, and they are evenly spread along the test tube. An anaerobicorganism or anaerobe is any organism that does ... of it facultative anaerobicorganism facultative anaerobe s, which can grow without oxygen but can ... gaspakjar.htm GasPak System . Accessed May 3, 2008. ref References Reflist 1 See also Aerobic organismAnaerobic infection Anaerobic digestion Biogas Digester Facultative anaerobicorganism Hypoxia ... DEFAULTSORT AnaerobicOrganism Category Biodegradation Category Biodegradable waste management ... Anaerobicorganism fi Anaerobinen eli sv Anaerob th uk zh ...Image Anaerobic.png 300px thumb right Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in liquid culture br 1 Obligate aerobic oxygen needing bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen. br 2 Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen. br 3 Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is the most beneficial one but, as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube. br 4 Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require ... or anaerobic respiration . br Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. br In the presence ... some use anaerobic respiration. Fermentation There are many anaerobic fermentative reactions. Fermentative anaerobic organisms mostly use the lactic acid fermentation pathway glucose C sub 6 sub ... per mol, which is conserved in regenerating two ATP from ADP per glucose. Anaerobic bacteria and archaea ... , acetogenesis , or methanogenesis . Some anaerobic bacteria produce toxin s e.g., tetanus ... by microbiologists when culturing anaerobic organisms, for example, handling the bacteria in a glovebox ... System is an isolated container that achieves an anaerobic environment by the reaction of water ... supplies a medium mimicking that of a Dicot, thus providing not only an anaerobic environment ... more details
use anaerobic glycolysis. See also Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Anaerobicorganism ...Image Anaerobic.png thumb Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in liquid culture br 1. Obligate aerobe BR 2. Obligate anaerobe BR 3. Facultative anaerobicorganism continuum with Facultative aerobic organism BR 4. Microaerophile BR 5. Aerotolerant A facultative anaerobicorganism is an organism , usually a bacterium , that makes Adenosine triphosphate ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to Fermentation biochemistry fermentation . In contrast, obligate anaerobe s die in the presence of oxygen. Some examples of facultative anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus Gram positive , Escherichia coli and Shewanella oneidensis Gram negative , and Listeria Gram positive . Certain eukaryote phyla are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as yeasts and many aquatic invertebrates such as Nereid worm polychaete s, for example. ref Cite journal last Sch ttler first U. title On the Anaerobic Metabolism of Three Species of Nereis Annelida journal Marine Ecology Progress Series volume 1 pages 249 54 date November 30, 1979 url http www.int res.com articles meps 1 m001p249.pdf issn 1616 1599 accessdate February 14, 2010 ref There are also circulating white blood cell s that are classified as facultative anaerobes. These include neutrophil s, monocyte s and tissue macrophage s. The concentrations of oxygen and fermentable material in the environment influence the organism s use of aerobic respiration vs. fermentation ... micro groups fac anaerobes.html Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria http trishul.sci.gu.edu.au courses ss12bmi micro groups obl anaerobes.html Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria http aggie horticulture.tamu.edu extension compost chapter1.html Anaerobic Bacteria and Anaerobic Bacteria in the decomposition stabilization of organic matter. Bacteria Category Anaerobic digestion Category Cellular respiration Microbiology ... more details
wiktionary Anaerobic is a word which literally means without oxygen , as opposed to aerobic disambiguation aerobic . In wastewater treatment the absence of oxygen is indicated as anoxic and anaerobic is used to indicate the absence of a common electron acceptor such as nitrate , sulfate or oxygen. Anaerobic may refer to Anaerobic adhesive , a bonding agent that does not cure in the presence of air Anaerobic clarigester , is a form of anaerobic digester Anaerobic contact process , is a type of anaerobic digester Anaerobic digestion , AD is the naturally occurring process of anaerobic decomposition harnessed and contained to manage waste and or release energy. Anaerobic environment, an aquatic environment with little available oxygen see Hypoxia environmental Anaerobic exercise , a form of exercise Anaerobic filter Anaerobic lagoon , used to dispose of animal waste, particularly that of cows and pigs Anaerobicorganism , any organism that does not require oxygen for growth Anaerobic respiration , oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen Anaerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox , the microbial process combining ammonium and nitrite. disambig es Anaer bico tr Anaerobik zh ... more details
