wiktionary antagonist antagonistic antagonists An antagonist is a character opposing the protagonist in literature. Antagonist may also refer to Antagonist muscle , a muscle type Receptor antagonist , a class of drugs that bind to but do not trigger a receptor Antagonist A.D. , a New Zealand metalcore band The Antagonists , a 1971 novel by Ernest K. Gann about the siege of Masada Antagonist , a book in Childe Cycle by Gordon R. Dickson and David W. Wixon Antagonist album Antagonist album , the debut album of the german Metalcore band Maroon HMS Antagonist See also Antagonism disambiguation Agonist , a chemical that binds to a receptor of a cell and triggers a response by that cell disambiguation ca Antagonista cs Antagonista de Antagonist fr Antagoniste he lt Antagonistas nl Antagonist pt Antagonista sk Antagonista sv Antagonist tr Antagonist ... more details
About the literary term the pharmacological term receptor antagonist other uses An antagonist from Greek language Greek antagonistes , opponent, competitor, enemy, rival ref cite web url http www.etymonline.com index.php?search antagonist&searchmode none title Antagonist publisher Online Etymology Dictionary accessdate 28 November 2010 ref is a character, group of characters, or institution , that represents the opposition against which the protagonist must contend. In other words, A person, or a group of people who oppose the main character, or the main characters. ref http contemporarylit.about.com cs literaryterms g antagonist.htm About.com, Literature Contemporary Antagonist. Online. October 18, 2007. ref In the classic style of story wherein the action consists of a hero fighting a villain , the two can be regarded as protagonist and antagonist, respectively. ref The antagonist may not always be a person or persons. In some cases an antagonist may be a force, such as a tidal wave that destroyed a city, or a storm that is causing havoc, or even the conditions in a certain area that is causing a problem. An antagonist also may or may not create obstacles for the protagonist. See cite web url http www.rscc.cc.tn.us owl&writingcenter OWL ElementsLit.html title The Elements of Literature publisher rscc.cc.tn.us ref The antagonist may also represent a major threat or obstacle ... him or her. Examples in both film and theatre include Lord Voldemort , the main antagonist in the Harry ... , and Tybalt, an antagonist of Romeo and Juliet , who slays Mercutio and whose later death results ... bg da Antagonist de Antagonist Literatur es Antagonista literatura eu Antagonista fr Antagoniste litt rature id Antagonis it Antagonista he hr Antagonist mk ms Antagonis nl Antagonist narratologie ja no Antagonist pl Antagonista ru sq Antagonisti simple Antagonist sk Antagonista literat ra fi Antagonisti tr Antagonist ... more details
A competitive antagonist is a receptor antagonist that binds to a Receptor biochemistry receptor but does not activate the receptor. The antagonist will compete with available agonist for receptor binding site s on the same receptor. Sufficient antagonist will displace the agonist from the binding sites, resulting in a lower frequency of receptor activation. Presence of a competitive antagonist will shift an agonism dose response curve to the right. ref name prism http www.curvefit.com schild.htm Doseresponse curves in the presence of antagonists Bot generated title ref A Schild plot for a competitive antagonist will have a slope equal to 1, and the X intercept and Y intercept will each equal the dissociation constant of the antagonist. ref name prism A competitive antagonist can be reversible competitive antagonist or irreversible competitive antagonist . References reflist Category Pharmacology Pharma stub Pharmacology ca Antagonista competitiu de Kompetitiver Antagonist es Antagonista competitivo sr Kompetitivni antagonist ... more details
orphan date February 2009 In pharmacology the term agonist antagonist is used to refer to a drug which exhibits some properties of an agonist a substance that fully activates the neuronal receptor that it attaches to and some properties of an antagonist medial antagonist a substance that attaches to a receptor but does not activate it or if it displaces an agonist at that receptor it seemingly deactivates it thereby reversing the effect of the agonist . The best known agonists and antagonists are opioids morphine is an agonist to opioid receptors while naloxone Narcan is an antagonist. References Unreferenced date July 2008 Category Pharmacology ... more details
