The wrong place of an object physics object is the position in space as seen by the observer. Because of physical and or geometrical effects it has a deviation from the true position . In astronomy the term apparent places of star s means the visual or photographic position of the star, as seen from the moving Earth. For instance, its speed of 30 km per second around the Sun causes an annual aberration of about 20 10 4 because the Earth s velocity is about 0.01 percent of the speed of light . Other effects are the parallax different angle to the star during the year , or the daily aberration because of the Earth s rotation , and the Earth s precession a monotonic changing of the direction of the Earth s axis, which causes an analogous slow turning of the coordinate system s which we use on Earth and in space. The Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars commonly abbreviated APFS is an astronomical yearbook , which is published one year in advance by the Astronomisches Rechen Institut in Heidelberg , Germany. It lists the apparent place of about 1000 fundamental star s for every 10 days and is published as a book and in a more extensive version on the Internet . See also Improper motion Astrometry dUT1 Geodetic astronomy Local apparent time Meridian circle Navigation Passage instrument Star position Zenith camera UTC External links http www.ari.uni heidelberg.de publikationen apf Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars Category Astrometry Category Geodesy de Apparent Places es Posici n aparente pt Posi o aparente ... more details
Apparent may refer to Apparent magnitude , measure of brightness of a celestial body as seen by an observer on Earth Heir apparent , person who is first in line of successsion Apparent death , an antipredator behavior known as playing dead Apparent wind , wind experienced by a moving object Eire Apparent , band from Northern Irela Apparent authority or ostensible authority relates to the doctrines of the law of agency disambig ... more details
Solar time Apparent solar time is the calculation of time based in the relative position of the sun. A sundial measures solar time. Apparent time hypothesis in sociolinguistics proposes that age based variation in linguistic forms is often indicative of linguistic change in progress. disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2009 Apparent viscosity http www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com Display.cfm?Term apparent 20viscosity is a rheological property calculated from rheometer readings performed by a Mud engineer on drilling fluid . It is normally abbreviated as AV. It is expressed in cP Centipoise . Centipoise is the amount of force required to move one layer of fluid in relation to another. One centipoise is equal to one hundredth of a poise . Scope For this article, apparent viscosity is described, as used in drilling fluid applications in the Oil industry Oil exploration industry . There may be other applications in other fields of study such as fluid mechanics The study of the movement of fluid or fluid dynamics The study of the flow of fluid . Application The apparent viscosity http www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com Display.cfm?Term apparent 20viscosity is but one of many calculations derived from tests performed on the drilling fluid . These calculations and tests help the mud engineer develop and maintain the properties of the drilling fluid to the specifications required. See also Fluid Dynamics Drilling mud Rheology Mud engineer Mud Engineer Petroleum Engineering Drilling rig Oilfield Oil well Oil field acronyms List of oilfield service companies List of oil fields Natural gas field Portal Energy DEFAULTSORT Apparent Viscosity Category Fluid dynamics Category Petroleum engineering ... more details
The apparent sun is simply the true sun as seen by an observer on Earth or whatever planet the observer is on . The term apparent sun is used in contrast to mean sun which refers to an average of the sun s position , to correspond with the terms apparent solar time and mean solar time . ref http www.websters dictionary online.net tr true sun.html Webster s Online Dictionary ref ref http www.astro.uvic.ca tatum celmechs celm6.pdf Celestial Mechanics Chapter 6 , J.B. Tatum, University of Victoria ref See also Solar time References reflist Category Time in astronomy Category Timekeeping sun stub ... more details
