italictitle Taxobox name Aplysia image Aplysia californica.jpg image width 250px image caption Aplysia ... superfamilia Aplysioidea familia Aplysiidae genus Aplysia genus authority Linnaeus , 1767 subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text Aplysia is a genus of medium sized to extremely large sea slug ... occurring in the Mediterranean . Aplysia species, when threatened, mostly release clouds of ink ... organism by neurobiology neurobiologists , because this ink release response, as studied in Aplysia ... Kandel et al., 2000 . See Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex This quick neural response is necessary for a speedy reaction to danger by the animal. Aplysia has only about 20,000 neurons making ... Principles and Guidelines for Instruction year 2003 ref Species Species within the genus Aplysia ... hypothesis for the genus Aplysia through study of the partial mitochondria l DNA mtDNA sequence data of ribosome ribosomal genes rDNA . Aplysia brasiliana small Rang, 1828 small Mottled sea hare, sooty sea hare junior synonym of Aplysia fasciata different geographical populations of the same species ... Color variable File Aplysia66 300.jpg thumb Aplysia californica Aplysia californica small J.G. Cooper, 1863 small California sea hare Distribution Northeast Pacific Aplysia cedrocensis small Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 small Distribution Northeast Pacific Aplysia cervina small Dall & Simpson, 1901 small Distribution West Atlantic Aplysia cornigera small Sowerby, 1869 small Distributuion Indian Ocean, West Pacific Aplysia cronullae small Eales, 1960 small Distribution Southwest Pacific Aplysia dactylomela ... on the mantle good swimmer Aplysia denisoni small Smith, 1884 small Distribution Indian Ocean, West Pacific Aplysia depilans small Johann Friedrich Gmelin Gmelin , 1791 small Distribution Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean. Description thin, yellow inner shell Aplysia donca small Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1960 small Distribution North America, West Atlantic Aplysia dura small Eales, 1960 small Distribution ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Aplysia extraordinaria image image caption Aplysia extraordinaria swimming by using its parapodia regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Euopisthobranchia br clade Aplysiomorpha superfamilia Aplysioidea familia Aplysiidae subfamilia Aplysioidea genus Aplysia species A. extraordinaria binomial Aplysia extraordinaria binomial authority Allan , 1932 synonyms Aplysia extraordinaria , common name the extraordinary sea hare , is a very large species of sea slug , more specifically a sea hare , a marine ocean marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aplysiidae , the sea hares. References reflist Further reading Hamatani I. & Kikutaro Baba Baba, K. 2003 . A New Record of Aplysia Varria extraordinaria Allan, 1932 Opisthobranchia Anaspidea from Suruga Bay, Japan . External links commonscat Aplysia extraordinaria Category Aplysiidae aplysiidae stub ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Aplysia brasiliana image regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Euopisthobranchia br clade Aplysiomorpha superfamilia Aplysioidea familia Aplysiidae genus Aplysia species A. brasiliana binomial Aplysia brasiliana binomial authority Rang, 1828 Aplysia brasiliana , common name the mottled sea hare , or the sooty sea hare , is a species of sea hare or sea slug , a marine ocean marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aplysiidae . The binomial name is a junior synonym of Aplysia fasciata . There are different geographical populations of the same species. Distribution This sea hare occurs in the Western Atlantic from New Jersey to Brazil, and in the Eastern Atlantic including the coast of Ghana. Description The length is up to 27 cm. The color is variable. References reflist Category Aplysiidae aplysiidae stub fr Aplysia brasiliana ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Aplysia punctata image Aplysia punctata.jpg image caption Aplysia punctata regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Euopisthobranchia br clade Aplysiomorpha superfamilia Aplysioidea familia Aplysiidae subfamilia genus Aplysia species A. punctata binomial Aplysia punctata binomial authority Georges Cuvier Cuvier , 1803 synonyms Aplysia punctata is a species of sea slug , a sea hare , a marine ocean marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aplysiidae , the sea hares. The rhinophore of Aplysia punctata contains a groove, which extends to about two third of the total length of the rhinophore. ref name Wertz 2006 Secondary metabolites alkaloid s from marine sponges