About the biochemistry term other uses Antagonistdisambiguation File Antagonist 2.png thumb Antagonists ... produced by a receptor agonist coupling. A receptor antagonist is a type of Receptor biochemistry ... in the biological regulation of the receptor s activity. Antagonist activity may be reversible or irreversible depending on the longevity of the antagonist receptor complex, which, in turn, depends on the nature of antagonist receptor binding. The majority of drug antagonists achieve their potency ... 5 6 pages 261 8 year 2002 pmid 12690954 doi 10.1080 10606820214640 ref The term antagonist was originally ... j.bcp.2005.12.038 pmc 1866283 ref The biochemical definition of a receptor antagonist was introduced ... antagonist is based on the Receptor theory Nature of Receptor Drug interactions receptor occupancy ... antagonist continues to evolve. The two state model of receptor activation has given way ... s, and Agonist partial agonists . In functional antagonist assays, a dose response curve measures .... ref name 2006Kenakin The potency of an antagonist is usually defined by its IC50 IC sub 50 sub value. This can be calculated for a given antagonist by determining the concentration of antagonist ... the potency of the antagonist, and the lower the concentration of drug that is required to inhibit ... 801 8 year 2004 pmid 15340390 doi 10.1038 nrd1500 ref Affinity The affinity of an antagonist for its ... of agonist activity. The affinity of an antagonist can be determined experimentally using ... to the EC sub 50 sub in the presence of a competitive antagonist as determined on a dose response curve. Altering the amount of antagonist used in the assay can alter the dose ratio. In Schild regression, a plot is made of the log dose ratio 1 versus the log concentration of antagonist for a range of antagonist concentrations. ref cite journal author Schild HO title An ambiguity in receptor theory ... regression, antagonist concentration is varied in experiments used to derive K sub i sub values ... more details
For the use of hormone antagonists in cancer , see hormonal therapy oncology A Hormone antagonist is a specific type of receptor antagonist which acts upon hormone s. External links MeshName Hormone antagonists Hormone antagonists biochemistry stub Category Hormonal agents Category Receptor antagonists ... more details
GABA antagonists are drugs which inhibit the action of GABA . In general these drugs produce stimulant and convulsant effects, and are mainly used for counteracting overdose of sedative drugs. Examples include Bicuculline and Metrazol , and the benzodiazepine GABA A receptor GABA sub A sub receptor antagonist Flumazenil . Also Thujone has properties of GABA sub A sub receptor antagonist. External links MeshName GABA antagonists Receptor agonists and antagonists GABA agonists and antagonists Category GABA antagonists biochem stub da GABA antagonist ... more details
An Adrenergic antagonist is a pharmaceutical substance that acts to inhibit the action of the adrenergic receptor s. It is thus a type of sympatholytic . It has the opposite effect as adrenergic agonist s. More specifically, they can be divided into Alpha blocker s Beta blocker s Structure Activity Relationship If the amine on the Adrenergic agent has a substituent bigger than a tertiary butyl, then the compound becomes an adrenergic antagonist ref http pharmaxchange.info notes medicinal chemistry adrenergics cholinergics.html Medicinal Chemistry of Adrenergics and Cholinergics ref . References Reflist External links MeshName Adrenergic antagonists Antihypertensives and diuretics Receptor agonists and antagonists Alpha blockers DEFAULTSORT Adrenergic Antagonist Category Antihypertensive agents cardiovascular drug stub es Antagonista adren rgico ... more details
An irreversible antagonist is a type of antagonist pharmacology antagonist that binds permanently to a Receptor biochemistry receptor , either by forming a covalent bond to the active site, or alternatively just by binding so tightly that the rate of dissociation is effectively zero at relevant time scales. ref Goodman and Gilman s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 11th edition, 2008 . p25. ISBN 0071443436 ref This permanently deactivates the receptor and is usually followed by rapid Receptor mediated endocytosis internalisation and recycling of the non functional receptor protein. Examples Naloxazone Phenoxybenzamine See also Irreversible agonist Enzyme inhibitor Irreversible inhibitors Irreversible enzyme inhibitor References reflist Pharmacology Category Receptor antagonists pharmacology stub ... more details
