Search: in
Amino acid
Amino acid in Encyclopedia Encyclopedia
  Tutorials     Encyclopedia     Videos     Books     Software     DVDs  
       
Encyclopedia results for Amino acid
Amino acid Email this to a friend      Amino acid

Amino acid





Encyclopedia results for Amino acid

  1. Amino acid

    Proteinogenic amino acid Pp move indef Image AminoAcidball.svg thumbnail 200px The generic structure of an alpha amino acid in its unionized form Image Molecular structures of the 21 proteinogenic amino ... group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , and nitrogen . They are particularly important in biochemistry, where the term usually refers to alpha amino acids . An alpha amino acid has ... group the alpha carbon carbon . Other types of amino acid exist when the amino group is attached to a different carbon atom for example, in gamma amino acids such as gamma amino butyric acid ... isolated a compound in asparagus that proved to be asparagine , the first amino acid to be discovered ... amino acid in the English language is from 1898 . ref Cite web url http www.etymonline.com index.php ... ref General structure further Proteinogenic amino acid Image Lysine fisher struct num.png thumb right ... shown at the top of the page, R represents a side chain specific to each amino acid. The carbon ... can make an amino acid a weak acid or a weak base weak basic chemistry base , and a hydrophile if the side ... more fully in the article on these proteinogenic amino acid s. The phrase branched chain amino acids ... , isoleucine , and valine . Proline is the only proteinogenic amino acid whose side group links to the amino group and, thus, is also the only proteinogenic amino acid containing a secondary amine ... classed as an amino acid in the current biochemical nomenclature, ref Cite book editor1 first Claude ... alpha amino acid . ref Cite book first Anthony D. last Smith title Oxford dictionary of biochemistry ... for amino acid configuration refers not to the optical activity of the amino acid itself, but rather to the optical activity of the isomer of glyceraldehyde from which that amino acid can, in theory ... to indicate the absolute stereochemistry . Almost all of the proteinogenic amino acid amino acids ...   more details



  1. Amino acid activation

    orphan date December 2009 Merge Amino acid date December 2009 Unreferenced date December 2009 Amino acid activation refers to the attachment of an amino acid to its Transfer RNA tRNA . Aminoacyltransferases Aminoacyl transferase binds Adenosine triphosphate ATP to amino acid. Aminoacyl transferase binds ATP amino acid to tRNA. The ATP is used in this step. Category Acidic amino acids biochem stub ...   more details



  1. Ketogenic amino acid

    A ketogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be converted into ketone bodies through ketogenesis . This is in contrast to the glucogenic amino acid s, which are converted into glucose . Ketogenic amino acids are unable to be converted to glucose as both carbon atoms in the ketone body are ultimately degraded to carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle . In humans, two amino acids are exclusively ketogenic leucine lysine In humans, five amino acids are both ketogenic and glucogenic threonine isoleucine phenylalanine tryptophan tyrosine See also List of standard amino acids Glucogenic amino acid Ketogenesis Metabolism External links http web.indstate.edu thcme mwking amino acid metabolism.html Amino acid metabolism http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid stryer.chapter.3193 Chapter on Amino acid catabolism in Biochemistry by Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer. Fourth ed. by Lubert Stryer. ISBN 0 7167 4955 6 Accessed 2007 03 17 http www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk biochem thcme aminoacidmetabolism.pdf Amino acid metabolism AminoAcids biochem stub Category Ketogenic amino acids Category Nitrogen metabolism fi Ketogeeninen aminohappo ja zh ...   more details



  1. Excitatory amino acid agonist

    A excitatory amino acid agonist is a pharmacological agent which acts to increase the stimulation of receptors for excitatory amino acids primarily glutamate . ref MeshName Excitatory amino acid agonists ref Examples include avermectin ibotenic acid kainic acid n methylaspartate quisqualic acid External links MeshPharmaList 82018690 References reflist Receptor agonists and antagonists Category Amino acids pharmacology stub ...   more details



  1. Excitatory amino acid antagonist

    An excitatory amino acid antagonist is a pharmacological agent which acts to decrease the stimulation of receptors for excitatory amino acids primarily glutamate . ref MeshName Excitatory amino acid antagonists ref Examples include 2 amino 5 phosphonovalerate dextromethorphan dextrorphan ibogaine ifenprodil ketamine ketobemidone kynurenic acid memantine phencyclidine phenobarbital riluzole External links MeshPharmaList 82018691 References reflist Receptor agonists and antagonists Category Amino acids pharmacology stub ...   more details