stimulate neurons in the rhinophore ganglion of the rhinophore of Aplysia punctata . ref Bickmeyer U., Drechsler C., Kock M. & Assmann M. July 2004 Brominated pyrrole alkaloids from marine Agelas sponges reduce depolarization induced cellular calcium elevation . Toxicon 44 45 51. doi 10.1016 j.toxicon.2004.04.001 ref References This article incorporates CC BY 2.0 text from reference. ref name Wertz 2006 Wertz A., R ssler W., Obermayer M. & Bickmeyer U. 6 April 2006 Functional neuroanatomy of the rhinophore of Aplysia punctata . Frontiers in Zoology 3 6. doi 10.1186 1742 9994 3 6 ref reflist External links DEFAULTSORT Aplysia Punctata Category Aplysiidae aplysiidae stub br Buoc h vor vrizh de Gemeiner Seehase es Aplysia punctata it Aplysia punctata sl Pikasti morski zaj ek ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Aplysia dactylomela image Aplysia dactylomela.jpg image caption Aplysia dactylomela regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Euopisthobranchia br clade Aplysiomorpha superfamilia Aplysioidea familia Aplysiidae genus Aplysia species A. dactylomela binomial Aplysia dactylomela binomial authority Rang , 1828 Aplysia dactylomela , common name the spotted sea hare , is a species of large sea slug , a marine ocean marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusc in the family Aplysiidae , the sea hares. Distribution This species of sea hare is cosmopolitan distribution cosmopolitan , being found in almost all tropical and temperate seas, including recently the Mediterranean Sea . Description File Sea hare, Aplysia dactylomela, 12 04 2009 2 13pm.jpg thumb left The large black rings are very apparent on this juvenile spotted sea hare File Aplysia dactylomela 2.jpg left thumb Aplysia dactylomela taken out of water The colour of the spotted sea hare is very variable, from pale gray to green, to dark ... Re Examining the Evidence . PLoS ONE 5 1 e8776. doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0008776 . ref Habitat Aplysia ... name Welch 2010 Human use The right giant neuron of Aplysia dactylomela , which is found in the abdominal .... ref http animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu site accounts information Aplysia dactylomela.html ref Defence Like the octopus, the Aplysia dactylomela squirts purple ink if it is disturbed this ink ... ref References reflist External links Commons category Aplysia dactylomela http www.seaslugforum.net showall.cfm?base aplydact Aplysia dactylomela at Sea Slug Forum http animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu site accounts information Aplysia dactylomela.html Aplysia dactylomela at Animal Diversity Web http slugsite.us bow nudwk174.htm Aplysia dactylomela at Slugsite Category Aplysiidae de Aplysia dactylomela es Aplysia dactylomela ... more details
Taxobox image image caption Aplysia juliana regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Euopisthobranchia br clade Aplysiomorpha superfamilia Aplysioidea familia Aplysiidae subfamilia genus Aplysia species A. juliana binomial Aplysia juliana binomial authority Jean Ren Constant Quoy Quoy & Joseph Paul Gaimard Gaimard , 1832 synonyms Aplysia brunnea Frederick Wollaston Hutton Hutton , 1874 ref Frederick Wollaston Hutton Hutton F. W. 1874 Description of two new Species of Aplysia . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, volume 7, http rsnz.natlib.govt.nz volume rsnz 07 rsnz 07 00 003690.html page 279 . ref Aplysia juliana , common name the walking sea hare , is a species of sea slug , more specifically a sea hare , a marine ocean marine gastropod mollusk in the family Aplysiidae , the sea hares. ref Gofas, S. 2010 . Aplysia juliana Quoy & Gaimard, 1832. In Bouchet, P. Gofas, S. Rosenberg, G. 2010 World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 138756 on 2011 02 26 ref Distribution Distribution of this species is cosmopolitan , circumtropical in all warm seas. Citation needed date February 2011 Description File Radula de Aplysia juliana.jpg thumb Microphotography Microphotograph of the radula of Aplysia juliana This sea hare has no purple gland and therefore cannot produce ink, just milky secretions. The posterior end of the foot in this species can act as a sucker. Citation needed date February 2011 The color of this sea hare is very often brown with paler spots, but it can be various other shades including plain black all over. Citation needed date February 2011 The maximum recorded length is 300 mm. ref name Welch 2010 Welch J. J. 2010 . The Island Rule and Deep Sea Gastropods Re Examining ... External links commons category Aplysia juliana http www.seaslugforum.net display.cfm?id 10355 Category ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Aplysia vaccaria image image width regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Euopisthobranchia br clade Aplysiomorpha superfamilia Aplysioidea familia Aplysiidae genus Aplysia species A. vaccaria binomial Aplysia vaccaria binomial authority Winkler, 1955 Aplysia vaccaria , also known as the black sea hare, and the California black sea hare, is a species of extremely large sea slug , a marine ocean marine , opisthobranch , gastropod mollusk in the family Aplysiidae . It is the largest known species of sea slug, and may be the world s largest gastropod. http slugsite.us bow nudwk215.htm Distribution This sea hare species lives in California and Baja California , Mexico. Description The black sea hare can grow to be very large. The longest recorded specimen measured ninety nine centimeters when crawling and thus fully extended , and weighed nearly fourteen kilograms. http www.seaslugforum.net showall.cfm?base aplyvacc Unlike Aplysia californica , the body of this species is relatively firm, and the parapodia are joined behind the siphon mollusc siphon . http www.seaslugforum.net showall.cfm?base aplyvacc Unlike many other species in the same family, this species is incapable of producing ink. Feeding habits All Aplysia species are herbivorous . This species eats brown seaweed s and kelp , which give the animal its typically very dark coloration. References reflist SeaSlugForum info at http www.seaslugforum.net showall.cfm?base aplyvacc Slugsite info at http slugsite.us bow nudwk215.htm External links Image of a diver holding a large individual of this species in a kelp forest http scottpenny.smugmug.com gallery 3881249 R9eMK 2 224952333 hc6AB Medium Image of one out of water http jpgmag.com photos 1604801 Category Aplysiidae Aplysiidae stub ... more details
The Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex GSWR is an involuntary, defensive reflex of the sea slug dn or sea hare Aplysia californica , that causes its delicate Siphon mollusc siphon and gill to be retracted when the animal is disturbed. ref name Carew Carew, T. J. 2000 . Behavioral Neurobiology The Cellular Organization of Natural Behavior. Sinauer Associates, Inc. ref Aplysia californica is used ... with Aplysia californica , was involved in pioneering research into this reflex in the 1960s and 1970s. File Aplysia66 300.jpg thumb The California sea hare Aplysia californica Nonassociative learning ... different forms of nonassociative learning examined in Aplysia habituation, dishabituation and sensitization. Eric Kandel and colleagues was the first to demonstrate that Aplysia californica is capable of displaying both habituation and dishabituation. ref name Carew Habituation in Aplysia californica ... to that particular stimulus. ref name Carew Dishabituation in Aplysia californica is when the animal ... response occurs. ref name Carew Sensitization in Aplysia californica is the increase of a response ... of behavior in molluscs. In molluscs such as Aplysia californica the peripheral motor neurons are more ... Kandel By using preparations of Aplysia californica six central motor neurons have been found in the abdominal ... motor neurons. ref name Kandel Kandel and colleagues used preparations of Aplysia californica ... rested reflex in Aplysia californica . ref name Carew ref name Kandel Further reading Bristol, A.S., Marinesco ... Elicited Siphon Withdrawal in Aplysia. II. Role of Gated Inhibition in Differential Lateralization ... of Gill Withdrawal in Aplysia . The Journal of Neuroscience , 26, 2443 2448. Jami, S.A., Wright, W.G. ... of the Gill Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Recruits Both NMDA Receptor Dependent Enhancement and NMDA ... Alnajjar , Kazuyuki Murase 2008 http adb.sagepub.com content 16 5 306.abstract A simple Aplysia like ... 16, Issue 5, pp306 324. References references NeuroethologyNavbox DEFAULTSORT Aplysia Gill And Siphon ... more details
Taxobox name California Sea Slug image Aplysia californica.jpg image caption An Aplysia californica releasing ... superfamilia Aplysioidea familia Aplysiidae genus Aplysia species A. californica binomial Aplysia californica ... sea slug , scientific name Aplysia californica , is a species of sea slug , specifically a sea ... most adult specimens are half this size or smaller. A closely related species, Aplysia vaccaria ... bay 431920585 .jpg thumb Aplysia californica out of water at low tide near Morro Bay Like all sea ... like an octopus does from a gland in its mantle cavity. File Aplysia californica rhinophore.jpg thumb Close up showing the rhinophore s of Aplysia californica Feeding habits Like all Aplysia species ... its typically reddish or pinkish coloration. Laboratory use Aplysia californica has become ... thumb left Aplysia californica