In sewage treatment systems, an anaerobic filter AF is a form of anaerobic digester . The digestion tank contains a filter medium where Anaerobicorganismanaerobic microbial populations organisms that live in the absence of oxygen can establish themselves. Such filters are commonly employed in the treatment of waste water . These reactors are gaining in popularity versus more established aerobic waste water treatment systems because they produce a less solid residue ref http www.usc.es biogrup Anaerobic 20filter...Water 20Research.37 20 4099 4108 .pdf AF Reactor Paper Francisco, O., Garrido, J. M., Arrojo, B. & Mendez, R. 2003 Anaerobic filter reactor performance for the treatment of complex diary waste water at industrial scale, Water Research 37, 4099 4108 ref than do other types of filter. See also Anaerobic digester types Anaerobic digestion References references Environmental technology Category Anaerobic digester types ... more details
stage of anaerobic digestion is performed by archaea a micro organism on a distinctly ...Image Haase Lubeck MBT.JPG right thumbnail Anaerobic digestion and regenerative thermal oxidiser component ... Sustainable energy Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down ... www.nnfcc.co.uk publications nnfcc renewable fuels and energy factsheet anaerobic digestion NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet Anaerobic Digestion , Retrieved on 2011 11 22 ref It is used ... Anaerobic 20Digestion .pdf Anaerobic digestion reference sheet , waste.nl. Retrieved 25.10.07 ... digestion.com html wastewater sludge hydrolysis w.php Hydrolysis, Sewage Sludge and Anaerobic Digestion Retrieved 22.02.2010. ref As part of an integrated waste management system, anaerobic digestion reduces the emission of landfill gas into the atmosphere. Anaerobic digesters can also be fed ... agricultural biogas Agricultural Biogas , www.clarke energy.com, accessed 08.11.11 ref Anaerobic digestion ... to maintain industrial scale anaerobic digesters, coupled with high capital cost s and low process .... ref http www.waste.nl content download 472 3779 file WB89 InfoSheet Anaerobic 20Digestion .pdf Anaerobic digestion reference sheet , waste.nl. Retrieved 26.10.07. ref Anaerobic digestion facilities .... ref name Fergusen, T. 2006 p49 Fergusen, T. & Mah, R. 2006 Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion ... History 20of 20AD.htm History of anaerobic digestion , web.pdx.edu. Retrieved 17.08.07. ref ref name Anaerobic digestion http www.waste.nl content download 472 3779 file WB89 InfoSheet Anaerobic 20Digestion .pdf Anaerobic digestion , waste.nl. Retrieved 19.08.07. ref The first anaerobic digester was built ..., anaerobic digestion gained academic recognition in the 1930s. This research led to the discovery of anaerobic bacteria, the microorganisms that facilitate the process. Further research was carried .... ref Humanik, F. et al. 2007 http www.epa.gov agstar pdf conference04 humenik.pdf Anaerobic digestion ... more details
The anaerobic clarigester is a form of anaerobic digester . It is regarded as being the ancestor of the UASB anaerobic digester. ref http www.uasb.org discover agsb.htm UASB Homepage ref A clarigester treats dilute biodegradable feedstocks and separates out solid and hydraulic liquid retention times. A diagram comparing the UASB, anaerobic clarigester and anaerobic contact process es can be found http www.fao.org docrep t0541e T0541E02.GIF here . See also Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digester types Biogas Expanded granular sludge bed digestion UASB References references Category Anaerobic digester types Environmental technology waste stub civil engineering stub ... more details