  1. Glucogenic amino acid

    A glucogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis . ref cite journal author Brosnan J title Interorgan amino acid transport and its regulation url http jn.nutrition.org cgi content full 133 6 2068S journal J Nuitr volume 133 issue 6 Suppl 1 pages 2068S 2072S date 1 June 2003 pmid 12771367 ref ref cite journal author Young V, Ajami A title Glutamine the emperor or his clothes? url http jn.nutrition.org cgi content full 131 9 2449S journal J Nutr volume 131 issue 9 Suppl pages 2449S 59S discussion 2486S 7S date 1 September 2001 pmid 11533293 ref This is in contrast to the ketogenic amino acid s, which are converted into ketone bodies . The production of glucose from glucogenic amino acids involves these amino acids being converted to alpha keto acids and then to glucose, with both processes occurring in the liver. This mechanism predominates during catabolysis , rising as fasting and starvation increase in severity. In humans, the glucogenic amino acids are Glycine Serine Valine Histidine Arginine Cysteine Proline Alanine Glutamate Glutamine Aspartate Asparagine Methionine Amino acids that are both glucogenic and ketogenic Isoleucine Threonine Phenylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan Only leucine and lysine are not glucogenic. See also List of standard amino acids Glycolysis Ketogenic amino acid Metabolism References Reflist External links http themedicalbiochemistrypage.org amino acid metabolism.html Amino acid metabolism http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid stryer.chapter.3193 Chapter on Amino acid catabolism in Biochemistry by Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer. Fourth ed. by Lubert Stryer. ISBN 0 7167 4955 6 Accessed 2007 03 17 http www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk biochem thcme aminoacidmetabolism.pdf Amino acid metabolism AminoAcids DEFAULTSORT Glucogenic Amino Acid Category Amino acids Category Glucogenic amino acids Category Nitrogen metabolism biochem stub el ja fi Glukogeeninen aminohappo ...   more details



  1. Amino acid transport disorder

    Infobox Disease Name Amino acid transport disorder Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 E 72 0 e 70 ICD9 ICD9 270 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D020157 Amino acid transport disorders are medical conditions associated with a failure of amino acid s to be absorbed from the kidney or intestine . An example is Hartnup disease . External links cite journal doi 10.1136 jcp.s3 5.1.41 author Milne MD title Disorders of intestinal amino acid transport journal J Clin Pathol volume 5 issue Suppl pages 41 4 year 1971 pmc 1176258 Amino acid metabolic pathology Category Amino acid metabolism disorders disease stub ...   more details



  1. Alpha-amino-acid esterase

    orphan date January 2010 enzyme Name alpha amino acid esterase EC number 3.1.1.43 CAS number 74506 40 4 IUBMB EC number 3 1 1 43 GO code 0047658 image width caption In enzymology , an alpha amino acid esterase EC number 3.1.1.43 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an alpha amino acid ester H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math an alpha amino acid an alcohol Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are alpha amino acid ester and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are alpha amino acid and alcohol . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is alpha amino acid ester aminoacylhydrolase . This enzyme is also called alpha amino acid ester hydrolase . Structural studies As of late 2007, 5 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1MPX , PDB link 1NX9 , PDB link 1RYY , PDB link 2B4K , and PDB link 2B9V . References reflist 1 cite journal author Kato K, Kawahara K, Takahashi T and Kakinuma A date 1980 title Purification of an alpha amino acid ester hydrolase from Xanthomonas citri journal Agric. Biol. Chem. volume 44 pages 1069&ndash 1074 cite journal author Kato K, Kawahara K, Takahashi T and Kakinuma A date 1980 title Substrate specificity of an alpha amino acid ester hydrolase from Xanthomonas citri journal Agric. Biol. Chem. volume 44 pages 1075&ndash 1081 cite journal author Takahashi T, Yamazaki Y, Kato K date 1974 title Substrate specificity of an alpha amino acid ester hydrolase produced by Acetobacter turbidans A.T.C.C. 9325 journal Biochem. J. volume 137 pages 497&ndash 503 pmid 4424889 issue 3 pmc 1166149 Category EC 3.1.1 Category Enzymes of known structure hydrolase stub ...   more details



