other uses File Carbonate 3D balls.png thumb right 200px Ball and stick model of the carbonate ion, CO su b 3 p 2 In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt chemistry salt of carbonic acid , characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion , chem CO 3 2 . The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate functional group group C O O&ndash sub 2 sub . The term is also used as a verb, to describe carbonation the process of raising the concentrations of carbonate ... by the addition of carbon dioxide gas under pressure, or by dissolving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into the water. In geology and mineralogy , the term carbonate can refer both to carbonate minerals and carbonate rock which is made of chiefly carbonate minerals , and both are dominated by the carbonate ion, CO su b 3 p 2 . Carbonate minerals are extremely varied and ubiquitous in chemically precipitated sedimentary rock . The most common are calcite or calcium carbonate , CaCO sub 3 sub , the chief ... dolomite , a calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg CO sub 3 sub sub 2 sub and siderite , or iron II carbonate, FeCO sub 3 sub , an important iron ore . Sodium carbonate soda or natron and potassium carbonate ... and bonding The carbonate ion is the simplest oxocarbon anion . It consists of one carbon atom ... carbonate bicarbonate ion, HCO sub 3 sub sup sup , which is the conjugate base of H sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub , carbonic acid. The Lewis structure of the carbonate ion has two long single bonds to negative oxygen atoms, and one short double bond to a neutral oxygen File Carbonate ion localised 2D.png 100px Simple, localised Lewis structure of the carbonate ion This structure is incompatible with the observed ... be achieved by a resonance chemistry resonance between three structures File Carbonate ion resonance 2D.png 400px Resonance structures of the carbonate ion This resonance can be summarized by a model with fractional bonds and delocalization delocalized charges File Carbonate ion delocalised partial ... more details
wiktionarypar aluminumAluminum also aluminium in the United Kingdom is a Metal metallic Chemical element element . Aluminum may also refer to Aluminum automobile , an American automobile built by the Aluminum Manufacturers, Inc. of Cleveland Aluminum , a song by Barenaked Ladies from their 2003 album Everything to Everyone Aluminium , a song by Sundown band Sundown disambig ... more details
Globalize article USA 2name the United States date September 2010 Aluminum wire is a type of wire wiring used in house s, Electric power transmission power grids , and airplanes . Aluminum provides a much ... aluminum wire for transmission of electricity within their Electric power transmission power grids since the early 1900s. It has cost and weight advantages over copper wires. Aluminum wire in transmission ... CA Electrician electrical wiring anaheim aluminum wiring facts fallacies ref In North American residential construction, aluminum wire was used for a short time in the early 1970 ... properties of aluminum wire in mind. Revised wiring device standards were required to prevent the hazards produced by aluminum wire in a device designed for copper wire. Increased copper prices File Electrical wire.jpg thumb right Heavy duty outdoor aluminum wire In the mid 1960s when the price of copper spiked, aluminum wire was manufactured in sizes small enough to be used in homes. Aluminum ... first used in electrical network branch circuit wiring, aluminum wire was not installed any differently ... the screw. Over time, many of these terminations to aluminum wire began to fail due to improper ... was created that specified standards for devices intended for use with aluminum wire. Because of more ..., CU AL switches and receptacles failed to work well enough with aluminum wire, and a new specification called CO ALR meaning copper aluminum, revised was created. These devices employ screw terminals that have even deeper undercuts and are designed to act as a similar metal to aluminum ... electric conductor alloy, still widely used, was developed and patented in 1972 by Aluminum Company ... now uses the new 8000 alloy of aluminum as specified by the National Electrical Code NEC . Contractors are also using larger sizes of aluminum building wire for low voltage feeders where the savings over copper is significant due the lower weight. Aluminum building wire will have half the weight ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2010 Infobox company company name Kaiser Aluminum company logo Image Kaiser Aluminum.svg 250px company type Public NASDAQ http www.nyse.com