Anaerobic infections are caused by anaerobic bacteria . Anaerobic bacteria do not grow on solid media in room air 10 carbon dioxide and 18 oxygen facultative anaerobic bacteria can grow in the presence ..., but grow better under 10 carbon dioxide or anaerobically. Anaerobic bacteria can be divided into strict anaerobes that can not grow in the presence of more than 0.5 oxygen and moderate anaerobic ... EJ, Citron DM, Wexler HM, Finegold SM. Wadsworth KTL anaerobic bacteriology manual. 6th ed. Belmont, CA Star Publishing, 2002. ref Anaerobic bacteria usually do not possess catalase, but some can generate ... frequency are ref Brook, I. Anaerobic Infections Diagnosis and Management . A Textbook. Informa ... negative cocci mainly Veillonella spp. . The frequency of isolation of anaerobic bacterial strains varies in different infectious sites. ref Nagy E. Anaerobic infections update on treatment considerations. Drugs. 2010 70 841 58 ref Mixed infections caused by numerous aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are often observed in clinical situations. Anaerobic bacteria are a common cause of infections, some .... ref Hentges DJ. The anaerobic micro ora of the human body . Clin Infect Dis 1993 164 S175 80. ref ... lead to failures in eradication of these infections. The isolation of anaerobic bacteria requires adequate methods for collection, transportation and cultivation of clinical specimens. ref Brook, I. Anaerobic .... ref The management of anaerobic infection is often difficult because of the slow growth of anaerobic ... and by the increasing antimicrobial resistance of anaerobic bacteria to antimicrobials. ref Jousimies Somer HR, Summanen P, Baron EJ, Citron DM, Wexler HM, Finegold SM. Wadsworth KTL anaerobic ... have been isolated in infections at all body locations. ref Nagy E. Anaerobic infections update on treatment ... and cultivation. The recovery of organism depends on the site of infection and is related to the adjacent ... of brain abscess with isolation of anaerobic bacteria. Scand J Infect Dis. 2003 35 318 211. ref ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Merge to glycolysis date April 2011 Anaerobic glycolysis is the transformation of glucose to pyruvate when limited amounts of oxygen O sub 2 sub are available. Anaerobic glycolysis is only an effective means of energy production during short, intense exercise, providing energy for a period ranging from 10 seconds to 2 minutes. The anaerobic glycolysis lactic acid system is dominant from about 10 30 seconds during a maximal effort. It replenishes very quickly over this period and produces 2 Adenosine triphosphate ATP molecules per glucose molecule, or about 5 of glucose s energy potential 38 ATP molecules . The speed at which ATP is produced is about 100 times that of oxidative phosphorylation . The pH in the cytoplasm quickly drops when hydrogen ions accumulate in the muscle, eventually inhibiting enzymes involved in glycolosis. The burning sensation in muscles during hard exercise can be attributed to the production of hydrogen ions during a shift to anaerobic glycolysis as oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide by aerobic glycolysis faster than the body can replenish it. These hydrogen ions form a part of lactic acid along with lactate. The body falls back on this less efficient but faster method of producing ATP under low oxygen conditions. This is thought to have been the primary means of energy production in earlier organisms before oxygen was at high concentration in the atmosphere and thus would represent a more ancient form of energy production in cells. The liver later gets rid of this excess lactate by transforming it back into an important glycolytic intermediate called pyruvate . Aerobic glycolysis is a method employed by muscle cells for the production of lower intensity energy over a longer period of time. The process of converting ... anaerobic microorganisms carry out Anaerobic Glycolysis through Fermentation biochemistry Fermentation . DEFAULTSORT Anaerobic Glycolysis Category Chemical reactions Reaction stub pt Glic lise anaer bica ... more details
Image Exercise zones.png thumb 300px Fox and Haskell formula Anaerobic exercise is exercise intense enough to trigger Lactic acid fermentation anaerobic metabolism . It is used by athletes in non endurance ... systems trained using anaerobic exercise develop differently compared to aerobic exercise , leading ... up to about 2 minutes. ref name ASMI anaerobic http www.asmi.org sportsmed Performance anaerobic.html Anaerobic training Bot generated title ref ref name jap.physiology.org cite journal last Medbo first JI coauthors Mohn, Tabata, Bahr, Vaage, Sejersted title Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal ... May 2011 Anaerobic metabolism , or anaerobic energy expenditure, is a natural part of whole body metabolic energy expenditure. ref cite journal last Scott first Christopher B title Contribution of anaerobic ... operates using anaerobic metabolic systems, such that any recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibers will lead to increased anaerobic energy expenditure. Intense exercise lasting upwards of about four minutes e.g., a mile race may still have a considerable anaerobic energy expenditure component. Anaerobic ... the anaerobic component to exercise are available. ref name jap.physiology.org ref name Prompero cite journal last Di Prompero first PE coauthors G. Ferretti title The energetics of anaerobic ... however, it is the anaerobic system that enables muscles to recover for the next burst. Therefore ... of anaerobic energy systems 1 the high energy phosphates, ATP adenosine triphosphate and CP creatine phosphate and, 2 anaerobic glycolysis . The high energy phosphates are stored in very limited quantities within muscle cells. Anaerobic glycolysis exclusively uses glucose and glycogen as a fuel in the absence ... seconds rely primarily on the former, ATP PC phosphagen, system. Beyond this time both aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic metabolic systems begin to predominate. The by product of anaerobic glycolysis ..., hard or severe. The effectiveness of anaerobic activity can be improved through training. ref name ... more details
Hydrogen corrosion is a form of metal corrosion occurring in the presence of anoxic water. Hydrogen corrosion involves a redox reaction that reduces hydrogen ions, forming molecular hydrogen. Metals enter aqueous solution and are oxidized. Oxidation reaction pH independent math Fe rightarrow Fe 2 2 ,e math Reduction reaction in acid solution math 2 ,H 2 ,e rightarrow H 2 math In an acidic solution, the water molecules are protonated and the hydronium ions H sub 3 sub O sup sup are directly reduced into H sub 2 sub . Reduction reaction in neutral or slightly alkaline solution math 2 ,H 2O 2 ,e rightarrow H 2 2 ,OH math In a neutral or slightly alkaline solution, the protons of water are reduced into molecular hydrogen giving rise to the production of hydroxide ions responsible of the precipitation of the slightly soluble ferrous hydroxide Fe OH sub 2 sub . This finally leads to the global reaction of the anaerobic corrosion of iron in water math Fe 2 ,H 2 O rightarrow Fe OH 2 H 2 math Transformation of ferrous hydroxide into magnetite Under anaerobic conditions, the ferrous hydroxide Fe OH sub 2 sub can be oxidized by the proton s of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen . This process is described by the Schikorr reaction 3 Fe OH sub 2 sub Fe sub 3 sub O sub 4 sub H sub 2 sub 2 H sub 2 sub O ferrous hydroxide magnetite hydrogen water The well crystallized magnetite Fe sub 3 sub O sub 4 sub is thermodynamically more stable than the ferrous hydroxide Fe OH sub 2 sub . This process also occurs during the wikt anaerobic anaerobic corrosion of iron and steel in oxygen free groundwater and in reducing soil s below the water table . See also Hydrogen Redox reaction Electrochemistry DEFAULTSORT Anaerobic Corrosion Category Corrosion Category Hydrogen production ... more details
Multiple issues cleanup August 2010 unreferenced July 2011 Anaerobic respiration is a form of Cellular respiration respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain it is Cellular respiration respiration without oxygen. In order for the electron transport chain to function, an exogenous final electron acceptor must be present to allow electrons to pass through the system. In aerobic organisms, this final electron acceptor is oxygen. Molecular oxygen is highly oxidizing and, therefore, is an excellent acceptor. In anaerobes, other less oxidizing substances such as sulfate SO sub 4 sub sup 2 sup , nitrate NO sub 3 sub sup sup , or sulfur S are used. These terminal electron acceptor s have smaller reduction potential s than O sub 2 sub , meaning that less energy is released per oxidized molecule. Anaerobic respiration is, therefore, in general energetically less efficient than aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is used mainly by prokaryotes that live in environments devoid of oxygen. Many anaerobic organisms are obligate anaerobe s, meaning that they can respire only using anaerobic compounds and will die in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration as compared to fermentation Cellular respiration both aerobic respiration aerobic and anaerobic ... electron acceptor being oxygen in aerobic respiration or another species in anaerobic ... released in CO2 . Ecological importance Anaerobic respiration plays a major role in the global nitrogen ... that is exploited to produce methane gas by anaerobic digestion . Biogenic methane is used as a sustainable ... gas . Specific types of anaerobic respiration are also used to bioremediation convert toxic chemicals ... Anaerobic Respiration url http www.sparknotes.com biology cellrespiration glycolysis section3.rhtml refend metabolism MetabolismMap DEFAULTSORT Anaerobic Respiration Category Anaerobic digestion Category ... more details