  1. Amino acid oxidoreductases

    Amino acid oxidoreductases are oxidoreductases , a type of enzyme, that act upon amino acids . They constitute the majority of enzymes classified under EC number 1.4, with most of the remainder being monoamine oxidase s. Examples include Glutamate dehydrogenase Nitric oxide synthase External links MeshName Amino Acid Oxidoreductases enzyme stub CH NH2 oxidoreductases Category Oxidoreductases ...   more details



  1. Amino-acid racemase

    enzyme Name amino acid racemase EC number 5.1.1.10 CAS number 9068 61 5 IUBMB EC number 5 1 1 10 GO code 0047661 image width caption In enzymology , an amino acid racemase EC number 5.1.1.10 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an L amino acid math rightleftharpoons math a D amino acid Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , L amino acid , and one product chemistry product , D amino acid . This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase s, specifically those racemase s and epimerase s acting on amino acid s and derivatives. The systematic name of this enzyme class is amino acid racemase . This enzyme is also called L amino acid racemase . This enzyme participates in 4 metabolism metabolic pathways glycine , serine and threonine metabolism, cysteine metabolism, D glutamine and D glutamate metabolism, and D arginine and D ornithine metabolism. It employs one cofactor biochemistry cofactor , pyridoxal phosphate . Structural studies As of late 2007, 5 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2FKP , PDB link 2GGG , PDB link 2GGH , PDB link 2GGI , and PDB link 2GGJ . References reflist 1 cite journal author Soda K, Osumi T date 1969 title Crystalline amino acid racemase with low substrate specificity journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 35 pages 363&ndash 8 pmid 5788493 doi 10.1016 0006 291X 69 90507 5 issue 3 isomerase stub Racemases and epimerases Category EC 5.1.1 Category Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes Category Enzymes of known structure ja ...   more details



  1. KDEL (amino acid sequence)

    KDEL is a sequence in the amino acid structure of a protein which keeps it from secreting from the endoplasmic reticulum ER . It also targets proteins from other locations such as the cytoplasm to the ER. Proteins can only leave the ER after this sequence has been cleaved off. The KDEL sequence is responsible for retrieval of ER luminal proteins from the Golgi apparatus . The word KDEL is formed by the corresponding letters to each amino acid being This letter system was defined by the IUPAC and IUBMB in 1983 K Lysine D Aspartic acid E Glutamic acid L Leucine Therefore being the sequence Lysine Lys Aspartic acid Asp Glutamic acid Glu Leucine Leu . References http www.ebi.ac.uk 2can biology molecules small aatable.html See also ER retention Endoplasmic reticulum protein retention receptors KDELR1 KDELR2 KDELR3 Category Amino acids Molecular biology stub ...   more details



  1. Amino acid-based formula

    An amino acid based formula , also known as an elemental formula , is a type of hypoallergenic infant formula made from individual amino acids . Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and together they form the protein requirements in formula needed for growth and development. The amino acids are in the simplest form, making it easy for the body to process and digest. Because infants and children have different nutritional needs, amino acid based formulas are typically formulated either for infants 0 1 years of age or for children 1 10 years of age. Indications Amino acid based formulas are most commonly indicated for Milk or soy protein allergy Multiple food protein intolerance Food protein allergy induced Eosinophilic esophagitis and Gastroesophageal reflux disease Other medical conditions requiring an amino acid based diet, such as Short bowel syndrome and Transition from parenteral to enteral nutrition Reimbursement br Unlike milk based, soy based, and hydrolysate formulas, amino acid based formulas fall under the FDA classification of exempt infant formulas or medical foods. Therefore, 11 states currently require that insurance companies reimburse families for amino acid based formulas. The states are Arizona, Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island. The details of each law are different. Some families may also qualify for Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children WIC or private assistance programs. See also Milk allergy Food allergy Category Infant feeding Category Amino acid derivatives Orphan date July 2009 ...   more details