About the type of muscle other uses Antagonist Unreferenced date December 2009 Most muscles work in pairs, and when a muscle works it needs to have an Agonist muscle agonist and an antagonist , unless the muscle s natural state is opposite to that which is produced by the muscle, example Sphincter ani externus muscle . An antagonist is a classification used to describe a muscle that acts in opposition to the specific movement generated by the Agonist muscle agonist and is responsible for returning a limb to its initial position. Antagonistic pairs Antagonistic muscles are found in pairs called antagonistic pairs. These consist of an extensor muscle , which opens the joint i.e. increasing the angle between the two bones , flexor muscle , which does the opposite to an extensor muscle . Antagonistic pairs are needed in the body because muscles can only exert a pulling force, and can t push themselves back into their original positions. An example of this kind of muscle pairing is the biceps brachii and triceps brachii . When the biceps brachii biceps are contracting, the triceps are relaxed, and stretches back to its original position. The opposite happens when the triceps contract. DEFAULTSORT Antagonist Muscle Category Muscular system ca M scul antagonista de Antagonist Muskel es M sculo antagonista fr Antagoniste anatomie nl Agonistische en antagonistische spieren ja pt Antagonista m sculo fi Vastavaikuttajalihakset th ... more details
A serotonin antagonist is a drug used to inhibit the action at serotonin receptor s. Many of the most important medications of this class selectively act at the 5 HT3 receptor , and thus are known as 5 HT3 antagonist s. However, other drugs such as ketanserin act upon other types of serotonin receptors. Antagonists of the 5 HT2A 5 HT sub 2A sub receptor are sometimes used as atypical antipsychotic s, with the typical antipsychotic s being purely dopamine antagonist s. Ketanserine blocks 5 HT2A,5 HT2C and alpha 1 receptors. Ondansetron,Dolansetron,Granisetron are 5 HT3 receptor antagonist.they are efficacious in treating chemotherapy induced emesis. Clozapine blocks 5 HT2A,5 HT2C,D4 receptors. Quetiapine blocks 5 HT2A,5 HT1A,D1 2,HI,alpha 1 receptors. Methsergide is 5 HT2A 2C antagonist and nonselective 5 HT 1 receptor blocker.it causes retrperitoneal fibrosis and mediastinal fibrosis. Cyproheptadine blocks 5 HT2A, HI and it is a mild anticholinergic. Pizotifen is a 5 HT2A 2C , H1 blocker and anticholinergic used for migraine prophylaxis references Textbook of Pharmacology by H L Sharma See also Serotonin receptor agonist External links MeshName Serotonin Antagonists MeshPharmaList 82012702 Receptor agonists and antagonists Serotonergics Category Serotonin antagonists nervous system drug stub ... more details
For the New Zealand band once known as Antagonist, see Antagonist A.D. . Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name Antagonist background group or band alias origin Whittier, California ... This City website http www.myspace.com antagonist www.myspace.com antagonist current members ... Salem br David Zamora br Marcus Hill Antagonist is an American metalcore band from Whittier, California ... 1998 2006 Antagonist began when middle school friends Carlos Garcia, Marcus Hill and David ... Wunty and His Band of Merry Elephants, but they agreed on Antagonist after it was suggested by Zamora ... EP 2002 , Live at the Showcase EP 2003 , and Intended to Hurt or Wound EP 2003 . Antagonist parted ... of Discord 2005 . This would be their last self released effort. 2005 was also the year Antagonist ... of Plague in the Winter of 2005 2006. In 2006, Antagonist signed a 1 album deal with Dwell Records. ref Antagonist signs w Dwell Records Cite web last first title Antagonist signs w Dwell ... ref ref An Envy Of Innocence Cite web last first title Antagonist Signs With Dwell Records publisher ... of 2007, Antagonist were signed to Prosthetic Records. ref Prosthetic Records signs Antagonist Cite web last first title Prosthetic Records signs Antagonist publisher Lambgoat.com date February .... ref Matt Lopez Cite web last first title Antagonist guitarist leaves band publisher Lambgoat.com date January 7, 2009 url http www.lambgoat.com news view.aspx?id 12043 ref Antagonist hired long ... first title ANTAGONIST INTRODUCES NEW GUITARIST, POSTS NEW SONG publisher Prosthetic Records date ... guitar duties and took over the roll of bassist for Antagonist. The new lineup played their first show in September 2009. ref Nick Reyes Cite web last first title Antagonist announces new bassist ... Antagonist returned to the studio in the Spring of 2010 to record its second Prosthetic full length ... web last first title ANTAGONIST Album Streaming Now Hear World In Decline Courtesy of Hails And Horns ... more details
cleanup linkrot date August 2011 Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Antagonist Type studio Artist Maroon band Maroon Cover Released 2002 ref http www.metal archives.com release.php?id 59776 ref Recorded Genre Metalcore Length 38 33 Label Catalyst Records Producer Reviews Last album This album Antagonist br 2002 Next album Endorsed By Hate album Endorsed By Hate br 2004 Antagonist is the debut album of the Germans german Metalcore band Maroon band Maroon . Track listing Tempest I 01 58 The Beginning of the End 04 05 An End Like This 03 57 Shadow of the Vengeance 03 41 Tempest II 00 19 Drowning 04 37 Still Believe In What Has Fallen Apart 05 01 Beneath The Ashes 03 40 Stillborn 05 29 What Remains 02 31 Declaration 03 15 References Reflist Category 2002 debut albums Category Maroon albums ... more details