Image DiagramApparentWind.gif thumb 325px V boat speed, H head wind, W true wind, A apparent wind, pointing angle, angle of apparent wind Apparent wind is the wind experienced by a moving object. Definition of apparent wind The Apparent wind is the wind experienced by an observer in motion and is the relative velocity of the wind in relation to the observer. Apparent wind velocity is the vector ... in still air is Additive inverse inverse of the object s velocity, therefore the apparent wind can ... that you are moving through the air. This is the apparent wind. On the windless day, the apparent ... an apparent wind of 15 mph from the north. But if you pedal 10 mph due south, you will feel an apparent wind of 5 mph from the south. The apparent wind is not only different in speed than the true ... wind which makes it easy to calculate of apparent wind. When the motion is not parallel to the wind, one must use vectors and trigonometry to calculate apparent wind. Apparent wind in sailing In sailing , the apparent wind is the actual flow of air acting upon a sail . It is the wind as it appears ... by a stationary observer. In nautical terminology , these properties of the apparent wind are normally ... math A math apparent wind velocity always 0 The above formula is derived from the Law of cosines and using math cos alpha cos 180 text alpha cos alpha math . The angle of apparent wind math beta ... of the apparent wind are known, for instance from a Apparent wind Instruments measurement , the true ... right math Instruments The apparent wind on board is often quoted as a speed measured by a Mast sailing .... Modern instrumentation can calculate the true wind velocity when the apparent wind and boat velocity ... , apparent wind is a vital factor, when determining the points of sail a sail boat can effectively ... , apparent wind is what is experienced on board and it determines the necessary speeds for take off ... apparent wind and reduce the necessary take off velocity. Land based airport traffic, as well as most ... more details
Expert subject Physics date November 2008 Disputed date March 2008 In general relativity , an apparent horizon is a surface that is the Boundary topology boundary between light rays that are directed outwards and moving outwards, and those directed outwards but moving inwards. Apparent horizons are not invariant properties of a spacetime. They are observer dependent, and in particular they are distinct from absolute horizon s. See, however, the articles on ergosphere , Cauchy horizon , the Reissner Nordstr m solution , photon sphere , Killing horizon and naked singularity the notion of a horizon in general relativity is subtle, and depends on fine distinctions. Definition The notion of an apparent horizon begins with the notion of a trapped null surface . A Compact space compact , Orientability orientable , Spacetime Spacetime intervals spacelike surface always has 2 independent forward in time pointing, lightlike , Surface normal normal directions. For example, a spacelike sphere in Minkowski space has lightlike vectors pointing inward and outward along the radial direction. The inward pointing lightlike normal vectors converge, while the outward pointing lightlike normal vectors diverge ... fill up the black hole. The apparent horizon is then defined as the boundary of these surfaces ... hole is defined with respect to the event horizon , which is not always the same as the apparent horizon. Any apparent horizon is observer dependent. Differences from the Absolute Event Horizon ... horizon . Much confusion seems to arise concerning the differences between an apparent ... horizon forms before an apparent horizon. ref name HawkingEllis cite book title The large scale structure ... become the same surface. If the AH exists, it is necessarily inside of the EH. Apparent horizons .... That is, the location and even existence of an apparent horizon depends on the way spacetime ... that there is no apparent horizon, ever, despite the fact that there is certainly an event ... more details
For the fantasy novel by Vivian Vande Velde Heir Apparent novel For the game expansion Europa Universalis III An heir apparent or heiress apparent is a person who is first in line of succession and cannot ... occasionally found used as a title, where it usually is capitalized Heir Apparent . Most monarchies give or gave the heir apparent the title of Crown Prince or a more specific title, such as Prince .... See crown prince for more examples. This article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary ... in naming the heir. Heir apparent versus heir presumptive File Crowd awaiting Crown Prince Tokyo ... as the heir apparent to the Chrysanthemum Throne Japanese Imperial Throne New York Times , 1916. In a hereditary system governed by some form of primogeniture , an heir apparent is easily identifiable ... sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Daughters in male ..., even an only daughter will not be her father s or mother s heiress apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would be heir apparent. Hence, she is an heiress presumptive ... even if unlikely. Women as heirs apparent In a system of absolute primogeniture that does not consider gender, female heirs apparent occur. Several European monarchies that have adopted such systems ... heir apparent Princess Catharina Amalia of the Netherlands , Princess Elisabeth of Belgium , and Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway are all heirs apparent to their fathers who are in each case heir apparent to their respective countries thrones . Victoria was not heiress apparent from birth in 1977 ... brother Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V rmland Carl Philip born 1979 was thus heir apparent for a few ... children. But even in legal systems that apply male preference primogeniture, female heirs apparent are by no means impossible if a male heir apparent dies leaving no sons but at least one daughter, then the eldest daughter would replace her father as heir apparent to whatever throne or title is concerned ... more details
Apparent motion may refer to In astronomy Apparent retrograde motion , the appearance that objects in the night sky move against the typical direction of motion Improper motion , any effect which appears to cause the position of a celestial object to move Aberration of light , improper motion due to the finite speed of light and the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun Diurnal motion , improper motion due to the Earth s rotation on its axis Parallax , improper motion caused by the Earth s orbit around the sun In perceptual illusions Beta movement , an illusion of movement where two or more still images are combined by the brain into surmised motion Illusory motion , the appearance of movement in a static image Phi phenomenon , an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession Stroboscopic effect , a phenomenon that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples Wagon wheel effect , temporal aliasing effect in which a spoked wheel appears to rotate differently from its true rotation The illusion of movement deliberately sought by certain forms of op art optical art Other uses Optical flow , a term used in computer science for the apparent motion of objects in a scene caused by the relative motion between an observer and the scene The motion of objects observed from a non inertial reference frame disambig ... more details
Apparent leukonychia is a cutaneous condition characterized by white discoloration of the nail that fades with pressure. ref name Bolognia cite book author Rapini, Ronald P. Bolognia, Jean L. Jorizzo, Joseph L. title Dermatology 2 Volume Set publisher Mosby location St. Louis year 2007 pages isbn 1 4160 2999 0 oclc doi accessdate ref See also Nail anatomy List of cutaneous conditions References reflist Dermatology stub Category Conditions of the skin appendages ... more details
Infobox book name Air Apparent image Image Air apparent first edition.png caption First edition cover author Piers Anthony country United States language English Language English cover artist genre Fantasy novel publisher Tor Books TOR Books release date October 16, 2007 media type Print Hardcover and Paperback pages 316 isbn 978 0 7653 0410 0 dewey 813 .54 22 congress PS3551.N73 A75 2007 oclc 124075006 preceded by Stork Naked followed by Two to the Fifth Air Apparent is the thirty first book of the Xanth series by Piers Anthony , which was first mentioned in the Author s Note in Currant Events . Piers Anthony stated that notions from his readers have already been set aside for use in this installment in the same Author s Note. Plot introduction Piers Anthony has stated that the book is set as a murder mystery. It has, typical for Xanth books, many puns. Readers also get a better understanding of the nature of Ida s moons. Air Apparent includes a character known as a Debra who is a 13 year old girl who is constantly pressured to take off her bra. To De Bra so to speak. She is based on a real girl. Debra Kawaguchi was a huge fan of the Xanth series and after her death in 2004, her father wrote Piers and asked him to include Debra in his cast of characters. After Piers explained to Debra s father that the only way he could think to include Debra in the book was through the De Bra ing pun, Mr. Kawaguchi agreed that Debra would have been delighted to be a character in Xanth and would have loved the pun. Piers mentions Mr. Kawaguchi in the author notes as the inspiration for Debra. Debra is depicted on the front cover of the hardback book as a flying centaur. Review The Xanth books constitute Anthony s longest and most successful series . . . . They are intended to be kind spirited, fun reading, a series of wondrous beasts and beings, and most of all, an endless succession ... Air Apparent and the http us.macmillan.com series Xanth Xanth series at the http us.macmillan.com ... more details