  1. Akabori amino acid reaction

    Orphan date February 2009 There are several Akabori Amino Acid Reactions sup 1 sup . br 1. In the first an amino acid is oxidised by heating it with an oxidizing sugar . br Image Akabori.png br 2. In the second an amino acid s and esters are reduced by sodium amalgam and ethanolic HCl to give amino aldehydes . br Image Akabori2.png References S. Akabori, J. Chem. Soc. Japan, 52, 606 1931 Ber, 66, 143,151 1933 J. Chem. Soc. Japan, 64, 608 1943 E. Takagi, et al., J. Pharm. Soc. Japan, 71, 648 1951 72,812 1952 A. Lawson, H.V. Motley, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 1695 A. Lawson, J. Chem. Soc. 1956, 307 http www.chempensoftware.com reactions RXN006.htm Reference Source Category Organic redox reactions Category Name reactions zh Akabori ...   more details



  1. Amino acid response

    Amino acid response AAR is the mechanism triggered in mammalian cells by amino acid starvation. The amino acid response pathway is triggered by shortage of any essential amino acid, and results in an increase in activating transcription factor ATF4 , which in turn affect many process by sundry pathways to limit or increase the production of other proteins. ref name Kilberg Proteins increased by AAR Expand list date March 2011 Membrane transporter s ref name Kilberg Transcription factor s from the basic region leucine zipper bZIP superfamily ref name Kilberg ref name Chen 2004 Growth factor s ref name Kilberg Metabolic enzyme s ref name Kilberg Proteins decreased by AAR Empty section date March 2011 Leucine starvation Expand section date March 2011 PCAF is recruited specifically to the CHOP amino acid response element AARE to enhance the ATF4 transcriptional activity. ref name pmid17726049 References Reflist refs ref name Kilberg Kilberg MS, Pan YX, Chen H, Leung Pineda V. Nutritional control of gene expression how mammalian cells respond to amino acid limitation . Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2005 25 59 85. ref ref name Chen 2004 Chen H, Pan YX, Dudenhausen EE, Kilberg MS. Amino acid deprivation induces the transcription rate of the human asparagine synthetase gene through a timed program of expression and promoter binding of nutrient responsive basic region leucine zipper transcription factors as well as localized histone acetylation. J. Biol. Chem. 2004 279 50829 50839. ref ref name pmid17726049 cite journal author Ch rasse Y, Maurin AC, Chaveroux C, et al. title The p300 CBP associated factor PCAF is a cofactor of ATF4 for amino acid regulated transcription of CHOP journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 35 issue 17 pages 5954 65 year 2007 pmid 17726049 pmc 2034469 doi 10.1093 nar gkm642 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 17726049 ref Category Transcription factors protein stub Biochemistry stub ...   more details



  1. Aromatic-amino-acid transaminase

    enzyme Name aromatic amino acid transaminase EC number 2.6.1.57 CAS number 37332 38 0 IUBMB EC number 2 6 1 57 GO code 0008793 image width caption In enzymology , an aromatic amino acid transaminase EC number 2.6.1.57 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an aromatic amino acid 2 oxoglutarate math rightleftharpoons math an aromatic oxo acid L glutamate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are aromatic amino acid and 2 oxoglutarate , whereas its two product chemistry products are aromatic oxo acid and L glutamate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically the transaminases , which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is aromatic amino acid 2 oxoglutarate aminotransferase . Other names in common use include aromatic amino acid aminotransferase , aromatic aminotransferase , and ArAT . This enzyme participates in 6 metabolism metabolic pathways methionine metabolism , tyrosine metabolism , phenylalanine metabolism , phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis , novobiocin biosynthesis , and alkaloid biosynthesis i . It employs one cofactor biochemistry cofactor , pyridoxal phosphate . Structural studies As of late 2007, 13 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1AY4 , PDB link 1AY5 , PDB link 1AY8 , PDB link 2AY1 , PDB link 2AY2 , PDB link 2AY3 , PDB link 2AY4 , PDB link 2AY5 , PDB link 2AY6 , PDB link 2AY7 , PDB link 2AY8 , PDB link 2AY9 , and PDB link 3TAT . References reflist 1 cite journal author Mavrides C, Orr W date 1975 title Multispecific aspartate and aromatic amino acid aminotransferases in Escherichia coli journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 250 pages 4128&ndash 33 pmid 236311 issue 11 transferase stub Category EC 2.6.1 Category Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes Category Enzymes of known structure ...   more details



