1.524413 bibcode 1980JMP....21..290A references Category Optics Category Physical optics Category Electrical engineering bg de Wellenoptik es ptica f sica fr Optique ... more details
Optics Valley is a nickname for a region in southern Arizona , centered on Tucson , that includes a concentration of optics companies, spawned by the optics work at the University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences . ref cite book title Insiders Guide to Tucson author Mary Paganelli Votto publisher Globe Pequot year 2006 ISBN 0762741937 url http books.google.com books?id 29zWkAeTueAC&pg PA10&dq 22optics valley 22 22university of arizona 22&lr &as brr 3&ei pclASN WHoLGjgG89NCJBQ&sig 2vpt0uEZRFxjxYoC25c5SfEoUFc ref Based on the idea of a technology cluster, such as Silicon Valley , Optics Valley in the US is famous not only for the companies but also for observatories Kitt Peak National Observatory , Mount Graham International Observatory , and the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory on Mount Hopkins Arizona Mount Hopkins . ref cite book title A Visitor s Guide to the Kitt Peak Observatories author Leslie Sage and Gail Aschenbrenner publisher Cambridge University Press year 2004 ISBN 052100652X url http books.google.com books?id wcuhhpE4 wC&pg PA79&dq tucson kitt peak mount graham university ... web title Banking on Optics Valley The Old Pueblo has high hopes for high tech, but little time author ... January 4, 2001 ref There are other areas called Optics Valley in France ref cite book title Innovative ... books?id ZZfxljn69IgC&pg PA172&dq france optics valley&lr &as brr 3&ei zc5ASKf8HJ7wigG2t4yLBQ ... year 2007 ISBN 074325841X url http books.google.com books?id sMX0wI14 ZYC&pg PA252&dq china optics valley&lr &as brr 3&ei IM5ASNDxC4HIigGetPmIBQ&sig 7Us9ntWcKlMMvy0e1aj29X tyw ref Companies Applied Energetics, Inc. Breault Research Organization Edmund Optics Lasertel Login, Inc. NP Photonics, Inc ... References reflist External links http www.aoia.org Arizona Optics Industry Association , a group .... , A member of the AOIA and a member of Optics Valley since 1998. Company started by a professor at the University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences. Category Geography of Arizona Category Optics ... more details
In optics , smear is used to refer to motion that has low temporal frequency relative to the integration exposure time. This typically results from a relative rate of the image with respect to the detector e.g., caused by movement in the scene . Smear is typically differentiated from jitter optics jitter , which has a higher frequency relative to the integration time. ref name EncyOptEng Google books rcrGlrguj1YC Encyclopedia of optical engineering page 2380 ref Whereas smear refers to a relatively constant rate during the integration exposure time, jitter refers to a relatively sinusoidal motion during the integration exposure time. The equation for the optical Modulation transfer function associated with smear is the standard sinc function associated with an extended sample math MTF smear u frac sin pi alpha u pi alpha u math where u is the spatial frequency and math alpha math is the amplitude of the smear in pixels. ref cite journal last Johnson first Jerris F. title Modeling imager deterministic and statistical modulation transfer functions journal AppliedOptics date 10 November 1993 volume 32 issue 32 pages 6503 doi 10.1364 AO.32.006503 url http www.opticsinfobase.org abstract.cfm?id 40363 ref References Reflist Category Optics Category Photography ... more details
No footnotes date April 2009 Quantum optics is a field of research in physics , dealing with the application ... of quantum optics Light is made up of particles called photons and hence inherently is grainy quantized . Quantum optics is the study of the nature and effects of light as quantized photons. The first ... optics but was also crucial for the development of quantum mechanics as a whole. However, the subfields ... now with more emphasis on the properties of light, and the name quantum optics became customary. As laser ... very fruitful, interest in quantum optics rose. Following the work of Paul Dirac Dirac in quantum field theory , George Sudarshan , Roy J. Glauber , and Leonard Mandel applied quantum theory to the electromagnetic ... quantum optics, partly from theoretical computer science . Today s fields of interest among quantum optics researchers include parametric down conversion , Optical parametric oscillator parametric oscillation , even shorter attosecond light pulses, use of quantum optics for quantum information , manipulation ... a sub field often called atom optics , coherent perfect absorber s, and much more. Research into quantum optics that aims to bring photons into use for information transfer and computation is now ... s and electronics now have. Concepts of quantum optics Quantum optics operators According to quantum ... of use of statistical mechanics is the fundament of most concepts of quantum optics Light is described ... by a solid state device that absorption optics absorbs it is crucial for understanding experiments ... optics absorption , spontaneous emission , and stimulated emission . The term was mainly used between the 1950s and the 1970s. Today, the research output of this field is mainly used in quantum optics ... usage overlapped Quantum Hall effect and Quantum cellular automata . See also portal Physics Optics ... E. Wolf Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics Cambridge 1995 D. F. Walls and G. J. Milburn Quantum Optics Springer 1994 C. W. Gardiner and Peter Zoller , Quantum Noise , Springer 2004 . M. O. Scully ... more details