A histamine antagonist , commonly referred to as antihistamine , is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits action of histamine by blocking it from attaching to histamine receptor s. Clinical effects Histamine s produce increased vascular permeability, causing fluid to escape from capillaries into tissues, which leads to the classic symptoms of an allergic reaction a runny nose and watery eyes. Antihistamines suppress the histamine induced Wheal response wheal swelling and vasodilation flare response by blocking the binding of histamine to its receptors on nerves, vascular smooth muscle, glandular cells, endothelium, and mast cells. They effectively exert competitive antagonism of histamine for H1 receptors. Itching and sneezing are suppressed by antihistamine blockade of H1 receptors on nasal sensory nerves. ref Monroe, E., MD, Daly, A., and Shalhoub, R., MD. 1997. Appraisal of the validity of histmine induced wheal and flare is used to predict the clinical efficacy of antihistamines. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 99 2 S789 806. ref Antihistamines are commonly used for relief of Protein allergy allergies caused by intolerances of proteins. ref Sicherer, Scott H. M.D., Understanding ... Main H1 antagonist l1 H sub 1 sub antagonist In common use, the term antihistamine refers only to H ... than receptor antagonist antagonists per se . ref cite journal author Leurs R, Church MK, Taglialatela ... Tripelennamine Triprolidine H sub 2 sub receptor antagonists Main H2 antagonist l1 H sub 2 sub antagonist H sub 2 sub antagonists, like H sub 1 sub antagonists, are also inverse agonist s and not true receptor antagonist antagonists . H sub 2 sub histamine receptors, found principally in the parietal ... receptor antagonists Main H3 antagonist l1 H sub 3 sub antagonist Examples A 349,821 ABT 239 Ciproxifan ... External links MeshName Histamine antagonist Antihistamines Histaminergics Neuromodulation DEFAULTSORT Histamine Antagonist Category Antihistamines ar ca Antihistam nic da Antihistamin ... more details
Userspace draft source ArticleWizard date December 2011 Please leave this line alone The Antagonist Art .... The Antagonist Movement has worked with more than 3,000 artists from around the world over the past 11 years. Overview Antagonist activities have included public gatherings, demonstrations, the publication ... , the Antagonist Movement has participants in other US cities, Europe and South America. Influenced by the punk rock and pop art and by the Dada movement , the Antagonist Movement seeks to be inclusive ... Ethan Minsker Ethan H. Minsker , Sergio Vega and Anders Olson first conceived of the Antagonist ... Bryan Middleton, Richard Allen and Brother Mike Cohen. Minsker took the helm of the Antagonist ... 8 pm and 9 pm and stayed up until 2 am. The Antagonist took a 20 commission on art sales. Money earned .... ref cite web url http animalnewyork.com 2006 05 the antagonist movement ignite title Animal New ... pm, free live shows were performed in the back of Niagara bar under the banner of the Antagonist ... music for two Antagonist films, This Is Berlin, Not New York and The Dolls of Lisbon. In 2010, music ... published by the Antagonist Movement. Currently the Monday music night has moved to Motor City Bar .... Themes are determined by a combination of curators, artists, and members of the Antagonist Movement ... in the front room of Niagara bar and is featured in the Antagonist movie Mark of the Ninja. Gallery shows From time to time, the Antagonist Movement holds group art shows in small commercial galleries ... Gallery presented a curated group show of select artists of the Antagonist Art Movement. Exhibiting ..., Alex Passapera and Daniel York Krupin. Pop Up Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal 2010 Dolls of Lisbon The Antagonist ... to nurture and harness man s volatile ego. International activities Starting in 2007, the Antagonist began actively developing cultural exchanges with artists in other countries. Antagonist artists ... to Ecuador in 2013. In addition, the Antagonist Movement is actively seeking contacts with artists ... more details