Anaerobic Lagoon or Manure Lagoon is a man made outdoor earthen basin filled with animal waste that undergoes anaerobic respiration as part of a system designed to manage and treat refuse created by Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations CAFOs . Anaerobic lagoons are created from a manure slurry, which ... layer. The manure then undergoes the process of anaerobic respiration, whereby the volatile organic compounds are converted into carbon dioxide and methane . Anaerobic lagoons have been shown to harbor ... the construction of new anaerobic lagoons in 1999. There has also been a significant push for the research ... name Pfost cite web last Pfost first Donald title Anaerobic Lagoons for Storage Treatment of Livestock ... can be drained from underfloor gutters and piped to storage tanks or anaerobic lagoons. ref name ... fields. ref name Pfost There are three main types of lagoon anaerobic, which is inhibited ... livestock lagoons are anaerobic lagoons. ref name Pfost Design Description Image Anaerobic Lagoon at Cal Poly.jpg thumb right A photo of the anaerobic treatment lagoon at the California Polytechnic State University Cal Poly Dairy taken in 2003. Anaerobic lagoons are earthen basins with a usual depth ... 2 November 2011 ref Anaerobic lagoons are not heated, aerated or mixed. Anaerobic lagoons are most effective in warmer temperatures anaerobic bacteria are ineffective below 15 C. ref name Bowman cite ... Design and Management of Anaerobic Lagoons in Iowa for Animal Manure Storage and Treatment url ... of the lagoon so that it can mix with the active microbial mass in the sludge layer. These anaerobic ... is not applied, a crust will form that will trap heat and odors. ref name Bowman Anaerobic lagoons ... to trap methane, which is used for energy. ref name Bowman Anaerobic Lagoons work through a process called anaerobic digestion . ref name Tishmack Decomposition of the organic matter begins shortly after the animals void. Lagoons become anaerobic due to the high biological oxygen demand BOD of the feces ... more details
. Most anaerobicorganism s are bacteria. Clarify date December 2010 Being an obligate aerobe, although ... organism this cannot be sustained for long, and humans are therefore obligate aerobes. References reflist See also Aerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Facultative anaerobicorganism Fermentation ...Image Anaerobic.png 300px thumb right Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in a liquid culture br 1 Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen. br 2 Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen. br 3 Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is the most beneficial one but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube. br 4 Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen but at a low concentration. br 5 Aerotolerant bacteria are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube. An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. ref DorlandsDict one 000002016 aerobe ref Faculitative anaerobes grow and survive in an oxygenated environment and so do aerotolerant anaerobes. Glucose A good example would be the oxidation of glucose a monosaccharide in aerobic metabolism aerobic respiration . C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub 6 O sub 2 sub 38 Adenosine diphosphate ADP 38 phosphate 6 CO sub 2 sub 6 H sub 2 sub O 38 adenosine triphosphate ATP Notice that oxygen is used during the oxidation of glucose and water is produced. This equation is a summary of what actually happens in three series of biochemical reactions glycolysis , the Krebs cycle , and oxidative phosphorylation . Diversity ... Organism Category Cellular respiration Category Microbiology ar bg ca Organisme ... ro Organism aerob ru sl Aerobiont sv Aerob uk zh ... more details
saved book title Organism subtitle cover image cover color Organism Main article Organism Superorganism Superorganism Evolution Common descent Abiogenesis Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Category Wikipedia books on organisms Organism ... more details
Unwanted organism may refer to A weed , Pest organism pest or invasive species A specific definition under the Biosecurity Act 1993 in New Zealand dab ... more details