In optics , jitter is used to refer to motion that has high temporal frequency relative to the integration exposure time. This may result from vibration in an assembly or from the unstable hand of a photographer. Jitter is typically differentiated from smear optics smear , which has a lower frequency relative to the integration time. ref name EncyOptEng Google books rcrGlrguj1YC Encyclopedia of optical engineering page 2380 ref Whereas smear refers to a relatively constant rate during the integration exposure time, jitter refers to a relatively sinusoidal motion during the integration exposure time. The equation for the optical Modulation transfer function associated with jitter is math MTF jitter k e frac 1 2 k 2 sigma 2 math where k is the spatial frequency and math sigma math is the amplitude of the jitter. ref cite journal last Johnson first Jerris F. title Modeling imager deterministic and statistical modulation transfer functions journal AppliedOptics date 10 November 1993 volume 32 issue 32 pages 6503 doi 10.1364 AO.32.006503 url http www.opticsinfobase.org abstract.cfm?id 40363 ref Note that this frequency is in radians of phase per cycle. The equivalent expression in Hz is math MTF jitter u e 2 pi 2 u 2 sigma 2 math where u is the spatial frequency and math sigma math is again the amplitude of the jitter. References Reflist photography subject Category Photography Category Optics ... more details
Folded optics is an optical system in which the beam is bent in a way to make the optical path much longer than the size of the system. Prism optics Prismatic binoculars are a well known example. An early conventional film 35 mm camera was designed by Tessina that used the concept of folded optics. External links Commonscat Folded optics http www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu news news releases release.sfe?id 617 Origami Lens Category Opticsoptics stub ... more details
. When applied to nonimaging optics, this result extends the string method to optics with both refractive ...Nonimaging optics also called anidolic optics ref name NIO Roland Winston et al.,, Nonimaging Optics ... to Nonimaging Optics , CRC Press, 2008 ISBN 978 1 4200 5429 3 ref is the branch of optics concerned ... optics, the techniques involved do not attempt to form an image of the source instead an optimized ... The two design problems that nonimaging optics solves better than imaging optics are ref William J. Cassarly, Taming light using nonimaging optics , SPIE Proceedings Vol. 5185, Nonimaging Optics Maximum ... of energy applied to a receiver, typically a solar cell or a thermal receiver illumination controlling ... For a given concentration, nonimaging optics provide the widest possible Acceptance angle solar concentrator ... to traditional imaging optics such as parabolic reflector s or fresnel lens es , the main advantages of nonimaging optics for concentrating solar energy are wider Acceptance angle solar concentrator ... tracking imperfectly manufactured optics imperfectly assembled components movements of the system ... kinds of optics with different geometries can be tailored for different applications Also, for low concentrations, the very wide Acceptance angle solar concentrator acceptance angles of nonimaging optics ... disadvantage of nonimaging optics when compared to parabolic reflector s or fresnel lens es is that, for high .... That, however, is only noticeable when the optics are aiming perfectly towards the sun, which is typically not the case because of imperfections in practical systems. Illumination optics Examples of nonimaging optical devices include optical waveguide optics light guide s, nonimaging mirror reflector s, nonimaging lens optics lenses or a combination of these devices. Common applications of nonimaging optics include many areas of illumination engineering lighting . Examples of modern implementations ... s and luminaire s. When compared to traditional design techniques, nonimaging optics has the following ... more details
Adaptive optics was first applied to flood illumination retinal imaging to produce images of single ...refimprove date February 2010 File Adaptive optics system full.svg thumb Illustration of a simplified adaptive optics system in operation File Deformable mirror correction.svg thumb A deformable mirror can be used to correct wavefront errors in an astronomical telescope. Adaptive optics AO is a technology used to improve the performance of optics optical systems by reducing the effect of wavefront ... title Adaptive Optics for Astronomy Principles, Performance, and Applications journal Annual Review ... Retinal imaging using adaptive optics editor1 last MacRae editor1 first S editor2 last Krueger editor2 ..., Inc. ref to reduce the impact of optical aberration s. Adaptive optics works by measuring the distortions ... practical. Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics , which works on a longer ... correction The simplest form of adaptive optics is tip tilt correction , ref cite conference last Watson ... 647009.pdf ref which corresponds to correction of the Tilt optics tilts of the wavefront in two ... Hartmann sensor is one type of wavefront sensor used for adaptive optics. In astronomy Image A Laser ... use adaptive optics. Atmospheric seeing File Atmospheric seeing r0 t0.svg thumb When light from a star ... when the adaptive optics system is switched off. The right hand panel shows the slow motion movie of the same ... up less with adaptive optics switched on. However, the image of the star also changes shape much more quickly when the adaptive optics system is switched on. When light from a star or another astronomical ... ways ref cite conference last Max first Claire title Introduction to Adaptive Optics and its ... An adaptive optics system tries to correct these Optical aberration distortions , using a wavefront ... is of the order of 1 arcsecond . In order to perform adaptive optics correction, the shape of the incoming ... used for adaptive optics at solar telescopes. The deformable mirror corrects incoming light ... more details
History of science sidebar Optics began with the development of Lens optics lenses by the ancient Egypt ... optics in the Greco Roman world . The word optics is derived from the Greek language Greek ... English Dictionary ref Optics was significantly reformed by the developments in the Islamic Golden Age medieval Islamic world , such as the beginnings of physical and physiological optics, and then significantly advanced in early modern Europe , where diffractive optics began. These earlier studies on optics are now known as classical optics . The term modern optics refers to areas of optical research that largely developed in the 20th century, such as Physical optics wave optics and quantum optics . Early history of optics The earliest known Lens optics lenses were made from polished crystal ... Euclid s OpticsOptics Greek mathematics Greek mathematician Euclid observed that things seen under ... and included Euclid s Optics , along with his Phaenomena , in the Little Astronomy , a compendium ... of incidence . ref http www.cartage.org.lb en themes sciences Physics Optics briefhistory briefhistory.htm A brief history of Optics ref The Indian Buddhist s, such as Dign ga in the 5th century ... optics See also Geometrical optics Ray optics The early writers discussed here treated vision ... author of a treatise on geometrical optics was the geometer Euclid c. 325 BC 265 BC . Euclid began his study of optics as he began his study of geometry, with a set of self evident axioms. Lines or visual ..., Hero of Alexandria c. AD 10 70 extended the principles of geometrical optics to consider problems ... in the fifth chapter of his Optics . ref His tabulated results have been studied for the air water interface .... Citation needed date September 2008 Optics and vision in the Islamic world File Ibn Sahl manuscript.jpg ... s and lens optics lens es bend and focus light. In his work he discovered a law of refraction mathematically ... and color. He then analyzed these physical rays according to the principles of geometrical optics ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Image Vergence.svg thumb right Vergence of a beam. The vergence is inversely proportional to the distance from the focus in metres. If a positive lens is focussing the beam it has sit left of the focus, while a negative lens has to sit right of the focus to produce the appropriate vergence Otheruses Vergence disambiguation The vergence typical symbol L of a Ray optics light bundle in optics is the reciprocal of the distance between the focus optics point of focus and a reference plane. It is measured in dioptre s 1 D 1 m sup 1 sup . Vergence can also be understood as a measure of the curvature of the optical wavefront . However, it is only fully valid in geometrical optics , not in Gaussian beam optics or in wave optics where the wavefront at the focus is wavelength dependent and the curvature is not proportional to the distance from the focus. Convergence describes the situation when the light rays are approaching each other and its values are positive. Divergence is measured as negative dioptres and means that the beams are originating from a point. See also Optical power Optical resolution Cardinal point optics Radius of curvature optics DEFAULTSORT Vergence Optics Category Geometrical optics Optics stub de Vergenz Optik fr Vergence pl Zdolno zbieraj ca uk adu optycznego ... more details