about listed lcddata.html?ticker KALU KALU foundation 1946 in Washington U.S. state Washington state location Principal Foothill Ranch, California Foothill Ranch , California br Operational Washington U.S. state Washington state key people Jack A. Hockema President and Chief Executive Officer area served industry Aluminum products rolled aluminum br milled aluminum revenue profit US 1.1 billion 2005 net income profit num employees 2,000 2005 parent subsid homepage http www.kaiseraluminum.com footnotes Kaiser Aluminum nasdaq2 KALU is an United States American aluminum producer. The company was founded in 1946 by American industrialist Henry J. Kaiser . Kaiser entered the aluminum business by leasing, then purchasing three government owned aluminum facilities in Washington U.S. state Washington state. These were the primary reduction plants at Mead and Tacoma, and the rolling mill at Trentwood. The company grew to be a vertically integrated aluminum producer. Kaiser currently owns 11 fabricating plants that can produce more than 400 million pounds 180,000 Tonnes of aluminum annually. The company also owns a 49 percent interest in an aluminum smelter in Wales . The North American plants produce approximately 500 million pounds 225,000 Tonnes per year of value added sheet, plate, extrusions, forgings, rod, bar, and tube. Kaiser Aluminum is headquartered in Foothill Ranch, California Foothill Ranch , California . In 2005, it recorded revenues of roughly 1.1 billion and employed more than 2,000 people at 11 fabricating facilities throughout North America. External links http www.kaiseraluminum.com Official site Category Aluminium companies of the United States Category Companies established in 1946 Category Companies listed on NASDAQ Category Companies based in Lake Forest, California ... more details
wikify date October 2010 Infobox Company name The Aluminum Association logo File AluminumAssociation ... small industry Aluminum production br Aluminum fabrication br Aluminum recycling products production ... subsid homepage www.aluminum.org footnotes intl The Aluminum Association is a trade association for the aluminum production, Fabrication metal fabrication and recycling industries, and their suppliers ... 08 10 year 2008 work The Aluminum Association website location Arlington, VA, U.S.A. quote The Aluminum Association, based in Arlington, Virginia, works globally to aggressively promote aluminum as the most ... Exempt From Income Tax The Aluminum Association, Inc., 2005 url http dynamodata.fdncenter.org ... last1 Bowden title Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax The Aluminum Association, Inc., 2006 ... The Aluminum Association, Inc., 2007 url http dynamodata.fdncenter.org 990 pdf archive 130 130428020 ... of Organization Exempt From Income Tax The Aluminum Association, Inc., 2004 url http dynamodata.fdncenter.org ... 2005 05 23 work Foundation Center 990 Finder website ref Pursuant to seven ANSI H35 standards, The Aluminum ... properties and nomenclature of aluminum alloy s in the United States. ref name TheAluminumAssociation2 ... IndustryStandards default.htm accessdate 2009 08 10 year 2008 work The Aluminum Association website ... American National Standards Institute ANSI H35 Standards, some of which authorize The Aluminum Association ... AA , for example AA 6061 T6. Mission, vision, and goals The Aluminum Association works globally to promote aluminum as the most sustainable and recyclable automotive, packaging, and construction ... business worldwide. The Aluminum Association provides value to its membership through its leadership and services in aggressively promoting the growth of the aluminum industry globally by Continuously strengthening aluminum s position versus competitive materials. Developing, maintaining and promoting global standards that achieve customer requirements for aluminum product applications. Representing ... more details
Image Can Easy Open Can .JPG thumb 200px Aluminum food can with an easy open, full pull out end File Spam with cans.jpeg thumb 200px Processed meat in aluminum cans with easy open ends An aluminum can , or can , is a container for packaging made primarily of aluminum BrE Aluminium . ref Cite book last Soroka first W title Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology place publisher Institute of Packaging Professionals year volume edition Second url http www.iopp.org i4a pages Index.cfm?pageID 1 ref They are commonly used for foods and beverages but also for products such as oil, chemicals, and other liquids. The common 12 ounce size can weighs 15 grams when empty. Usage File Drinking can ring pull tab.jpg thumb 200px Aluminum beverage can with stay tab easy