sociology In sociology , the social organism is theoretical concept in which a society or social structure is viewed as a living organism. From this perspective, typically, the relation of social features, e.g. law , family , crime , etc., are examined as they interact with other features of society to meet social needs. All elements of a society or social organism have a function that maintains the stability and cohesiveness of the organism. History The model or concept of society as an organism was developed in the late 19th century by mile Durkheim , a French sociologist. According to Durkheim, the more specialized the function of an organism or society the greater its development, and vice versa. Generally, culture , politics , and economics are the three core activities of society. Social health depends on the harmonious interworking of these three activities. Hence, the health of the social organism can be thought of a function of the interaction of culture, politics, and economics, which in theory can be studied, modeled, and analyzed. The conception of an organismic society was elaborated further by Herbert Spencer in his essay on The Social Organism . Related A analogous concept is the Gaia hypothesis in which the entire earth is theorized to be a single unified organism . If global society can be seen as a super organism, then the Internet can be viewed as that organism ... R. title The Social Organism A Short History of the Idea That a Human Society May Be Regarded As a Gigantic ..., Henry title The Social Organism and its Natural Laws publisher Williams & Wilkins Co. year 1990 id ASIN B000879AT2 cite book author Steiner, Rudolf title The Renewal of the Social Organism publisher ...? http www.gwu.edu asc people new cannon gwc.html The Fluid Matrix of the Social Organism http www.brocku.ca MeadProject Thomas Thomas 1905.html Social Psychology and the Social Organism http oll.libertyfund.org ... the essay The Social Organism in volume 1 Category Sociology hi te zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Ur organism is the term loosely given to the hypothetical first life species, from which all other life presumably evolved. The term was used first by Charles Darwin , and has been picked up by various subsequent thinkers addressing the same questions of origin of species. Not to be confused with the Last universal ancestor LUA , the term ur organism refers to the first universal ancestor common to all life existing on earth today. It is therefore the ancestor of the LUA. The ur organism is not necessarily the Abiogenesis first instance of life arising abiogenically on Earth. As with the concept of the Mitochondrial Eve , the existence of the ur organism does not imply the existence of a population bottleneck or a first organism. It is estimated to have lived some 3.9 to 4.1 billion years ago. See also Abiogenesis Aleksandr Oparin Last universal ancestor Common descent DEFAULTSORT Ur Organism Category Origin of life Category Hypothetical life forms Biology stub ... more details
Citations missing date November 2008 Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes to stay alive, excluding production processes. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory delineates two classes Somatic maintenance . This comprises mainly the turnover of structural mass mainly proteins and the maintenance of concentration gradients of metabolites across membranes e.g., counteracting leakage . This is related to maintenance respiration . Maturity maintenance . This comprises the maintenance of defence systems such as the immune system , the preparation of the body for reproduction. The theory assumes that maturity maintenance costs can be reduced more easily during starvation than somatic maintenance costs. Under extreme starvation conditions, somatic maintenance costs are paid from structural mass, which causes shrinking.Some organism manage to switch to the turpor state under starvation conditions, and reduce their maintenance costs. DEFAULTSORT Maintenance Of An Organism Category Developmental biology ... more details