Refimprove date April 2009 cleanup date April 2009 Infobox musical artist name Antagonist A.D. background group or band origin Auckland, New Zealand genre Metalcore label Trial & Error Records Trial & Error br Elevenfiftyseven website http www.antagonistad.com Antagonist A.D. current members Sam Crocker br Kris Boozey Bosman br Israel McDean br Matthew Livingstone past members Sean O Kane Connelly br Brendan Wishnowsky br Joshua Moffitt Antagonist A.D. are a New Zealand metalcore band. History Formation and S T Demo 2005 Antagonist A.D started in 2005 by vocalist Sam Crocker and bassist Joshua Moffitt. The intention was to create a fast heavy metallic hardcore band in the vein of unrelenting American acts such as Martyr A.D. and Until The End combined with euro breaks similar to European bands Arkangel and Maroon. Known then as simply Antagonist feeling the bands shared similar ideals and ethos the name was taken from Maroons debut full length. The original line up also comprised drummer ..., Balance and The Bleeders . ref http www.elevenfiftyseven.com bands.php Antagonist A.D. sign with 1157 ... label Trial & Error Records . ref http www.myspace.com trialanderrorhardcore Antagonist A.D. sign ... Even in support of the release. ref http www.punknews.org article 28158 PWD, Have Heart, Antagonist ... 2008&ndash 2010 Antagonist A.D. released its Second Studio album in Australia and New Zealand ... the band released We Are The Dead under the name Antagonist A.D. adding the suffix to avoid confusion with an American band using the name Antagonist already. This same year the band played New Zealand ... Bones Make New Blooms Trial & Error Records References Reflist http www.antagonistad.com Antagonist A.D. Official Website External links http www.myspace.com antagonistad Antagonist A.D. Myspace Page http www.twitter.com antagonistad Antagonist A.D. Twitter Page http antagonistad.bigcartel.com Antagonist A.D. Big Cartel Page http www.antagonistad.com Antagonist A.D. Website blockquote Category Musical ... more details
An opioid antagonist is a receptor antagonist that acts on opioid receptor s. Naloxone and naltrexone are commonly used opioid antagonist drugs which are competitive antagonist s that bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors. This effectively blocks the receptor, preventing the body from responding to opiates and endorphins. Some opioid antagonists are not pure antagonists but in fact do produce some weak opioid partial agonist effects, and can produce analgesic effects when administered in high doses to opioid naive individuals. Examples of such compounds include nalorphine and levallorphan . However the analgesic effects from these drugs are limited and tend to be accompanied by dysphoria , most likely due to action at the kappa opioid receptor . As they induce opioid withdrawal effects in people who are taking, or have recently used, opioid full agonists, these drugs are considered to be antagonists for practical purposes. The weak partial agonist effect can be useful for some purposes, and has previously been used for purposes such as long term maintenance of former opioid addicts using nalorphine, however it can also have disadvantages such as worsening respiratory depression in patients who have overdosed on non opioid sedatives such as Alcoholic beverage alcohol or barbiturates . Naloxone on the other hand has no partial agonist effects, and is in fact a partial inverse agonist at mu opioid receptors, and so is the preferred ... Cyprodime is a selective mu opioid receptor antagonist Naltrindole is a selective delta opioid receptor antagonist Norbinaltorphimine is a selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist Other selective ... House episode Skin Deep , opioid antagonist drugs were administered in order to completely remove ... partial agonist and antagonist actions External links David S, Lancaster T, Stead LF. http www.cochrane.org ... References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Opioid Antagonist Category Opioid antagonists de Opioidantagonist ... more details
A Prostaglandin antagonist is a hormone antagonist acting upon prostaglandin . NSAID s inhibit cyclooxygenase and reduce prostaglandin synthesis. Corticosteroid s inhibit phospholipase A sub 2 sub production by boosting production of lipocortin , an inhibitor protein. Relatively new drugs, known as COX 2 selective inhibitor s or coxibs, are used as specific inhibitors of COX 2. The development of these drugs allowed the circumvention of the negative gastrointestinal effects while effectively reducing inflammation. Adverse effects Both NSAIDs and Coxibs can raise the risk of myocardial infarction , when taken on a chronic basis for at least 18 months. One emerging hypothesis that may explain the cardiovascular effects is that coxibs create an imbalance in circulating TxA2 thromboxane and PGI2 prostacyclin levels. An increased in the ratio of TxA2 PGI2 could lead to increased platelet aggregation and dysregulation of platelet homeostasis. ref Cheng Y et al., Role of prostacyclin in the cardiovascular response to thromboxane A2. Science 2002 296 539 51. PMID 11964481. ref See also Mechanism of action of aspirin References references External links MeshName Prostaglandin antagonists Hormone antagonists Biochemistry stub Category Corticosteroids Category Receptor antagonists Category Prostaglandins ... more details