Apparent authority also called ostensible authority relates to the doctrines of the law of agency . It is relevant particularly in corporate law and constitutional law. Apparent authority refers to a situation where a reasonable person would understand that an agent had authority to act. This means a principal is bound by the agent s actions, even though the agent had no actual authority, whether express or implied. It raises an estoppel because the third party is given an assurance, which he relies on and would be inequitable for the principal to deny the authority given. There must be some act or some knowing omission on the part of the principal if the agent alone acts to give the third party this false impression, then the principal is not bound. ref http legal dictionary.thefreedictionary.com apparent authority Legal Dictionary Entry on Apparent Authority . ref However, the principal will be bound if the agent so acts in the presence of the principal, and the principal stands silently ... the principal. Apparent authority can also occur where a principal terminates the authority of an agent, but does not inform third parties of this termination. This is called lingering apparent authority .... In relation to company law companies , the apparent authority of board of directors directors , officers and agents of the company is normally referred to as ostensible authority . Apparent authority ... is a Parent s Authority Apparent? Reconsidering Third Party Consent Searches of an Adult Child s Private ... on an agreement on the basis that the agent never had actual authority. In law, apparent authority ... set of the rules relating to apparent authority and the agency law law of agency generally, but because ... from allowing the agent to use a particular title, such as finance director . The apparent authority ... to establish the fact of authority, actual or apparent, in the first place. Ratification It is open ... of directors Royal British Bank v Turquand Notes Refs 2 DEFAULTSORT Apparent Authority Category Agency ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name Eire Apparent image caption image size background group or band birth name alias origin Belfast , Northern Ireland instrument genre occupation years active 1967&ndash 1970 label Track Records br Buddah Records associated acts website past members Ernie Graham br Davy Lutton br Chris Stewart br Henry McCullough br Mick Cox br David Tiger Taylor br Peter Tolson br Steve Jolly notable instruments Eire Apparent was a band from Northern Ireland , noted for launching the careers of Henry McCullough and Ernie Graham , and for having Jimi Hendrix play on, and produce, their only album. ref name AM S cite web last Eder first Bruce title Review of Eire Apparent s album Sunrise url http www.allmusic.com album sunrise r36461 publisher Allmusic accessdate 16 January 2011 ref History The People Pop outfit The People who had evolved out of earlier ... Eire Apparent biography at the Irish Rock Discography ref They had contributed two songs to the February ... . ref name AM EA cite web last Eder first Bruce title Biography of Eire Apparent url http www.allmusic.com artist eire apparent p17265 biography publisher Allmusic accessdate 16 January 2011 ref In mid ... a strong reputation on the Blackpool and then the Dublin music scenes. Eire Apparent In 1967 the band ... Mike Jeffery , who changed the band s name to Eire Apparent ref name AM EA Jeffery wanted to exploit the Irish dimension and his wife came up with the new name. Eire Apparent were briefly signed ... s only List of Peel Sessions Peel Session . ref cite web title Eire Apparent url http www.bbc.co.uk ..., Beat Instrumental reported that they were recording tracks for a second Eire Apparent album reportedly ... January 19, 1969 1st Show Eire Apparent were the support act Gloria Yes, I Need Someone BBC Top Gear ... Eire Apparent at Irish Showbands.net http www.irishrock.org irodb bands eireapparent.html Eire Apparent at Irish Rock.org Category Rock music groups from Northern Ireland Category Musical groups ... more details