Its ubiquity in synaptic plasticity studies can be attributed to its ... its seemingly simple nervous system, however, Aplysia californica is capable of a variety of non ... conditioning classical and operant conditioning . Study typically involves a reduced preparation of the Aplysia ... http www.rsmas.miami.edu groups sea hares NIH University of Miami National Resource for Aplysia Facility Further reading File California sea hare Aplysia californica .jpg thumb The anterior part of Aplysia ... subfamilies differentially expressed in the chemosensory organs of the mollusc Aplysia . BMC ... the Aplysia Genome a model for single cell, real time and comparative genomics . National Human ... . Effect of Photoperiod and Temperature on Egg Laying Behavior in a Marine Mollusk, Aplysia californica ... page 7 mode 1up 8 14. External links commonscat Aplysia californica http www.seaslugforum.net aplycali.htm Aplysia californica photos, from the Sea Slug Forum http www.brembs.net learning aplysia aplysia.html Learning in Aplysia californica , from brembs.net photos Photos from http www.mondomarino.net ricerca index.asp?view ico&genere opt contiene&genere aplysia MondoMarino.net ... more details
Taxobox name Dwarf sea hare br Aplysia parvula image Aplysia parvula 004.jpg image caption Aplysia parvula regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Euopisthobranchia br clade Aplysiomorpha superfamilia Aplysioidea familia Aplysiidae genus Aplysia species A. parvula binomial Aplysia parvula binomial authority Guilding in Otto Andreas Lowson M rch M rch , 1863 ref name M rch 1963 Otto Andreas Lowson M rch M rch O. A. 1863 . Contributions la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises . Journal de Conchyliologie 11 21 43. ref The dwarf sea hare or pygmy sea hare, Aplysia parvula , is a species of sea slug , specifically a sea hare , a marine ocean marine gastropod mollusc in the family Aplysiidae , the sea hares. Distribution This is a tropical circumtropical Aplysioidea sea hare . It usually occurs in less than 5 m of water, but is occasionally found in water as deep as 24 m. ref Zsilavecz G. 2007 . Nudibranchs of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay . ISBN 0 620 38054 3 ref The type locality of Aplysia parvula is Saint Vincent island Saint Vincent , Lesser Antilles. ref name M rch 1963 Description The dwarf sea hare is round bodied and smooth skinned with a slender head bearing extensions which resemble rabbit ears. There are wing like flaps parapodia extending from the body, which is brown to maroon or olive green in colour and may be covered with clusters of white spots. ref name Gosliner T. M. 1987 Gosliner T. M. 1987 . Nudibranchs of Southern Africa ISBN 0 930118 13 8 ref The maximum recorded length ... cm. Citation needed date February 2011 File Aplysia parvula 002.jpg thumb left the dwarf sea ... algae. ref name Gosliner T. M. 1987 References reflist External links commons category Aplysia parvula NCBI 6503 Aplysia parvula Rogers C. N., de Nys R. & Steinberg P. D. 2003 . Ecology of the sea hare Aplysia parvula Opisthobranchia in New South Wales, Australia . Molluscan Research 23 3 185 198 ... more details
substrate they preferentially inhabit. In the sea hare Aplysia californica , the rhinophores ... of the mollusc Aplysia . BMC Biology 2009, 7 28. doi 10.1186 1741 7007 7 28. ref Protection To protect ..., accessed 8 July 2009. ref Structure File Aplysia californica rhinophore.jpg thumb Rhinophores of Aplysia californica Rhinophores are small. For example in reproductively mature Aplysia adults the rhinophore ... s that end in either a surface exposed cilium or a small protuberance. ref name Cummins File Aplysia ... the rhinophore tip of Aplysia californica br Scale bar is 300 m. br rg rhinophore groove br tip rhinophore tip. File Aplysia californica rhinophore 3.jpg thumb A medium power SEM image showing the cilia bearing epithelium within the rhinophore groove br Scale bar is 100 m. br f folds File Aplysia ..., are possibly involved in contact chemoreception and mechanoreception in Aplysia californica . ref ... M. & Bickmeyer U. 6 April 2006 Functional neuroanatomy of the rhinophore of Aplysia punctata . Frontiers ... more details
Lead rewrite date September 2009 Refimprove date April 2009 Post Tetanic Potentiation PTP is a form of synaptic plasticity which is short lived and results in increased frequency with no effect on amplitude in the evoked postsynaptic potential . ref http www.sciencemag.org cgi content abstract 275 5302 969 Jian Xin Bao, Eric R. Kandel , Robert D. Hawkins. Involvement of Pre and Postsynaptic Mechanisms in Posttetanic Potentiation at Aplysia Synapses . Science Magazine Online. Science 14 February 1997 Vol. 275. no. 5302, pp. 969 973. DOI 10.1126 science.275.5302.969. April 2009. http www.sciencemag.org cgi content abstract 275 5302 969 ref References references Category Neuroscience anatomy stub ... more details