opening . Note the can is narrowed at the top to allow for a smaller end Use of aluminum in cans began in 1957. ref http books.google.com books?id xq7kAAAAMAAJ&q 22oil can 22 manufacturer Petroleum week , Volume 9, 1959, p. 82 Google Books ref Aluminum is less costly than tin plated steel but offers the same resistance to corrosion in addition to greater malleability , resulting in ease of manufacture this gave rise to the two piece ... aluminum cans are made of two pieces. The bottom and body are drawn or drawn and ironed from a flat ... of aluminum over steel tinplate cans include light weight competitive cost usage of easy open aluminum ends no need for a can opener clean appearance aluminum does not rust Recycling Aluminum cans are often made with recycled aluminum approximately 68 of a standard North American can is recycled aluminum ... Content ContentFolders LCA LCA REPORT.pdf PE America Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Aluminum Beverage Cans. Final Report 21 May 2010. ref See also The Aluminum Association Oil can Tin can Beverage can Aluminum recycling References reflist 2 Books, general references Soroka, W, Fundamentals ... Technology , John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978 0 470 08704 6 External links Aluminum Association, http ... more details
Unreferenced stub date December 2009 The Aluminum was an United States American automobile built by the Aluminum Manufacturers, Inc. of Cleveland , from 1920 to 1922. The car was manufactured primarily as an experiment, in an attempt to prove that aluminum could be used in the construction of automobiles. Six cars were built each was a five passenger touring car weighing 2400 lb 1100 kg and featuring a 126 inch 3.20 m wheelbase and a four cylinder Alcoa engine. In 1922 Pierce Arrow became involved in the company, and all cars built after that point were constructed under Pierce Arrow s aegis and bore the name Pomeroy automobile Pomeroy . DEFAULTSORT Aluminum Automobile Category Vintage vehicles Category Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States Category Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio Category Defunct companies based in Ohio Vintage auto stub ... more details
page content for recommended layout. Italic title Infobox aircraft begin name Aluminum Overcast image File Aluminum Overcast.1.jpg caption Aluminum Overcast at EAA s br 2006 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh in Oshkosh ... Aluminum Overcast , B 17G 105 VE, s n 44 85740, civil registration N5017N , is one of only a few Boeing ... World War II , Aluminum Overcast has become one of the most recognizable examples of the type, due .... ref name Thompson p. 26 Thompson 2010, p. 26. ref Aluminum Overcast proudly carries the colors ... the war. Aluminum Overcast commemorates B 17G AAF Serial No. 42 102515, shot down over France in 1944. ref name Aluminum Overcast http b17.org history aluminum overcast.asp The B 17 Aluminum Overcast .... http www.squadron13.com B17 B17.htm History of the Aluminum Overcast . squadron13.com . Retrieved ..., Cambodia, Egypt and Jordan. ref name History File Aluminum Overcast B 17 2005 .jpg thumb left Aluminum ..., Alabama for two years. ref name O Leary p. 29 Renamed Aluminum Overcast, the name commemorates .... ref name O Leary, p. 39 O Leary 1998, p. 39. ref EAA File B 17 Aluminum Overcast noseart 20060603.jpg thumb right Nose art was redone in 1988 File B 24G AlumOver CentennialColo.jpg thumb Aluminum Overcast .... 31 O Leary 1998, p. 31. ref Aluminum Overcast was put on display until 1983, before it began a 10 year .... http www.newburyportnews.com pulife local story 228094019 B 17 Aluminum Overcast to land in Lawrence ... B 17s, there are only 11 such B 17s still flying, ref name Thompson p. 26 with Aluminum Overcast ... Aluminum Overcast is on tours, flying extensively throughout the USA and Canada, it serves as the EAA ... the aircraft. ref Studio, Chris Michael. http www.nowpublic.com tech biz aluminum overcast past golden not retired Aluminum Overcast is past Golden but not Retired. nowpublic.com , 23 April 2009 ... at all tour stops, with proceeds from the tour helping to keep Aluminum Overcast flying and assisting in the continuing restoration, maintenance and preservation efforts of EAA. ref name Aluminum Overcast ... more details