Apparent weight is a property in physics where the normal conceived weight of an object is changed, generally due to a force in the upward or downward direction. It is also known as the force the body exerts on whatever it rests on. ref cite book title Schaum s outline of theory and problems of applied physics last Beiser first Arthur authorlink coauthors year 2004 publisher McGraw Hill Professional location isbn page pages 59 60 url http books.google.com books?id soKguvJDgmsC&pg PA59&dq 22apparent weight 22&hl en&sa X&ei Po3zTqjjFcKniQKQwPjFDg&ved 0CEcQ6AEwBA v onepage&q 22apparent 20weight 22&f false accessdate December 22, 2011 ref This property is exhibited when an object is partially or completely immersed in a fluid , where there is an upthrust from the liquid that is working against the force of gravity . ref cite book title Physics for Flash Games, Animation, and Simulations last Ramtal first Dev authorlink coauthors Dobre, Adrian year 2011 publisher Apress location isbn page pages 196 197 url http books.google.com books?id F690GsJn3s8C&pg PA196&dq 22apparent weight 22&hl en&sa X&ei Po3zTqjjFcKniQKQwPjFDg&ved 0CDwQ6AEwAg v onepage&q 22apparent 20weight 22&f false accessdate December 22, 2011 ref An opposite example is when an object or person is riding in an elevator. When the elevator begins rising, the object begins experiencing a force in the downward direction. If a scale was used, it would be seen that the weight of the object is becoming heavier because of the downward force, changing the apparent weight. ref cite book title How to solve physics problems last Oman first Robert M. authorlink coauthors Oman, Daniel M. year 1997 publisher McGraw Hill Professional location isbn page pages 71 75 url http books.google.com books?id S0z 4ZyLiFwC&pg PA71&dq 22apparent weight 22&hl en&sa X&ei 0IzzTs7OC8mniALlkc2dDg&ved 0CDEQ6AEwAA v onepage&q 22apparent 20weight 22&f false accessdate December 22, 2011 ref The role of apparent weight is also important in fluidization ... more details
Apparent temperature is the general term for the perceived outdoor temperature, caused by the combined effects of air temperature , relative humidity and wind speed , this term was coined by Conor. The Heat index measures the effect of humidity on the perception of temperature. In humid conditions, the air feels hotter than it actually is, because of the reduction in evaporation of perspiration . The Wind chill measures the effect of wind speed on the perception of temperature. In windy conditions, the air feels cooler than it actually is, because of the increase in evaporation of perspiration. The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature WBGT combines the effects of radiation, humidity, temperature and wind speed on the perception of temperature. It is not often used as the resulting figure is very location specific eg cloud cover and or wind shielding . Category Temperature ... more details
The apparent magnitude m of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer ... eye Apparent br magnitude Brightness br relative br to Vega Number of stars br brighter than br apparent ... star of the celestial sphere , has an apparent magnitude of 1.4. The modern scale includes the Moon and the Sun . The full Moon has a mean apparent magnitude of 12.74 ref name moon fact and the Sun has an apparent magnitude of 26.74. ref name sun fact The Hubble Space Telescope has located stars ... stars in the infrared. clear Table of notable celestial objects class wikitable Apparent visual magnitudes ... unit . It is seen as a large very bright bluish scorching ball of 35 apparent diameter. 30.30 Sirius ... Sirius ref name SIMBAD Sirius 0.83 Eta Carinae apparent brightness as a supernova impostor ... Doradus VISTA .jpg thumb 30 Doradus image taken by ESO s VISTA telescope VISTA . This nebula has an apparent ... s atmosphere in the line of sight to the object, the apparent magnitudes are adjusted to the value they would have in the absence of the atmosphere. The dimmer an object appears, the higher its apparent .... The absolute magnitude , M , of a celestial body outside the Solar System is the apparent magnitude ... System body is the apparent magnitude it would have if it were 1 astronomical unit away from both the Sun ... useful definitions pp.pdf accessdate 2009 07 12 ref The apparent magnitude, m , in the band, x , can ... star s for example. See Apparent magnitude References Aller et al. 1982 for the most commonly used ... moon? math m f m b x math math 2.512 x math variation in brightness The apparent magnitude of the Sun is 26.74, and the mean apparent magnitude of the full moon is 12.74. The full moon is the fainter ... 2.512 14 math math v b 398,359 math variation in brightness 398,359 In terms of apparent magnitude, the Sun ... The apparent magnitude of Sirius is 1.44, and the apparent magnitude of Polaris is 1.97 ... x math math v b 2.512 3.41 math math v b 23.124 math In terms of apparent magnitude, Sirius is 23.124 ... more details