Electron optics deals with the focusing and deflection of electron s using magnetic field magnetic and or electrostatic field s. Electron properties main electron Electrons are charged particles point charge s with rest mass . The electron also has an associated spin physics spin of 1 2. While in motion an electron possesses kinetic energy , regardless of any imposed charge field this could be achieved by accelerating electrons via a voltage differential into a screened field free region, which initially imparts the energy required to accelerate the electron. Given sufficient voltage, the electron can be accelerated sufficiently fast to exhibit measurable relativistic effect s, and the velocity must be accounted for relativistically. According to the wave particle duality , electrons can also be considered as wave propagations and therefore have associated wave properties such as wavelength, phase and amplitude. With respect to electron optics, the nature of the electron as a charged particle causes electrons to interact with imposed electron fields, and their spin causes magnetic field interactions as well. These interactions form the fundamentals of electron optical theory. Field interactions Particle interpretation Magnetic fields interact with an electron in a manner that alters velocity independently of kinetic energy velocity magnitude . Electrons move according to the cross product of the magnetic field and the electron propagation vector, such that, in an infinite uniform field moving electrons take a circular motion at a constant radius dependent upon electron velocity and magnetic field strength field strength according to the following equation, which can be derived ..., v is the electron velocity, e is the charge on the electron and H is the applied magnetic ... period and the parallel velocity component. In the case of an applied electrostatic field, an electron ... mll cmc eo.html Air Force Research Laboratory Electron Optics Program DEFAULTSORT Electron Optics Category ... more details
, as applied in transformational optics. This effect is analogous to starlight when it moves through ...electromagnetism Transformation optics represents an advancement in the design of optical devices. It is the basis ... underpinning transformation optics is similar to the equations that describe how gravity warps space ... Transformation Optics May Usher in a Host of Radical Advances newspaper Azonano Nanotechnology pages ... ref name nano oct 2008 Cite news title Transformation Optics May Usher in a Host of Radical Advances ...?newsID 8164 accessdate 2010 05 24 ref Coordinate transformations Transformation optics has its ... papers, transformation optics is born. Cite news title Transformation Optics May Usher in a Host of Radical ... news.asp?newsID 8164 accessdate 2010 05 24 ref Transformation optics subscribes to the capability ... time period. Transformation optics developed from the capability to choose which parameters for a given ... flexible Gradient index optics gradient index material. Conventionally predetermined refractive ..., transformation optics is a new method for creating novel and unique optical device s. ref ... Optics publisher Imperial College, London year 2006 url http www.cmth.ph.ic.ac.uk photonics ... first David coauthors David Smith and Steve Cummer title Transformation Optics and Cloaking publisher ... transformation optics and cloaking accessdate 2010 05 24 ref Transformation optics can go beyond ... effective. Currently transformation optics is a field of optical and material engineering and science ... optics Developments in this field focus on advances in research of transformation optics. Transformation optics is the foundation for exploring a diverse set of theoretical , numerical simulation ..., population dynamics and optics. In particular, a planet around a star can undergo chaotic motion ... Optical black hole Broadband omnidirectional light absorber journal Applied Physics Letters volume ..., transformation optics were employed to mimic a black hole of Schwarzschild metric Schwarzschild ... more details
Infobox Company name Vortex Optics type Corporation foundation Middleton, Wisconsin, USA , 2004 founder Daniel C. Hamilton location Middleton, Wisconsin Middleton, Wisconsin, USA slogan The Force of Optics homepage http www.vortexoptics.com Vortex Optics num employees Approx. 40 industry Optical Imaging products Precision binoculars , spotting scope s, Telescopic sight riflescopes , and other optical instruments . Vortex Optics is an United States American company developing optics for hunting , bird watching , Wildlife conservation wildlife watching , outdoor recreational sports, and law enforcement. Vortex products include binoculars , spotting scope s, Telescopic sight riflescopes , and other Optical instruments optical equipment . History Vortex Optics is a DBA of Sheltered Wings, Inc., which was incorporated in the State of Wisconsin in 1989. Sheltered Wings, Inc. DBA Vortex Optics began in 2004. Products Vortex Optics is based in Middleton, Wisconsin and currently produces binoculars, spotting scopes, riflescopes, and related accessories. References http www.wdfi.org External links http www.vortexoptics.com 06 03 09 http www.vortextactical.com http www.mountsplus.com AR 15 Accessories AR 15 Scope Mounts Vortex Optics.html Vortex Optics & Scopes Category Companies based in Wisconsin Category Middleton, Wisconsin ... more details