Infobox Company company name Asia Aluminum Holdings Limited company logo company type Private foundation 1992 location Hong Kong , China key people Kwong Wui Chun Chairman area served Global industry Aluminum Extrusion products Aluminum Extruded and Fabricated Products revenue net income num employees parent subsid homepage footnotes Asia Aluminum is the largest aluminum extrusion group in Asia, with an annual ... of 10,000 people, predominantly in the Asia Aluminum Industrial City which housed its primary manufacturing facilities, located in the Zhaoqing region of the People s Republic of China. Asia Aluminum ... Notes were issued primarily to fund the construction of the Asia Aluminum Industrial City. In 2006, with Merrill Lynch as financial advisers, the management of Asia Aluminum performed a leveraged buyout of the outstanding issued share capital in Asia Aluminum, financed by the issuance of US 535,000,000 ... acquiring all outstanding shares, Asia Aluminum was delisted from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange ... industry, including Asia Aluminum. Furthermore, Asia Aluminum incurred a considerable drain on its cash ... 2009, Asia Aluminum management launched a tender offer to buy back the Senior Notes and PIK Notes ... assets. Demand letters were also issued against various Asia Aluminum Group entities by Hong Kong based ... in excess of US 985,000,000 of debt to become immediately due and payable. Asia Aluminum did not have sufficient funds to repay these debts. Consequently, as at 28 February 2009, Asia Aluminum was deemed insolvent both on a cash flow and a balance sheet basis. At the time, Asia Aluminum s total ... had been uncooperative. Asia Aluminum s PRC assets had become under increasing threat of value ... to sell 100 equity in Asia Aluminum s PRC operating assets to a management buyout consortium. This structure ... bids were tendered for Asia Aluminum s PRC assets. Norsk Hydro submitted an indicative bid for the company ... banks to allow Asia Aluminum to continue to draw on its working capital facilities. This allowed ... more details
An aluminium disc or aluminum disk in North America is a disk made out of aluminium and is used as a transcription disc in magnetic recording media, specifically early radio recordings. ref name mcleod http www.midcoast.com lizmcl earlyradio.html Documenting Early Radio A Review of Existing Pre 1932 Radio Recordings , Elizabeth McLeod , 1988 9 ref Aluminium discs are also used in hard disk as platters , shock tube s, and other manufacturing processes. Originally, aluminum disc recordings were produced by scratching an imprint directly onto the aluminum surface. Such recordings were very durable, but could not be re recorded. ref name folklife Cite web url http www.loc.gov folklife sos preserve1.html title Preserving Sound Recordings Save Our Sounds America s Recorded Sound Heritage Project The American Folklife Center, Library of Congress work loc.gov accessdate 8 May 2010 ref In 1934, the Pyral Company in France , and the Presto Corporation in the United States , independently created the acetate disc by applying a layer of lacquer onto the aluminum disc. ref name mcleod This made re recording possible, but over the years some recordings have been lost due to the acetate drying up and flaking off. ref name folklife See also acetate disc References reflist compu storage stub Category audio storage Category magnetic devices ... more details
refimprove date August 2011 Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Aluminum Type studio Artist Gods Child Cover Gods Child Alt Cover Aluminum .jpg Released July 1996 Producer Tim Palmer Recorded July 1995, Brooklyn br October 1995, Los Angeles Genre Alternative rock , br indie rock , pop rock Label Warner Bros. Records Warner Bros. Length 43 48 This album Aluminum br 1996 Last album Everybody Gods Child album Everybody br 1994 Next album Joe 90 Dream This Dream This br 1999 Misc Singles Name Aluminum Type album single 1 Female Elvis I m The Man single 1 date July 1996 single 2 This Is The Real World? single 2 date November 1996 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Allmusic Rating 4 5 ref Allmusic class album id r238934 ref Aluminum was the second album from NYC band Gods Child , littered with damaged guitars, distressed mellotron, and raw vocals. Produced by Tim Palmer who has worked with such acts as Pearl Jam , Sponge , and Mission UK the album features a spaced out aura, solid musicianship and soaring sonics. citation needed date August 2011 Aluminum was critically acclaimed, but singles Female Elvis and This is the Real World? only charted regionally. Song Need was featured in the Fox Network television series Melrose Place 1992 TV series Melrose Place . After this album, the band moved from NYC to Los Angeles and recorded their follow up album Joe 90 Dream This Dream This under the new moniker Joe 90 band Joe 90 in 1999. Track listing Track listing headline Aluminum all writing Chris Seefried unless noted title1 This Is the Real World? length1 4 04 title2 Princess, Princess