Taxobox name Sea Hares image Aplysia californica.jpg image width 200px image caption Aplysia californica , a typical sea hare displaying inking behavior regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked familia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Euopisthobranchia ref name J rger 2010 br clade Aplysiomorpha unranked familia authority P. Fischer , 1883 subdivision ranks Family biology Families subdivision Superfamily Akeroidea Akeridae Superfamily Aplysioidea Aplysiidae The clade Aplysiomorpha commonly known as Sea hares Aplysia species and related genera are medium sized to very large Opisthobranchia with a soft internal shell made of protein. These are marine ocean marine gastropod mollusc s in the superfamilies Aplysioidea and Akeroidea . The common name sea hare derives from their rounded shape and from the two long rhinophores that project upwards from their heads and that somewhat resemble the ears of a hare . Taxonomy Many older textbooks and websites refer to this suborder as Anaspidea . The original author P. Fischer described the taxon Anaspidea at unspecified rank above family. ref cite book title Manuel de conchyliologie et de pal ontologie conchyliologique fasc. 6 last Fischer first P. date 1883 pages 513 608 publisher Savy location Paris ref In 1925 Johannes Thiele established the taxon Anaspidea as a suborder. 2005 taxonomy However, since the taxon ... rather large, bulky creatures. The biggest species, Aplysia vaccaria , can reach a length of convert ..., see cite journal author1 Bebbington author2 Hughes title Locomotion in Aplysia Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia ... mollus.oxfordjournals.org cgi reprint 40 5 399 ref Human use Aplysia californica is a typical example ... large size of the axons that are a part of its nerve cells. gallery File Sea hare, Aplysia dactylomela, 12 04 2009 2 00pm.jpg Sea hare Aplysia dactylomela File Sea hare, Aplysia dactylomela, 12 04 2009 2 02pm.jpg Aplysia dactylomela showing its mouth File Aplysia66 300.jpg Aplysia californica ... more details
Taxobox image Aplysia californica.jpg image caption Aplysia californica , a typical sea hare, shown here releasing a cloud of purple pigment, probably as a reaction to being disturbed. regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Euopisthobranchia ref name J rger 2010 J rger K. M., St ger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schr dl M. 2010 . On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia . BMC Evolutionary Biology 10 323. doi 10.1186 1471 2148 10 323 . ref br clade Aplysiomorpha superfamilia Aplysioidea superfamilia authority Jean Baptiste Lamarck Lamarck , 1809 familia Aplysiidae familia authority Jean Baptiste Lamarck Lamarck , 1809 subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision See text. The Taxonomic rank superfamily Aplysioidea is a superfamily of mostly rather large sea slug s, marine animal marine gastropod mollusk s in the clade Aplysiomorpha within the informal group Opisthobranchia . This superfamily contains only one family biology family , the Aplysiidae the sea hare s. These animals are commonly called sea hares because, unlike most sea slugs, they are often quite large, and when they are underwater, their rounded body shape and the long ... black sea hare, Aplysia vaccaria is arguably the largest living gastropod species, and is certainly ... 300.jpg thumb left Aplysia californica Members of the Aplysiidae have an atrophied inner shell in contrast with the nudibranch s, which have no shell at all . In Aplysia and Syphonota , this shell is a soft ... large animals. Their length varies between 20 cm and 75 cm Aplysia vaccaria , and they can ..., beneath the gill. It gives off a white opaque secretion. The genus Aplysia has proved useful as a model ... Mazzarelli, 1893 Genera Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767 type genus Bursatella Blainville, 1817 the only one ... Biology of Aplysia . San Francisco, W.H.Freeman & Co. 463pp. Kandel E.R., Schwartz, J.H., Jessell ... more details