File Clozapine.svg thumb Skeletal formula of clozapine , the first atypical antipsychotic, a dopamine antagonist. A dopamine antagonist is a drug which blocks dopamine receptors by receptor antagonism . There are five known types of dopamine receptors in the human body they are found in the brain , peripheral nervous system , blood vessels , gastrointestinal tract ref http www.experts.umich.edu grantDetail.asp?t ep1&id 2680068&o id &n Bitar 2C Khalil N&u id 1335 ref and the kidney . Uses and examples Used as atypical antipsychotics coupled with serotonin antagonist effects clozapine , risperidone , olanzapine , quetiapine , and ziprasidone Used as antiemetic s metoclopramide , droperidol , domperidone Used as tricyclic antidepressant s amoxapine , clomipramine Side effects refimprove section date July 2010 Parkinsonism due to effects on the nigrostriatal pathway Hyperprolactinaemia due to effects on the tuberoinfundibular pathway Tardive dyskinesia long term use galactorrhea due to removal of dopamine mediated inhibition of prolactin release from lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary Other side effects may include menstrual dysfunction, low libido, and impotence. Examples Examples of Dopamine antagonists include ref MeshPharmaList 82018492 ref acepromazine amisulpride amoxapine azaperone benperidol bromopride butaclamol clomipramine mild chlorpromazine chlorprothixene clopenthixol domperidone droperidol eticlopride flupenthixol fluphenazine fluspirilene haloperidol IBZM iodobenzamide loxapine mesoridazine levomepromazine metoclopramide nafadotride nemonapride penfluridol perazine perphenazine pimozide prochlorperazine promazine raclopride remoxipride risperidone spiperone spiroxatrine stepholidine sulpiride sultopride tetrahydropalmatine thiethylperazine thioridazine thiothixene tiapride trifluoperazine trifluperidol triflupromazine ziprasidone References reflist External links MeshName Dopamine antagonists Dopaminergics Receptor agonists and antagonists Drugs ... more details
Image Potassium sparing diuretics2.svg thumb Skeletal formula e of the aldosterone antagonists Aldosterone antagonist refers to diuretic drugs which receptor antagonist antagonize the action of aldosterone at mineralocorticoid receptor s. This group of drugs is often used as adjunctive therapy, in combination with other drugs, for the management of chronic heart failure . Spironolactone , the first member of the class, is also used in the management of hyperaldosteronism including Conn s syndrome and female hirsutism . Mode of action Aldosterone antagonists are, as the name suggests, receptor antagonist s at the mineralocorticoid receptor . Antagonism of these receptors inhibits sodium resorption in the collecting duct of the nephron in the kidneys. This interferes with sodium potassium exchange, reducing urinary potassium excretion and weakly increasing water excretion diuresis . ref Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. ref In congestive heart failure , they are used in addition to other drugs for additive diuretic effect, which reduces edema and the heart cardiac workload. Examples Members of this class in clinical use include Spironolactone Eplerenone more specific than spironolactone on target, but also more expensive Canrenone canrenoate potassium Prorenone prorenoate potassium Mexrenone mexrenoate potassium See also Potassium sparing diuretic ATC code C03 C03DA Aldosterone antagonists References references External links MeshName Aldosterone Antagonists MeshPharmaList 82000451 Hormone antagonists Diuretics Category Aldosterone antagonists Category Potassium sparing diuretics Category Steroids es Antagonista de la aldosterona pl Blokery receptora aldosteronowego ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE H sub 2 sub antagonist Image Cimetidine xtal 3D balls.png thumb Ball and stick model of cimetidine , the prototypical H sub 2 sub receptor antagonist. The H sub 2 sub receptor antagonists are a class of medication drugs used to block the action of histamine on parietal cell s in the stomach , decreasing the production of acid by these cells. H sub 2 sub antagonists are used in the treatment of dyspepsia , although they have been surpassed in popularity by the more effective ref Eriksson S, L ngstr m G, Rikner L, Carlsson R, Naesdal J. Omeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in the acute treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and reflux oesophagitis a meta analysis published correction appears in Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996 8 192 . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995 7 467 475 ref proton pump inhibitor s. In the United States, all four Food and Drug Administration FDA approved ... the counter drug over the counter in relatively low doses. The prototypical H sub 2 sub antagonist ... . History and development Cimetidine was the prototypical histamine H sub 2 sub receptor antagonist ... to develop a histamine receptor receptor antagonistantagonist that would suppress stomach acid ... antagonist traditional antihistamine s had no effect on acid production. From these facts the SK&F ..., a partial H sub 2 sub receptor antagonist. From this lead the receptor model was further refined and eventually led to the development of burimamide , a specific competitive antagonist at the H ... the first clinically successful H sub 2 sub antagonist. Ranitidine common brand name Zantac was developed ... sub 2 sub receptors are blocked. Like the H1 antagonist H sub 1 sub antihistamines , the H sub 2 sub antagonists are inverse agonist s rather than true receptor antagonist s. Citation needed date ... 7 1378 ref The H2 antagonist Ranitidine is prescribed by some urologists for patients with interstitial ... sv H2 antagonist th 2 tr H resept r antagonisti ... more details
A Cholecystokinin antagonist is a specific type of receptor antagonist which blocks the receptor sites for the peptide hormone Cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin receptor CCK . There are two subtypes of this receptor known at present, defined as cholecystokinin A receptor CCK sub A sub and cholecystokinin B receptor CCK sub B sub also called CCK 1 and CCK 2 . CCK sub A sub is mainly expressed in the small intestine, and is involved in the regulation of enzyme secretion by the pancreas, secretion of gastric acid in the stomach, intestinal motility and signalling of satiety fullness . CCK sub B sub is expressed mainly in the central nervous system, and has functions relating to anxiety and the perception of pain. ref cite journal pmid 15533776 year 2004 last1 Rehfeld first1 JF title Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Cholecystokinin volume 18 issue 4 pages 569 86 doi 10.1016 j.beem.2004.07.002 journal Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism ref Antagonists for the CCK receptors can thus have multiple functions in both the gut and brain. The best known CCK antagonist is the non selective antagonist proglumide , which blocks both CCK sub A sub and CCK sub B sub , and was originally developed for the treatment of stomach ulcers. This action derived from its blockade of CCK sub A sub in the gut and consequent reduction in secretion of gastric acid, however an interesting side effect of proglumide was found, namely that it increases the analgesic effects of opioid ... A first3 G first4 J first5 M first6 E first7 D ref However by far the main focus of CCK antagonist research ... of non peptide CCK2 receptor agonist and antagonist ligand volume 7 issue 12 pages 1195 204 journal ... are also expressed in the brain to some extent, and interestingly IQM 95333, an antagonist selective ... L pez title Pharmacological evaluation of IQM 95,333, a highly selective CCKA receptor antagonist ... Category Cholecystokinin antagonists sr Holecistokininski antagonist ... more details
A nicotinic antagonist is a type of anticholinergic that inhibits the action at nicotinic acetylcholine receptor s. These compounds are mainly used for peripheral muscle paralysis in surgery, but some centrally acting compounds such as bupropion , mecamylamine , and 18 methoxycoronaridine block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain and can be used for treating drug addiction . class wikitable Comparison Mechanism Antagonist Preferred receptor Clinical use rowspan 3 Ganglionic blocking agents Hexamethonium Ganglion type nicotinic receptor Ganglion type none ref name Rang149 cite book author Rang, H. P. title Pharmacology publisher Churchill Livingstone location Edinburgh year 2003 pages isbn 0 443 07145 4 oclc doi Page 149 ref Mecamylamine Ganglion type nicotinic receptor Ganglion type Trimethaphan Ganglion type nicotinic receptor Ganglion type Rarely used for blood pressure decrease during surgery ref name Rang149 rowspan 6 Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents Atracurium Muscle type nicotinic receptor Muscle type muscle relaxant in anaesthesia ref name Rang149 Doxacurium Muscle type nicotinic receptor Muscle type Mivacurium Muscle type nicotinic receptor Muscle type Pancuronium Muscle type nicotinic receptor Muscle type muscle relaxant in anaesthesia ref name Rang149 Tubocurarine Muscle type nicotinic receptor Muscle type Rarely used ref name Rang149 Vecuronium Muscle type nicotinic receptor Muscle type muscle relaxant in anaesthesia ref name Rang149 rowspan 1 Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents Suxamethonium chloride Succinylcholine Muscle type nicotinic receptor Muscle type rowspan 1 Centrally acting nicotinic antagonists 18 