  1. Essential amino acid

    acids before editing this article This article does not list the effects of amino acid deficiency. Please help Wikipedia by improving this article. An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo synthesis de novo by the organism usually referring ... elements needed for the determination of amino acid requirements in humans? journal Journal of Nutrition ... , leucine , lysine and histidine . ref cite journal author Young VR title Adult amino acid requirements ... A title Amino acid metabolism in pediatric patients journal Nutrition volume 14 issue 1 pages ... PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN HUMAN NUTRITION author FAO WHO UNU publisher WHO Press date ... amino acids as are the aromatic amino acid pair, phenylalanine and tyrosine . Likewise arginine , ornithine ... Amino acid s mg per kg body weight mg per 70  kg mg per 100  kg I Isoleucine 20 1400 2000 ... are essential nutrient s. Whether a particular amino acid is essential depends upon the species ... amino acid threonine . ref Rose WC, Haines WJ, Warner DT, Johnson JE. The amino acid requirements ... month May title Evidence that histidine is an essential amino acid in normal and chronically uremic ... , Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score protein digestibility corrected amino acid ... utilization, or a supplement of an individual amino acid methionine, lysine, threonine, or tryptophan ... Plant foods have a complete amino acid composition. Circulation journal Circulation . 2002 105 25 e197 ... so, the amino acid content in most plant proteins is less per serving than that from animal sources ... Response to McDougall J. Circulation journal Circulation . 2002 105 25 e197 ref Essential Amino Acid ... of an essential amino acid. ref Rose WC, Haines WJ, Warner DT. The amino acid requirements of man ... of research on amino acid requirements of man. J Nutr. 1971 101 4 539 566 ref Nevertheless, it is difficult ... name Howard Essential amino acid deficiency should be distinguished from protein energy malnutrition ...   more details



  1. D-amino acid dehydrogenase

    D amino acid dehydrogenase EC 1.4.99.1 is a bacteria l enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of amino acid D amino acids into their corresponding ketoacid oxoacids . It contains both Flavin group flavin and nonheme iron as cofactors. ref name Olsiewski cite journal author Olsiewski PJ, Kaczorowski GJ, Walsh C title Purification and properties of D amino acid dehydrogenase, an inducible membrane bound iron sulfur flavoenzyme from Escherichia coli B journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 255 issue 10 pages 4487 94 date 25 May 1980 pmid 6102989 url http www.jbc.org cgi reprint 255 10 4487 ref The enzyme has a very broad specificity and can act on most D amino acids. ref cite journal author Tsukada K title D amino acid dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas fluorescens journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 241 issue 19 pages 4522 8 date 10 October 1966 pmid 5925166 url http www.jbc.org cgi reprint 241 19 4522 ref D amino acid H sub 2 sub O acceptor a 2 oxo acid NH sub 3 sub reduced acceptor This reaction is distinct from the oxidation reaction catalysed by D amino acid oxidase that uses oxygen as a second substrate, as the dehydrogenase can use many different compounds as electron acceptors, with the physiological substrate being coenzyme Q . ref name Olsiewski ref cite journal author Jones H, Venables WA title Effects of solubilisation on some properties of the membrane bound respiratory enzyme D amino acid dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli journal FEBS Lett. volume 151 issue 2 pages 189 92 year 1983 pmid 6131836 doi 10.1016 0014 5793 83 80066 0 ref See also Oxidative phosphorylation Electron transport chain Microbial metabolism References Reflist External links http www.brenda enzymes.org php result flat.php4?ecno 1.4.99.1 BRENDA entry on EC 1.4.99.1 http www.expasy.org enzyme 1.4.99.1 ENZYME entry on EC 1.4.99.1 CH NH2 oxidoreductases Electron transport chain Cellular respiration DEFAULTSORT D Amino Acid Dehydrogenase Category Cellular respiration Category Metabolism Category EC 1.4 Enzyme stub ...   more details