Disputed date March 2008 Philosophy of Organism or Organic Realism is how Alfred North Whitehead described his metaphysics . It is now known as process philosophy . Central to this school is the idea of concrescence philosophy concrescence . Concrescence means growing together com con from Latin for together , crescence from Latin crescere cret grow , the present is given by a consense of subjective form s. We are multiple individuals, but there are also multiple individual agents of consciousness operant in the construction of the given. Marvin Minsky calls this the society of mind in his book Society of Mind . Whitehead s subjective forms complement eternal objects in his metaphysical system eternal objects being entities not unlike Plato s archetypal Forms . In Process and Reality , Whitehead proposes that his organic realism be used in place of classical materialism . References Agar, W. E. 1936. Whitehead s Philosophy of Organism an Introduction for Biologists . The Quarterly Review of Biology , Vol. 11, No. 1 16 34. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1997. Science and the Modern World . Free Press. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1979, 2nd Ed. Process and Reality Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927 28 . Free Press publisher Free Press . See also Organicism DEFAULTSORT Philosophy Of Organism Category Alfred North Whitehead Category Metaphysics Category Holism philosophy stub ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A pioneer organism is an organism that populates a region after a natural disaster or any other event that may have caused most life in that area to disappear. Common pioneer organisms include lichen s and algae . Mosses usually follow lichens in colonization, but cannot serve as pioneer organisms. Pioneer organisms modify their environment and establish conditions under which more advanced organisms can live. In some circumstances, other organisms can be considered pioneer organisms. Birds are usually the first to inhabit newly created islands, and seeds, such as the coconut , may also be the first arrivals on barren soil. seealso Ecological succession Primary succession Secondary succession ecology stub Category Ecological succession Category Population ecology ... more details
to highlight the nuclei of its cells. Multicellular organisms are organism s that consist of more than one cell biology cell , in contrast to single cell organism s. Most life that can be seen with the naked ... to reproduce, true multicellular organisms must solve the problem of regenerating a whole organism ... of connected cells in one organism this mechanism is observable in Drosophila . A third hypothesis is that, as a unicellular organism divided, the daughter cells failed to separate, resulting in a conglomeration of identical cells in one organism, which could later develop specialized tissues ... to survive independently, eventually leading to the incorporation into one multicellular organism of their genome ... url http www.questia.com PM.qst?a o&d 96971657 ref Each respective organism would become a separate ... not known how each organism s DNA could be incorporated into one single genome to constitute ... reproduce and then re form to create one individual organism once more. The Cellularization Syncytial Theory This theory states that a single unicellular organism could have developed endomembrane internal ... differentiated functions The macronucleus serves the organism s needs, while the micronucleus is used ... of a multicellular organism from a pre existing syncytium. The Colonial Theory The third explanation ... theory , which suggests the symbiosis of different species led to a multicellular organism. At least ... could have occurred. Advantages of Multicellularity Allows an organism to grow larger than ... the differentiation of numerous cellular lineages within an organism. See also Cellular differentiation ... of Life Eukaryotes Evolution DEFAULTSORT Multicellular Organism Category Developmental biology Category ... lular cs Mnohobun nost cy Organeb amlgellog de Vielzeller et Hulkrakne organism es Pluricelular eu ... simple Multicellular organism sk Mnohobunkov organizmus sl Mnogoceli ar sv Flercellig organism uk ur zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Pinus pinea foliage.jpg thumb Juvenile left and adult right leaves of Stone Pine A juvenile is an individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity or size. Juveniles sometimes look very different from the adult form, particularly in terms of their colour. In many organisms the juvenile has a different name from the adult see also List of animal names . Some organisms reach maturity in a short metamorphosis , such as eclosion in many insect s. For others, the transition from juvenile to fully mature is a more prolonged process &ndash puberty for example. In such cases, juveniles during this transformation are sometimes called subadults . Many invertebrate s, on reaching the adult stage, are fully mature and their development and growth stops. Juvenile refers to the larva or comparable stages in such taxa . In vertebrate s and some invertebrates e.g. spider s , larval forms e.g. tadpole s are usually considered a development stage of their own, and juvenile refers to a post larval stage that is not fully grown and not sexually mature. In amniote s and most plant s, the embryo represents the larval stage. Here, juvenile in general applies to the time between hatching birth germination and reaching maturity. Image Wildsau mit Frischling.jpg thumb left 200px Young wild boar suckling from adult female. Here, juvenile colouring acts as a form of camouflage Developmental biology stub DEFAULTSORT Juvenile Organism Category Developmental biology ca Per ode juvenil d un organisme de Juvenil nl Juveniel nn Juvenil pt Juvenil sr sv Juvenil ... more details