Playing possum redirects here. For the 1975 album by Carly Simon, see Playing Possum . Apparent death , colloquially known as playing dead or playing possum , is a behavior observed in a wide range of animals in which they take on the appearance of being death dead to an observer. This could either be an involuntary reflex action, as in tonic immobility or an adaptive behavior as in thanatosis , which is used both as a defense mechanism biology defense mechanism and as a form of aggressive mimicry . Tonic immobility Image Geotrupidae 12 12 2008.JPG right thumb Apparent death of a beetle Tonic immobility is a natural state of paralysis that animals enter, in most cases when presented with a threat. Some scientists relate it to mating in certain animals like the shark. Some sharks can be placed in a catatonia tonic state. ref name Henningsen, 1994 Henningsen, A.D., 1994 . Tonic immobility in 12 elasmobranchs use as an aid in captive husbandry. Zoo Biology, 13 325 332 DOI 10.1002 zoo.1430130406 ref The shark remains in this state of paralysis for an average of fifteen minute s before it recovers. Scientists have exploited this phenomenon to study shark behaviour. The effects of chemical shark repellent have been studied to test effectiveness and to narrow down dose sizes, concentrations, and time to awaken. ref cite web title Tonic Immobility work Shark defense Chemical repellents url http www.sharkdefense.com Repellents Tonic Immobility tonic immobility.html accessdate January 28, 2006 ref Sharks may not always respond to tonic immobility by physical inversion of the animal, as has been demonstrated with Lemon shark lemon and Reef sharks . With tiger shark tiger sharks 3 4 metres 10 to 15 feet in length, tonic immobility may be achieved by placing hands lightly on the sides of the animal s snout approximate to the general area surrounding its eyes. Great White shark Great ... Ways to avoid hitting animals with cars. DEFAULTSORT Apparent Death Category Ethology Category ... more details
Summary Non free use rationale book cover Article Heir Apparent novel Use Infobox OPTIONAL FIELDS Title Heir Apparent Author Vivian Vande Velde Publisher Harcourt Education Harcourt Cover artist Cliff Nielsen Website Owner Commentary Year 2002 OVERRIDE FIELDS Description The cover for Vivian Vande Velde s Heir Apparent novel Heir Apparent , as published by Magic Carpet Books. Source Portion Low resolution Purpose Replaceability Other information Licensing Non free book cover ... more details
Summary The measured apparent bending stiffness of a sandwich beam. Licensing PD self date February 2009 Orphan image Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot ... more details
An apparent wind indicator in yacht racing , mostly called a windex , is a small weather vane or arrow that gives an indication of the current wind direction. When the object where the windex is connected to e.g. top of a Mast sailing mast is moving the windex moves more towards the direction of the movement. Therefore, it does not show the true wind direction but the apparent wind direction. Sailors use this device to get a clue if they can point higher or to set the sail s. Examples of modern apparent wind indicators for dinghies and open keelboats image vane.png 80px image windex.png 121px References Reflist Category Sailing equipment Sail Types de Verklicker sv Vindpil ... more details
Summary Vector diagram by Florian Feuser illustrating the relationships between true and apparent wind. Licensing self GFDL cc by 2.5 migration relicense Orphan image Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot ... more details
An apparent molar property is a quantity that can be used to calculate a property of a solution chemistry solution . For instance, the volume of the solution is given by math V V solvent n solvent a tilde V i n i , math where V sub solvent sub is the molar volume of the solvent, n sub solvent sub is the number of mole unit mole s of solvent, math a tilde V i , math is the apparent molar volume of solution solute i, and n sub i sub is the number of moles of solute i in the solution. The apparent molar volume can also be denoted V sub sub . This equation applied to a single solute solution serves as the definition of the apparent molar volume of the solute. For multi solute solutions, the equation does not give an unambiguous definition of the apparent molar properties. Apparent molar properties are not in fact constants even at a given temperature , but are functions of the composition. At infinite dilution , they are equal to the partial molar property . Some apparent molar properties that are commonly used are apparent molar enthalpy , heat capacity , and volume. The apparent molar volume of a salt is usually less than the molar volume of the solid salt. For instance, solid NaCl has a volume of 27 cm sup 3 sup per mole, but the apparent molar volume at low concentrations is only 16.6 cc mole. In fact, some aqueous electrolytes have negative apparent molar volumes NaOH 6.7, LiOH 6.0, and sodium carbonate Na sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub 6.7 cm sup 3 sup mole. ref Herbert Harned and Benton Owen , The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions , 1950, p. 253. ref This means that their solutions in a given amount of water have a smaller volume than the same amount of pure water. The physical reason is that nearby water molecules are strongly attracted to the ions so that they occupy less space. See also Volume fraction Ideal solution Solvation shell Partial molar property Excess molar quantity References references External links http www.le.ac.uk chemistry thermodynamics ... more details