  1. Amino acid dating

    Multiple issues unreferenced March 2007 context August 2007 cleanup March 2007 Amino acid dating is a Dating ... , archaeology , forensic science , and other fields. This technique relates changes in amino acid molecules to the time elapsed since they were formed. Principle All biological tissues contain amino acid s. All amino acids except glycine possess an asymmetric carbon atom, which means that the amino ... upon the type of amino acid, average temperature, humidity, acidity, pH, and characteristics ... of racemization. These effects restrict amino acid chronologies to materials with known environmental ... and technologists accumulate data. These are important to amino acid dating because racemization ... difficult variable in amino acid dating. This includes racemization rate variation among species ... metals and minerals. Amino acids used Asparagine acidified to aspartic acid racemizes quickly and has ... the hominoid. Verification of radiocarbon and other dating techniques by amino acid racemization ... disorders, and allows the determination of age of living animals. Amino acid racemization also has ... of a cadaver or an objet d art to determine authenticity. Procedure Amino acid racemization analysis consists of sample preparation, isolation of the amino acid wanted, and measure of its D L ratio. Sample ... amino acids, typically by grinding followed by acid hydrolysis. The amino acid hydrolysate ..., and the particular amino acid D L ratio determined by fluorescence. Or, the particular amino acid ... Arizona University Amino Acid Geochronology Lab http www.angelfire.com linux hortola aminoeng.htm Fundamentals of sample age determination from its amino acid racemization by Policarp Hortol http exobio.ucsd.edu bada.htm Jeffrey L. Bada http www.geo.umass.edu amino aalhome.html Amino Acid Geochronology Laboratory http grisda.org origins 12008.htm Amino Acid Dating http instaar.colorado.edu aminolab amino projects.htm The Amino Acid Geochronology Lab http www.mnsu.edu emuseum archaeology ...   more details



  1. Heterodimeric amino-acid transporter

    Heterodimeric amino acid transporters are a family of transport protein s that facilitate the transport of certain amino acid s across cell membrane s. ref name pmid11546643 cite journal author Wagner CA, Lang F, Br er S title Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters journal Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. volume 281 issue 4 pages C1077 93 year 2001 month October pmid 11546643 doi url http ajpcell.physiology.org cgi content abstract 281 4 C1077 issn ref Each transporter comprises two protein, a light and heavy, subunit. The following table lists the members of this family class wikitable style text align center width 80 Transport system width 80 Light subunit width 80 Heavy subunit Tissue distribution Substrates Affinity Sodium dependence Disease linkage L LAT1 SLC7A5 4F2hc SLC3A2 kidney, liver, intestine, brain, heart lung, blood brain barrier large neutral amino acids, thyroid hormone s micromolar no L LAT2 SLC7A8 4F2hc SLC3A2 kidney, intestine, brain, liver, muscle, heart, lung smaller neutral amino acids millimolar no y sup sup L y sup sup LAT1 SLC7A7 4F2hc SLC3A2 kidney, intestine, lung, erythrocytes, leukocytes large neutral amino acids, dibasic amino acid exchange micromolar yes Lysinuric protein intolerance y sup sup L y sup sup LAT2 SLC7A6 4F2hc SLC3A2 brain, intestine, heart, kidney, lung, liver neutral amino acids, dibasic amino acid exchange, glutamine arginine exchange millimolar yes x sub c sub sup sup xCT SLC7A11 4F2hc SLC3A2 macrophages, liver, kidney, brain glutamine cystine exchange no asc ascAT1 SLC7A10 4F2hc SLC3A2 brain, lung, small intestine, kidney small neutral amino acids no b sup 0, sup b sup 0, sup AT1 SLC7A9 rBAT SLC3A1 kidney, intestine, brain neutral dibasic amino acids no Cystinuria Cystinuria type I References Reflist protein stub Solute carrier family Category Amino acids Category Biomolecules ...   more details