length2 4 01 title3 Need length3 3 19 title4 Female Elvis length4 3 45 title5 Space Boy length5 4 52 title6 2001 length6 3 47 title7 Heart of Extasy length7 5 06 title8 Picture This length8 4 13 title9 Lift Me Up length9 4 23 note9 Seefried, DeRosa, Ruda title10 Serve Yourself length10 5 58 Credits and personnel Chris Seefried vocals, electric guitar, 12 string acoustic guitar, bass ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Aluminum Tunes Type compilation Artist Stereolab Cover aluminumtunes.jpg Released 20 October 1998 small US small Recorded April 1994 August 1997 Genre Post Rock Length Label Drag City record label Drag City small US small br Warp Records Warp small UK small Producer Reviews Last album Dots and Loops br 1997 This album Aluminum Tunes br 1998 Next album Cobra and Phases Group Play Voltage in the Milky Night br 1999 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 4.5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r376932 ref noprose yes Aluminum Tunes is a double album collection of EPs and rarities from Stereolab , released in 1998. Track listing CD 1 Pop Quiz 4 22 from the 1995 Music for the Amorphous Body Study Center EP Extension Trip 3 43 from the 1995 Music for the Amorphous Body Study Center EP How to Play Your Internal Organs Overnight 3 58 from the 1995 Music for the Amorphous Body Study Center EP The Brush Descends the Length 3 08 from the 1995 Music for the Amorphous Body Study Center EP Melochord Seventy Five 3 39 from the 1995 Music for the Amorphous Body Study Center EP Space Moment 4 20 from the 1995 Music for the Amorphous Body Study Center EP Iron Man 3 27 from the 1997 Iron Man single The Long Hair of Death 4 48 from the 1995 split single with Yo La Tengo You Used to Call Me Sadness 4 00 from the 1996 split single with F xa , on Lissy s Records New Orthophony full version 6 26 the version on Mars Audiac Quintet is 4 34 Speedy Car 5 00 from the 1996 split single with Tortoise band Tortoise Golden Atoms 5 18 recorded June 1995 Ulan Bator 3 14 from the 1994 Mars Audiac Quintet bonus disc One Small Step 4 16 from the 1996 Laminations ... title Aluminum Tunes Switched On, Vol. 3 accessdate 2007 05 04 cite web url http www.stereolab.co.uk discography ?no 78 publisher Stereolab work Stereolab Official Site title aluminum tunes accessdate ... Aluminum Tunes ... more details
Infobox company company name Aluminum Bahrain image company type Public company foundation 1968 location Askar, Bahrain key people Laurent Schmitt, CEO num employees 3,000 2010 revenue US 2 billion 2007 ref cite web url http www.worldal.com news others 2007 06 25 126398479717266.shtml title Alba revenues likely to cross 2 billion this year Bahrain accessdate August 24, 2010 publisher worldal.com ref industry aluminium products aluminium products, aluminium alloys homepage http www.albasmelter.com en default.asp?action category&id 1 www.albasmelter.com The Aluminum Bahrain or simply Alba located in Askar, Bahrain Askar , is one of the largest industrial companies in Bahrain and the Middle East and one of the largest aluminium smelters in the world. Some 90 of its total workforce are Bahrain nationals. The company was founded in 1968 and initially had an annual production capacity of 56,000 tonnes of aluminium which increased in 1971 to 120,000 tonnes. After modernisation and expansion works the smelter s capacity rose to 450,000 tonnes in 1992. In March 2005 Alba commissioned a new reduction line, Line 5, which increased the company s capacity to 870,000 tonnes of aluminium. The maximum designed capacity of the smelter is around 1.2 million tonnes year. ref name revenue cite web url http www.albasmelter.com en default.asp?action article&id 131 title History accessdate August 24, 2010 publisher Aluminium Bahrain ref In 2008 the company produced 871,658 tonnes of aluminium. ref cite web url http www.albasmelter.com en default.asp?action article&id 982 title Productivity Fact Sheet accessdate August 24, 2010 publisher Aluminium Bahrain ref Facilities Raw materials, port and storage facilities Annual consumption of process materials 1,500,000 tonnes of alumina , coke fuel coke and coal Maximum vessel size for port facility 60,000 tonnes Electric power generation The power station is fired by indigenous natural gas. Power station installed capacity 1,504 megawatt MW . Smelter ... more details