unreferenced date May 2011 Evolutionary biology A digital organism is a self replication self replicating computer program that mutation genetic algorithm mutates and evolution disambiguation evolves . Digital organism s are used as a tool to study the dynamics of Darwinian evolution , and to test or verify specific hypotheses or mathematical model s of evolution. This is closely related to the area of artificial life . History Digital organisms can be traced back to the game Darwin in which computer programs had to compete with each other to stop one another from Execution computing executing Aleph Null, Computer Recreations , Software Practice and Experience, vol. 2, pp. 93 96, 1972 . A similar implementation that followed was the game Core War . In Core War, it turned out that one of the winning strategy strategies was to replicate as fast as possible, which had the result that the opponent was deprived of all resource computer science computational resources . Programs in the Core War game are also able to mutate themselves and each other by overwriting instructions in the simulated memory in which this game took place. This allowed competing programs to embed damaging instructions in each other that caused errors terminating the process that reads it , enslave processes making an enemy program work for you , or even change strategies mid game and heal themselves. Steen Rasmussen at Los Alamos National Laboratory took the idea from Core War one step further in his core world system. He introduced a genetic algorithm that would automatically write programs. However, Rasmussen did not observe the evolution of complex and stable programs. It turned out that the programming ... cleaner and easier to interpret than those with Tierra. With Avida, digital organism research has begun ... condition. See also Portal Evolutionary biology List of digital organism simulators Artificial ... DEFAULTSORT Digital Organism Category Artificial life Category Evolutionary biology Category ... more details
prokaryote prokaryotic model organism Image Drosophila melanogaster side aka .jpg thumb Drosophila melanogaster , one of the most famous subjects for experiments A model organism is a non human ... that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ref cite journal author Fields S, Johnston M title Cell biology. Whither model organism ... from one organism to another. Selecting a model organism Models are those organisms with a wealth ..., the genome arrangement facilitates the sequencing of the model organism s genome, for example, by being ... . When researchers look for an organism to use in their studies, they look for several traits. Among ... This common, Gram negative bacteria Gram negative gut bacterium is the most widely used organism in molecular ... differentiation . Mycoplasma genitalium a minimal organism Vibrio fischeri quorum sensing , bioluminescence ... H. title Neurospora contributions of a model organism publisher Oxford University Press location ... organism used in evolutionary and functional genomes studies. This specie pertain to Phrymaceae family ... trichocarpa sequence is publicly available. See also Model organism Protists Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ... organism whose genome was completely sequenced Ciona intestinalis , a sea squirt Drosophila , usually ... bioluminescent vibrio s Hydra genus , a Cnidarian , is the model organism to understand the processes ... mammalian axons Macrostomum lignano , a free living, marine flatworm, a model organism for the study ... P last2 Sch rer first2 L last3 Salvenmoser first3 W last4 Rieger first4 R title A new model organism ... genomics Daphnia pulex , an environmental indicator model organism Table of model genetic organisms This table indicates the status of the Genome project genome sequencing project for each organism as well as whether the organism exhibits homologous recombination . class wikitable Organism Genome ... organism Yes Yes See also Animal model Ensembl genome database of model organisms History of model ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