  1. Amino acid transporter

    Infobox protein family Symbol Aa trans Name Transmembrane amino acid transporter protein image width caption Pfam PF01490 InterPro IPR013057 SMART Prosite SCOP TCDB 2.A.18 OPM family OPM protein PDB An amino acid transporter is a membrane transport protein that transports amino acid s. They are mainly of the solute carrier family . Solute carrier family examples 1 Glutamate transporter high affinity glutamate and neutral amino acid transporter ref name Kanai 2004 cite journal author Kanai Y, Hediger MA title The glutamate neutral amino acid transporter family SLC1 molecular, physiological and pharmacological ... s00424 003 1146 4 pmid 14530974 ref 3 heavy subunits of heteromeric amino acid transporters ref name ... of amino acid transporters journal Pflugers Arch volume 447 issue 5 pages 490 494 year 2004 doi 10.1007 s00424 003 1062 7 pmid 14770309 ref 7 cationic amino acid transporter glycoprotein associated ... title CATs and HATs the SLC7 family of amino acid transporters journal Pflugers Arch volume 447 issue ... 2004 doi 10.1007 s00424 003 1090 3 pmid 12759755 ref 32 vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter ... release of inhibitory amino acids journal Pflugers Arch volume 447 issue 5 pages 752 755 year 2004 doi 10.1007 s00424 003 1091 2 pmid 12750892 ref 36 proton coupled amino acid transporter ... 003 1073 4 pmid 12748860 ref 38 System A & N, sodium coupled neutral amino acid transporter ref name Mackenzie 2004b cite journal author Mackenzie B, Erickson JD title Sodium coupled neutral amino acid System N A transporters of the SLC38 gene family journal Pflugers Arch volume 447 issue 5 pages 784 795 year 2004 doi 10.1007 s00424 003 1117 9 pmid 12845534 ref VIAAT Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter redirects here Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter VIAAT is responsible for the storage of GABA and glycine in neuronal synaptic vesicles. ref Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid ... transporters for the absorption of selected amino acids from extracellular and intracellular ...   more details



  1. L-amino-acid dehydrogenase

    enzyme Name L amino acid dehydrogenase EC number 1.4.1.5 CAS number 9029 13 4 IUBMB EC number 1 4 1 5 GO code 0050018 image width caption In enzymology , a L amino acid dehydrogenase EC number 1.4.1.5 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an L amino acid H sub 2 sub O NAD sup sup math rightleftharpoons math a 2 oxo acid NH sub 3 sub NADH H sup sup The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are L amino acid , water H sub 2 sub O , and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , whereas its 4 product chemistry products are 2 oxo acid , ammonia NH sub 3 sub , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH NH2 group of donors with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L amino acid NAD oxidoreductase deaminating . References reflist 1 cite journal author Nisman B and Mager J date Lond. title Diphosphopyridine nucleotide and phosphate requirement for oxidation of amino acids by cell free extracts of obligate anaerobes journal N volume Nature pages 243&ndash 244 1.4 enzyme stub Category EC 1.4.1 Category NADH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure it L amminoacido deidrogenasi ja L ...   more details



  1. Amino acid synthesis

    refimprove date June 2008 For the non biological synthesis of amino acids see Strecker amino acid synthesis Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes metabolic pathways by which the various amino acid s are produced from other Chemical compound compounds . The substrates for these processes ... in the form of ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway , the pentose phosphate pathway , or the citric acid cycle . In amino acid ... mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes. Amino acid synthesis Amino acids are synthesized from ketoacids , and later ... is an aminotransferase . ketoacid glutamate amino acid ketoglutarate Glutamate itself is formed ... . Amino acids are made from intermediates of the citric acid cycle and other major pathways Of the basic set of 20 amino acids not counting selenocysteine , there are 8 that human beings cannot synthesize. In addition, the amino acids arginine , cysteine , glycine , glutamine , histidine , proline ... needed for the determination of amino acid requirements in humans? journal J. Nutr. volume 134 issue ... of phenylalanine , an essential amino acid. The pathways for the biosynthesis of essential amino acids .... p. 229 , Mammalian Protein Munro, H.N., Ed. . Academic Press, New York. On p273. ref Amino acid biosynthesis is regulated by feedback inhibition Most of the pathways of amino acid biosynthesis are regulated ...&depth 2 NCBI Bookshelf Free Textbook Access protein biosynthesis Protein metabolism Amino acid ... all amino acids. For example, humans are able to synthesise only 12 of the 20 standard amino ... all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry ... organisms consume the fixed nitrogen to synthesize amino acids, nucleotides , and other nitrogen ...   more details