notability Biographies date May 2008 unreferenced date May 2008 Ladislav Tauc 1926 1999 was born in Pardubice , Czechoslovakia . Tauc was a French people French neuroscientist , and a pioneer in neuroethology and neurophysiology neuronal physiology . The introduction of a simplified brain the Aplysia nervous system to study the cellular and molecular basis of organized neuronal interactions, is probably one of Tauc s essential contributions to neuroscience . ref Maurice Israel, Obituary, Trends in Neurosciences vol 20, no 2 2000 p 47. ref See also Eric R. Kandel Torsten Wiesel Stephen Kuffler References references External links http www.neuroethology.org newsletter news archive isn.news.july99.sec2.html Obituary from the International Society for Neuroethology Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Tauc, Ladislav ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Tauc, Ladislav Category French neuroscientists Category French physiologists Category 1926 births Category 1999 deaths France med bio stub Neuroscience stub ... more details
enzyme Name gamma glutamylhistamine synthase EC number 6.3.2.18 CAS number 82904 08 3 IUBMB EC number 6 3 2 18 GO code 0047914 image width caption In enzymology , a gamma glutamylhistamine synthase EC number 6.3.2.18 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP L glutamate histamine math rightleftharpoons math products of ATP breakdown Nalpha gamma L glutamylhistamine The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , L glutamate , and histamine , whereas its two product chemistry products are products of ATP breakdown and Nalpha gamma L glutamylhistamine . This enzyme belongs to the family of ligase s, specifically those forming carbon nitrogen bonds as acid D amino acid ligases peptide synthases . The systematic name of this enzyme class is L glutamate histamine ligase . Other names in common use include gamma glutaminylhistamine synthetase , and gamma GHA synthetase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Stein C, Weinreich D date 1982 title An in vitro characterization of gamma glutamylhistamine synthetase a novel enzyme catalyzing histamine metabolism in the central nervous system of the marine mollusk, Aplysia californica journal J. Neurochem. volume 38 pages 204&ndash 14 pmid 6125565 doi 10.1111 j.1471 4159.1982.tb10873.x issue 1 Category EC 6.3.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ligase stub ... more details
File Lymnaea stagnalis central ring ganglia.jpg thumb The dissected central ring ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis . Scale bar is 1 mm. br LBuG and RBuG left and right buccal ganglia br LCeG and RCeG left and right cerebral ganglia br LPeG and RPeG left and right pedal ganglia br LPIG and RPIG left and right pleural ganglia br LPaG and RPaG left and right parietal ganglia br VG visceral ganglion. The nervous system of gastropods consists of a series of paired ganglion ganglia connected by major nerve cords, and a number of smaller branching peripheral nerve s. File Gastropod nervous system.gif left thumb General layout of the gastropod ganglia. In most species, the brain is fused into a single, six lobed, organ File Aplysia californica buccal ganglia.jpg thumb Buccal ganglia of Aplysia californica . File Geomalacus maculosus nervous system.jpg thumb Drawing of cerebral ganglia of the Kerry Slug Geomalacus maculosus . The brain of a gastropod consists of three pairs of ganglia, all located close to the oesophagus . In some primitive forms, these ganglia are relatively discrete, but in most species they have become so closely bound together as to effectively form separate lobes of a single structure. The cerebral ganglia are located above the oesophagus and supply peripheral nerves to the eyes, tentacles, and other sensory organs in the head. Beneath the oesophagus, at the forward part of the foot, lie the pedal ganglia. As their name implies, these supply nerves to the foot muscles. The third pair of ganglia within the brain lie slightly behind and below the cerebral ganglia. These are the pleural ganglia, and supply nerves to the mantle cavity. Bundles of nerves connect the cerebral, pedal, and pleural ganglia together, as well as running above and below the oesophagus to connect the right and left cerebral and pedal ganglia to each other. In most gastropods, a short pair of nerve cords passes forward from the cerebral ganglia to a pair of buccal ganglia located above th ... more details
responses in Aplysia. Biological Cybernetics 91, 333 345, 2004. Sutton GP, Macknin JB, Gartman SS, Sunny GP, Beer RD, Crago PE, Chiel HJ, Passive properties within the feeding apparatus of Aplysia aid ... centric Kinematic Models of Swallowing in Aplysia californica,, J. Exp. Biol. , 205 2029 2051, 2002 ... in Aplysia californica based on radula odontophore kinematics and in vivo MRI , J. Exp. Biol ... more details