Collegebowl name Aluminum Bowl full name 1956 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA NAIA National Football Championship Championship Game nickname defunct yes logo image size caption stadium War Memorial Stadium Arkansas War Memorial Stadium previous stadiums location Little Rock, Arkansas previous locations years 1956 previous tie ins conference tie ins payout sponsors former names prev matchup year prev matchup season prev matchup teams prev matchup score next matchup year next matchup season next matchup teams next matchup date The Aluminum Bowl was a one time postseason college football bowl game held in 1956 as the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA NAIA National Football Championship championship game . It featured the Montana State Bobcats football Montana State University Bozeman and Saint Joseph s College Indiana St. Joseph s College . Montana State had finished the season with a perfect 8 0 record, including the first Brawl of the Wild victory in Missoula over Montana Grizzlies football Montana since 1902. ref http www.missoulian.com specials UM MSU100 G54 57.html Brawl of the Wild Games 54 57 , The Missoulian , retrieved February 10, 2009. ref The game took place at 2 p.m. Eastern Standard Time EST on December 22, 1956 at War Memorial Stadium Arkansas War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock, Arkansas . ref name event ref name ncaa It was televised on CBS and 5,000 fans attended in person. ref name book ref name event http vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com vault article magazine MAG1131256 index.htm Coming Events Dec. 21 Through Jan. 4 , Sports Illustrated , December 24, 1956, retrieved February 10, 2009. ref The playing field was mud logged and the game was a defensive ground battle, with each goal line threatened just once. Montana State player Ron Warzeka tackled Saint Joseph s fullback Mike Murphy on the 16 yard line after a long rush American football rushing attempt . Later, Warzeka missed a field goal American football ... more details
Butylene carbonate usually refers to 1,2 Butylene carbonate , but it may also refer to cis 2,3 Butylene carbonate trans 2,3 Butylene carbonate See also Propylene carbonate Ethylene carbonate , or dioxolan 2 one disambig ... more details
Carbonate Mountain may refer to Carbonate Mountain Colorado in Colorado, USA Carbonate Mountain Idaho in Idaho, USA Carbonate Mountain Montana in Montana, USA geodis ... more details
Wiktionary carbonateCarbonate may refer to Places Carbonate, Lombardy , a comune in the Province of Como Other uses Carbonate , a carbon compound Carbonate minerals , a class of minerals containing the carbonate anion Carbonate rocks See also Carbonation disambig de Carbonate Begriffskl rung fr Carbonate homonymie ja sk Karbon t ... more details
Chembox verifiedrevid 446492389 ImageFile Uhli itan hlinit .PNG ImageSize ImageAlt IUPACName OtherNames Aluminum carbonate Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 10606614 InChI 1 CH2O3.Al c2 1 3 4 h H2,2,3,4 q 3 p 2 InChIKey BLBTYSAROMXPSY NUQVWONBAU StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S CH2O3.Al c2 1 3 4 h H2,2,3,4 q 3 p 2 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey BLBTYSAROMXPSY UHFFFAOYSA L CASNo 14455 29 9 PubChem SMILES Al 3 . O C O O Section2 Chembox Properties Al 2 C 3 O 9 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Aluminium carbonate Al sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub sub 3 sub , is a carbonate of aluminium . It is a component of the mineral strontiodesserite . ref http www.handbookofmineralogy.org pdfs STRONTIODRESSERITE.pdf Strontiodresserite , Handbook of Mineralogy ref Aluminium carbonate is an unstable compound, decomposing to aluminium hydroxide Al OH sub 3 sub and carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub Al sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub sub 3 sub 3 H sub 2 sub O 2 Al OH sub 3 sub 3 CO sub 2 sub It is formed in the reaction between an aluminium compound, such as aluminium sulfate Al sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub sub 3 sub , and sodium carbonate Na sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub Al sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub sub 3 sub 3 Na sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub Al sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub sub 3 sub 3 Na sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub Aluminium carbonate readily decomposes into carbon dioxide and aluminium hydroxide, which is exploited by many fire extinguishers due to the inert nature of the carbon dioxide. See also Dawsonite References reflist Aluminium compounds Category Aluminium compounds Category Carbonates pt Carbonato de alum nio ... more details