Information Description adapted from Vent apparentapparent angle apparent wind.JPG by Erwan1972 Source http fr.wikipedia.org wiki Fichier Vent apparentapparent angle apparent wind.JPG Date 04 17, 11 June 2011 UTC Author Erwan1972 Permission cc by sa 3.0 other versions ... more details
File WOA05 180E AOU AYool.png thumb right Pacific Ocean sections of dissolved oxygen and apparent oxygen utilization. Data from the World Ocean Atlas http www.nodc.noaa.gov OC5 WOA05 pr woa05.html 2005 . In freshwater or Marine ocean marine systems apparent oxygen utilisation AOU is the difference between the measured dissolved oxygen concentration and its Dynamic equilibrium equilibrium Oxygen saturation saturation concentration in water with the same physical and chemical properties. ref Garcia, H.E., Locarnini, R.A., Boyer, T.P. and Antonov, J.I. 2006 . ftp ftp.nodc.noaa.gov pub WOA05 DOC woa05 oxygen final.pdf World Ocean Atlas 2005 Volume 3 Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation. S. Levitus, Ed. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 63, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 342 pp. ref Such differences typically occur when biological activity acts to change the ambient concentration of oxygen. For example, primary production liberates oxygen and increases its concentration, while cellular respiration respiration consumes it and decreases its concentration. Consequently, the AOU of a water sample represents the sum of the biological activity that the sample has experienced since it was last in equilibrium with the atmosphere . In shallow water systems e.g. lake s , the full water column is generally in close contact with the atmosphere, so oxygen concentrations are typically close to saturation AOU values are low. In deep water systems e.g. ocean s , water can be out of contact with the atmosphere for extremely long periods of time years, decades, centuries and large AOU values are possible. See also Biological pump Eutrophication Hypoxia environmental Hypoxia Remineralisation World Ocean Atlas References reflist DEFAULTSORT Apparent Oxygen Utilisation Category Biological oceanography Category Geochemistry Category Limnology Category Oceanography Category Oxygen biochem stub ... more details
In sociolinguistics , the apparent time hypothesis states that age stratified variation in a linguistic form is often indicative of a change in progress. That is, if in a survey of a population, patterned differences between the speech of individuals 75 years old, 50 years old, and 25 years old may indicate changes that have occurred over the past 50 years. The apparent time hypothesis depends on several assumptions first, that a significantly broad sample is taken to be representative of the population second, that vernacular speech is relatively stable in a given individual once that individual is past adolescence. Jack Chambers linguist J.K. Chambers , writing in 2002, has cited an example of the application of the apparent time hypothesis. The study, carried out in central Canada, examined the sociolinguistic variable wh , where the unvoiced labiovelar glide hw loses phonemic status and merges with the corresponding voiced glide w . In this study, the oldest subjects seem to indicate a stable period for this variable, both the 70 79 year olds and those over 80 used the voiced variant where the unvoiced was expected 38.3 and 37.7 of the time, respectively. Each subsequent younger age cohort 10 years shows a greater percentage of w usage, with those 20 29 using w 87.6 of the time and the teenagers using it 90.6 of the time. Notice that the deltas between the oldest two groups and between the youngest two groups are relatively small, 0.6 and 3.0 . Between these two extremes the rate of change between the groups is quite high, approximately 10 per age cohort. This pattern can be described as an initial stable period, followed by a period of rapid change, and a tailing off as the change nears completion. This S curve pattern has been identified as characteristic for many ... graded variation . The applicability of the apparent time hypothesis should be confirmed by real ... to those previously published. References Bailey, Guy 2002 . Real and Apparent Time . In J.K. ... more details
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