For Gaussian beam optics Gaussian beam Gaussian optics is a technique in geometrical optics that describes the behaviour of light rays in optical systems by using the paraxial approximation , in which only rays which make small angles with the optical axis of the system are considered. ref A.Lipson, S.G.Lipson, H.Lipson, http books.google.it books?id aow3o0dhyjYC&pg PA51 v onepage&q&f false Optical Physics , IV edition, 2010, University Press, Cambridge, UK, p.51 ref In this approximation, trigonometric functions can be expressed as linear functions of the angles. Gaussian optics applies to systems in which all the optical surfaces are either flat or are portions of a sphere . In this case, simple explicit formulae can be given for parameters of an imaging system such as focal distance, magnification and brightness, in terms of the geometrical shapes and material properties of the constituent elements. Gaussian optics is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss , who showed that an optical system can be characterized by a series of Cardinal point optics cardinal points , which allow one to calculate its optical properties. ref W.J.Smith, http books.google.it books?id DrtM bAnf YC&pg PA22 v onepage&q&f false Modern optical engineering the design of optical systems , McGraw Hill 2007, p.22 ref References reflist Category Geometrical opticsoptics stub ... more details
Merge to Light scattering date July 2011 Optical scattering deals with the scattering , absorption, and extinction of electromagnetic radiation by particles, molecules and surfaces. Both single scattering and multiple scattering i.e. radiative transfer are considered in this category. Section 290 of the optics classification of the Optical Society of America analyses the subject into the following subcategories ref http www.osa.org journals ociscodes ocis.pdf Optics Classification and Indexing Scheme OCIS , Optical Society of America , 1997 ref scattering mechanisms See also Light scattering Scattering theory References reflist DEFAULTSORT Scattering Optics Category Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer optics ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2009 In optics and especially telescope making , sagitta is a measure of the glass removed to yield an optical curve. It is approximated by the formula math S frac r 2 2 times text ROC math or math S frac r 2 4 times text focal length . math A good explanation both of this approximate formula and the exact formula can be found at http www.opticampus.com popcourse.php?url high powered appendix optics stub Category Optics ... more details
Italic title Infobox journal title Progress in Optics cover editor Emil Wolf discipline Optics peer reviewed language English language English formernames abbreviation publisher Elsevier North Holland country frequency history 1962 present openaccess license impact impact year website http www.elsevier.com wps find bookdescription.cws home BS PO description description link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0079 6638 eISSN boxwidth Progress in Optics are a series of books edited by Emil Wolf published by Elsevier . They consist of collections of already published scientific review review articles deemed to be representative of the advances made in the fields of optics. In this sense, the series is not entirely unlike an academic journal . The series was established in 1962, and is now in its 55th volume. physics journal stub optics stub Category Publications established in 1962 ... more details
Infobox journal cover File Optics Communications.gif editor B.J. Eggleton, S. Maier, B.C. Sanders, and W. Schleich discipline Modern optics peer reviewed formernames abbreviation Opt Commun publisher North Holland Pub. Co. an Elsevier imprint country Netherlands frequency Biweekly history 1969 present openaccess partly license impact 1.316 impact year 2009 website http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 505711 description link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS http rss.sciencedirect.com publication science 5533 atom JSTOR OCLC 1761347 LCCN 77014636 CODEN OPCOB8 ISSN 0030 4018 eISSN Optics Communications is a Peer review peer reviewed rapid publication scientific journal published by Elsevier . It reports on all fields of optical science and technology. Articles are available since year 1969. According to the Library of Congress, and CASSI Vol.1 No. 1 of this journal was issued in April 1969. Scope The journal covers the following subjects ref http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 505711 description Home page . Elsevier. 2010 ref ref http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 505711 authorinstructions 86500 Guide for Authors List of index topics. Elsevier. 2010 ref Physical optics Optical information and image processing Guided wave optics Atomic and molecular physics Optical properties of condensed and soft matter Quantum optics Lasers and Laser Applications Nonlinear optics Nano and Micro optics Matter waves Quantum information Bio and medical optics Abstracting and indexing According to the 2009 Journal Citation Reports , the journal has an impact factor of 1.316. In addition, it is indexed in the following databases ref http www.elsevier.com wps find journalabstracting.cws home 505711 abstracting abstracting Abstracting and indexing . Elsevier. 2010 ref Chemical Abstracts Current Contents Engineering, Computing ... INSPEC Scopus References Reflist academic journal stub Category Optics journals Category Elsevier ... more details