mollusc Aplysia californica from Ladislav Tauc . Kandel had realized that simple forms of learning ... be studied with Ganglion ganglia isolated from Aplysia . While recording the behavior of a single cell ... to develop protocols for demonstrating simple forms of learning by intact Aplysia . In particular, the now famous Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex gill withdrawal reflex , by which the tender Aplysia gill tissue is withdrawn from danger, was shown to be sensitive to both habituation and sensitization ..., and Robert Hawkins had been able to extend the Aplysia system into the study of classical conditioning ... evidence that the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP cAMP was produced in Aplysia ganglia under ... in the Aplysia siphon withdrawal reflex. ref Citation last Antonov first Igor last2 Antonova first2 ... Facilitation and Hebbian LTP Are Both Required and Interact during Classical Conditioning in Aplysia ... more details
Expert subject Psychology date November 2008 Refimprove date June 2006 The psychology of learning is a theoretical science. Learning is a process that depends on experience and leads to longterm changes in behavior potential. Behavior potential designates the possible behavior of an individual, not actual behavior. The main assumption behind all learning psychology is that the effects of the environment, conditioning, reinforcement, etc. provide psychologists with the best information from which to understand human behavior. As opposed to short term changes in behavior potential caused e.g. by fatigue learning implies long term changes. As opposed to long term changes caused by aging and development , learning implies changes related directly to experience . Learning theory education Learning theories try to better understand how the learning process works. Major research traditions are behaviorism , cognitivism psychology cognitivism and self regulated learning . Neurosciences have provided important insights into learning, too, even when using much simpler organisms than humans aplysia . Distance learning, eLearning, online learning, blended learning and media psychology are dimensions of the psychology that are emerging and where research and literature are important in the 21st century. See also Learning Latent learning Learning theory education Readings No footnotes date March 2010 Zentall, T.R. 2006 . Imitation Definitions, evidence, and mechanisms. Animal Cognition, 9, 335 353. A thorough review of different types of social learning http www.cogs.indiana.edu spackled imitation.pdf Full text Ulrich Neisser Kognitive Psychologie, Stuttgart 1974 Hans Aebli Denken Das Ordnen des Tuns, 2 Bde., Stuttgart 1980 81 Robert M. Gagn Die Bedingungen menschlichen Lernens, Hannover 1980 in USA 1965 Geoffrey Caine, Renate N. Caine Making Connections Teaching and the Human Brain 1991 revised paperback edition Dale Seymour Publications 1994 Walter Edelmann Lernpsychologie . P ... more details
Image Myoglobin 1mba.png thumb 300px An example of the globin fold, the oxygen carrying protein myoglobin PDB ID 1MBA from the mollusc Aplysia limacina . The globin fold is a common three dimensional tertiary structure fold in protein s. This fold typically consists of eight Verify source date October 2007 alpha helix alpha helices , although some proteins have additional helix extensions at their termini. The globin fold is found in its namesake proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin as well as in phycocyanin proteins. Because myoglobin was the first protein whose structure was solved, the globin fold was thus the first protein fold discovered. Since the globin fold contains only helices, it is classified as an all alpha protein fold . Helix packing The eight helices of the globin fold core share significant nonlocal structure, unlike other structural motif s in which amino acid s close to each other in primary sequence are also close in space. The helices pack together at an average angle of about 50 degrees, significantly steeper than other helical packings such as the helix bundle . The exact angle of helix packing depends on the sequence of the protein, because packing is mediated by the steric s and hydrophobic interactions of the amino acid side chain s near the helix interfaces. Sequence conservation Although the globin fold is highly evolution arily Conserved sequence conserved , the sequences that form the fold can have as low as 16 sequence identity. While the sequence specificity of the fold is not stringent, the hydrophobic core of the protein must be maintained and hydrophobic patches on the generally hydrophilic solvent exposed surface must be avoided in order for the structure to remain stable and soluble . The most famous mutation in the globin fold is a change from glutamate to valine in one chain of the hemoglobin molecule. This mutation creates a hydrophobic patch on the protein surface that promotes intermolecular aggregation, the molecular event tha ... more details
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