  1. D-amino acid oxidase

    enzyme Name D amino acid oxidase EC number 1.4.3.3 CAS number 9000 88 8 IUBMB EC number 1 4 3 3 GO code 0003884 image width caption protein Name D amino acid oxidase caption image 1c0p DAAO dimer.jpg width HGNCid 2671 Symbol DAO DAAO AltSymbols EntrezGene 1610 OMIM 124050 RefSeq NM 001917 UniProt P14920 PDB ECnumber 1.4.3.3 Chromosome 12 Arm q Band 24 LocusSupplementaryData D amino acid oxidase DAAO also DAO, OXDA, DAMOX is a peroxisomal enzyme containing FAD as cofactor that is expressed in a wide range of species from yeasts to human. ref name pmid17396222 cite journal author Pollegioni L, Piubelli L, Sacchi S, Pilone MS, Molla G title Physiological functions of D amino acid oxidases from yeast to humans journal Cell. Mol. Life Sci. volume 64 issue 11 pages 1373 94 year 2007 month June pmid 17396222 doi 10.1007 s00018 007 6558 4 url issn ref It is not present in bacteria or in plants. Its function is to oxidize D amino acids to the corresponding imino acid s, producing ammonia and hydrogen peroxide . Recently, mammalian D amino acid oxidase has been connected to the brain D serine metabolism and to the regulation of the glutamatergic neurotransmission . In a postmortem study, the activity of DAAO was found to be two fold higher in schizophrenia . ref name pmid18378121 cite journal author Madeira C, Freitas ME, Vargas Lopes C, Wolosker H, Panizzutti R title Increased brain d amino acid oxidase DAAO activity in schizophrenia journal Schizophr. Res. volume 101 issue 1 3 pages 76 83 year 2008 month April pmid 18378121 doi 10.1016 j.schres.2008.02.002 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0920 9964 08 00097 2 ref DAAO is a candidate susceptibility gene ref name SZGene ... of cephalosporin C, the deracemition of racemic D amino acid solutions and as the biolocical component in several biosensors. See also D amino acid dehydrogenase D amino acid oxidase activator External links MeshName D Amino Acid Oxidase http www.calzyme.com commerce catalog spcategory.jsp ...   more details



  1. L-amino-acid oxidase

    enzyme Name L amino acid oxidase EC number 1.4.3.2 CAS number 9000 89 9 IUBMB EC number 1 4 3 2 GO code 0001716 image width caption In enzymology , a L amino acid oxidase EC number 1.4.3.2 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an L amino acid H sub 2 sub O O sub 2 sub math rightleftharpoons math a 2 oxo acid NH sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are L amino acid , water H sub 2 sub O , and oxygen O sub 2 sub , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are 2 oxo acid , ammonia NH sub 3 sub , and hydrogen peroxide H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH NH2 group of donors with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L amino acid oxygen oxidoreductase deaminating . This enzyme is also called ophio amino acid oxidase . This enzyme participates in 8 metabolism metabolic pathways alanine and aspartate metabolism, methionine metabolism, valine , leucine and isoleucine degradation, tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, phenylalanine , tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and alkaloid biosynthesis. It employs one cofactor biochemistry cofactor , FAD . Structural studies As of late 2007, 11 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1F8R , PDB link 1F8S , PDB link 1REO , PDB link 1TDK , PDB link 1TDN , PDB link 1TDO , PDB link 2IID , PDB link 2JAE , PDB link 2JB1 , PDB link 2JB2 , and PDB link 2JB3 . References reflist 1 Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrback, K. Eds. , The Enzymes, 2nd ed., vol. 7, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 609 648. cite journal author Wellner D and Meister A date 1960 title Crystalline L amino acid oxidase of Crotalus adamanteus journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 235 pages 2013&ndash 2018 1.4 enzyme stub Category EC 1.4.3 Category Flavin enzymes Category Enzymes of known ...   more details



  1. Amino acid neurotransmitter

    . ref name Boer See also Amino acid Non protein functions Amino acid non protein functions References ... page 415 first1 Johan A. ,lastn den Boer ref Some IAA include Gamma aminobutyric acid GABA , Glycine ... neuroscience Category Amino acids Category Acidic amino acids Category Neurotransmitters ...   more details




Articles 1 - 25 of 31391          Next


Search   in  
Search for Amino acid in Tutorials
Search for Amino acid in Encyclopedia
Search for Amino acid in Videos
Search for Amino acid in Books
Search for Amino acid in Software
Search for Amino acid in DVDs
Search for Amino acid in Store


Advertisement




Amino acid in Encyclopedia
Amino acid top Amino acid
Home - Add TutorGig to Your Site - Disclaimer

©2011-2013 TutorGig.com. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Statement