can be applied to optics using the Lagrangian defined in Fermat s principle Fermat s principle . The Euler Lagrange equations with parameter &sigma x sub 3 sub and N 2 applied to Fermat s principle ... with parameter &sigma x sub 3 sub and k 1,2 applied to optics are ref Dietrich Marcuse, Light Transmission Optics , Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1972 ISBN 978 0894643057 ref ref Rudolf Karl Luneburg, Mathematical Theory of Optics , University of California Press, Berkeley ... 3 L math And the corresponding Hamilton s equations with k 1,2,3 appliedoptics are math frac partial ...Lagrangian optics ref name IntroductionLO Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan et al., Lagrangian Optics , Springer Netherlands, 2011 ISBN 978 0792375821 ref and Hamiltonian optics ref name IntroductionHO H. A. Buchdahl, An Introduction to Hamiltonian Optics , Dover Publications, 1993 ISBN 978 0486675978 ref are two formulations of geometrical optics which share much of the mathematical formalism with Lagrangian ... s, while Euler Lagrange s equations are second order. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian optics The general results presented above for Hamilton s principle Hamilton s principle can be applied to optics. ref name IntroductionNIO Julio Chaves, Introduction to Nonimaging Optics , CRC Press, 2008 ISBN 978 1420054293 ref ref name NIO Roland Winston et al., Nonimaging Optics , Academic Press, 2004 ISBN 978 ... 2 n frac dx k ds math Image Hamiltonian Optics Optical Momentum.png 200px thumb right Optical momentum ... in the direction of propagation of light. If light is propagating in a Gradient index optics gradient ... s math Hamilton s equations Similarly to what happens in Hamiltonian mechanics , also in optics the Hamiltonian ..., only p sub 3 sub changes from p sub 3 A sub to p sub 3 B sub . Image Hamiltonian Optics Refraction.png ... int frac dp k dx 3 , dx 3 p k math Image Hamiltonian Optics Rays and Wavefronts.png 200px thumb left ... . The gradient theorem can then be applied to the optical path length as given Optical momentum above ... more details
distinguish optoelectronics Electro optics is a branch of technology involving components, devices and systems which operate by modification of the optical properties of a material by an electric field . Thus it concerns the interaction between the electromagnetism electromagnetic optics optical and the electricity electrical electron ic states of materials. Electro optical devices The electro optic effect relates to a change in the optical properties of the medium which usually is a change in the birefringence and not simply the refractive index. In a Kerr cell , the change in birefringence is Proportionality mathematics proportional to the square of the electric field , and the material is usually a liquid. In a Pockels cell , the change in birefringence varies linearly with the electric field, and the material is a crystal. Non crystalline electro optic material have caught interested because of their low cost of production. It is polymer based material, therefore is organic material. It is called sometimes as organic EO material, plastic EO material, or polymer EO material, which consists of a polymer and a nonlinear optical chromophore. Nonlinear optical chromophore is the molecule has Pockel s effect. References FS1037C MS188 DODDIC cite book last Friedman first Edward title Photonics Rules of Thumb Optics, Electro optics, Fiber Optics, and Lasers publisher McGraw Hill Professional year 2004 isbn 0071385193 Category Optoelectronics Category Nonlinear optics el pt Eletro ptica ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 Optics and Spectroscopy is scientific journal , English version of the Russian journal optika i spektroskopiya , founded in 1956. It publishes research and review papers on a monthly basis. Covers various topics of spectroscopy of electromagnetic waves from radio waves until X rays excluding, perhaps, gamma rays and acoustical waves , and related topics of optics, including quantum optics . Especially appreciate contrinuitons about spectroscopy of atoms, molecules, and condensed state, lasers and the interaction of laser radiation with matter, physical and geometrical optics, holography and physical principles of optical instrument making. although typical delay between submisison and publication is neadured with years. External links http www.maik.rssi.ru cgi perl journal.pl?name optics&page main, main page http www.maik.rssi.ru cgi perl search.pl?type contents&lang eng&name optics, access to the articles Category Optics journals Category Science and technology in Russia Category Science and technology in the Soviet Union Category Publications established in 1956 physics journal stub ... more details
For the unrelated North American telescope retailer, go to Orion Telescopes & Binoculars Orion Optics is a telescope manufacturer in Crewe , England in the United Kingdom . They produce a wide range of Newtonian reflector s and advanced Maksutov telescope Maksutov catadioptric telescopes. A family run firm, Orion Optics are the only remaining major manufacturer of telescopes in the UK. They have recently produced a new range of very well received Dobsonian style reflectors. They also carry a range of Vixen telescopes Vixen equipment , and a large range of accessories. External links http www.orionoptics.co.uk Orion Optics Category Telescope manufacturers UK company stub astronomy stub ... more details
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