Methoxycoronaridine alpha3beta4 nicotinic 3 4 See also Nicotinic agonist References Reflist 2 External links MeshName Nicotinic antagonists Receptor agonists and antagonists Antiaddictives Antihypertensives and diuretics Muscle relaxants Cholinergics Category Nicotinic antagonists antihypertensive stub musculoskeletal ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE 5 HT sub 3 sub antagonist Drugclassbox Name 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonists Image Ondansetron skeletal.svg Caption Skeletal formula of ondansetron , the prototypical 5 HT sub 3 sub antagonist ... The 5 HT sub 3 sub antagonists are a class of medication s that act as receptor antagonist s at the 5 ..., Aapro M, Blower PR title Is there a pharmacological basis for differences in 5 HT3 receptor antagonist ... antagonist. ref name King 1993 Cite book last King first Frank D. last2 Jones first2 Brian J. last3 ... identified the potent, selective 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonist ICS 205 930 from which the first ... 2008 A new and improved 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonist, named palonosetron, was approved in 2003 ... ref Development 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonists or serotonin Receptor antagonist antagonists ... binding and antagonists may directly contact R92. The azabicyclic ring of the competitive antagonist ... 3 sub receptor antagonist in the 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor binding pocket is with its aromatic rings ... 2006 class wikitable border 1 Binding affinity of 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonist ref name ... First generation 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonist Image Palonosetron.svg thumb 200px Fig 4. Palonosetron Second generation 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonist Chemical structures of the first generation 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonist can be categorized to three main classes ref name Gan 2005 Carbazole ... generation 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonist ondansetron, dolasetron , granisetron, and tropisetron ... generation 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonist. ref name Tian 2006 cite journal author Tian K, Chen ... pharmacophoric elements of the known 5 HT sub 3 sub antagonist 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonists ... their structure and function. An antagonist like molecule with low intrinsic activity ia ... sub antagonists Despite that the 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonist share their mechanism of action ... of the antagonists. ref name Gan 2005 The 5 HT sub 3 sub receptor antagonist have similar ... more details
In neurochemistry, a muscarinic receptor antagonist is an agent that reduces the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor . Acetylcholine often abbreviated ACh is a neurotransmitter, whose receptor is a protein found in synapse s and other cell membranes. Besides responding to their primary neurochemical, neurotransmitter receptors can be sensitive to a variety of other molecules. Acetylcholine receptors are classified into two groups based on this muscarinic, which respond to muscarine nicotinic, which respond to nicotine Most muscarinic receptor antagonists are synthetic, but scopolamine and atropine are Atropa belladonna belladonna alkaloids , and are naturally extracted. Effects Scopolamine and atropine have similar effects on the peripheral nervous system, however, scopolamine has greater effects on the CNS than atropine due to its ability to cross the blood brain barrier. At higher than therapeutic doses, atropine and scopolamine cause CNS depression characterized by amnesia, fatigue and reduction in Rapid eye movement sleep rapid eye movement sleep . Hyoscine has anti emetic activity, so is used for motion sickness . Antimuscarinics are also used as anti parkinsonian drugs. In Parkinson s disease Parkinsonism , there is imbalance between levels of acetylcholine and dopamine in the brain, involving both increased levels of acetylcholine and degeneration of dopaminergic pathways nigrostriatal pathway . Thus, in Parkinsonism there is decreased level of dopaminergic activity. One method of balancing the neurotransmitters is through blocking central cholinergic activity using muscarinic receptor antagonists. Atropine acts on the M2 receptor s of the heart and antagonizes ... cause ocular hypertension ref name Rang147 Pirenzepine M1 receptor selective antagonist ref name Rang147 ... receptor antagonist overactive bladder OAB Urgency urge incontinence Darifenacin Enablex Selective ... Antagonist http cvpharmacology.com antiarrhy atropine.htm Atropine Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist ... more details
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