Refimprove date May 2010 chembox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 464362057 Name Sodium carbonate ImageFile Sodium carbonate.png ImageSize 180px ImageName Structural formula of sodium carbonate ImageFile1 Uhli itan sodn .JPG ImageName1 Sodium carbonate ImageFile2 Sodium carbonate xtal 3D SF C.png ImageName2 Space filling model of the crystal structure of sodium carbonate OtherNames Soda ash br Washing ... url http www.chem.unep.ch irptc sids oecdsids Naco.pdf title Sodium Carbonate ref br 450 g L 100 ... carbonate br Potassium carbonate br Rubidium carbonate br Caesium carbonate OtherCpds Ammonium carbonate br Natron br Sodium percarbonate Sodium carbonate also known as washing soda or soda ash , Na .... Sodium carbonate is domestically well known for its everyday use as a water softener . It can ... of the most important uses of sodium carbonate. When combined with silica and calcium carbonate ... as soda lime glass. Sodium carbonate is also used as a relatively strong Base chemistry base in various settings. For example, sodium carbonate is used as a pH regulator to maintain stable alkaline ... , sodium carbonate added to boiling water will remove flesh from the skull or bones of trophies ... salt based, and sodium carbonate acts as a very good conductor in the process of electrolysis. In addition, unlike chloride ions, which form chlorine gas, carbonate ions are not corrosive to the anodes ..., it effectively removes oil, grease, and alcohol stains. Sodium carbonate is also used as a descaling ... reactive dyes, sodium carbonate often under a name such as soda ash fixative or soda ash activator ... applications Sodium carbonate is a food additive E500 used as an acidity regulator, anti caking ... ingredients that are approved as food additives. Sodium carbonate is also used in the production ... carbonate and a weak acid, commonly citric acid, releasing carbon dioxide gas, which occurs when ... other Chinese steamed buns and noodles. Sodium carbonate is used by the brick industry as a wetting ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 449853234 Name Calcium carbonate ImageFileL1 calcium carbonate.png ImageSizeL1 120px ImageFileR1 Calcium carbonate xtal 3D vdW.png ImageSizeR1 150px ImageFile2 Calcium carbonate.jpg ImageSize2 150px IUPACName Calcium carbonate OtherNames Limestone calcite aragonite chalk marble ... guidline for calcium carbonate publisher US Dept. of Health and Human Services accessdate 31 March 2011 ... Calcium bicarbonate OtherCations Magnesium carbonate br Strontium carbonate br Barium carbonate OtherCpds Calcium sulfate File Calcite.GIF thumb right Crystal structure of calcite Calcium carbonate ... carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime , and is usually the principal cause ... consumption can be hazardous. Chemical properties see also Carbonate Calcium carbonate shares ... 2 sub Calcium carbonate will react with water that is saturated with carbon dioxide to form the soluble ... is important in the erosion of carbonate rock s, forming cavern s, and leads to hard water in many regions. Preparation The vast majority of calcium carbonate used in industry is extracted by mining or quarrying. Pure calcium carbonate e.g. for food or pharmaceutical use , can be produced from a pure quarried source usually marble . Alternatively, calcium carbonate is prepared by calcining ... this solution to precipitate the desired calcium carbonate, referred to in the industry as precipitated calcium carbonate PCC ref cite web title Solvay Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Production ... Ca OH sub 2 sub CO sub 2 sub CaCO sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub O Occurrence Calcium carbonate is found naturally ... carbonate minerals occur in the following Rock geology rocks Chalk Limestone Marble Travertine ... Kalktuff Block Schloss Tuebingen 2.jpg Travertine Geology Carbonate is found frequently in geologic settings and constitute an enormous carbon cycle carbon reservoir . Calcium carbonate occurs as the Polymorphism ... chemical formula but different chemical structure. The carbonate minerals form the rock types ... more details
Merge Carbonate hardness date March 2011 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Carbonate alkalinity is a measure of the amount of carbonate and bicarbonate anion s in solution . Carbonate and bicarbonate anions contribute to alkalinity due to their basic chemistry basic nature, hence their ability to neutralize acid . Mathematically, the carbonate anion concentration is counted twice due to its ability to neutralize two proton s, while bicarbonate is counted once as it can neutralize one proton. Carbonate alkalinity is often the major component of a natural solution s total alkalinity . It is an important factor in understanding large scale environmental interactions based on simple pH and carbon dioxide measurements. math text CT mEq L text HCO 3 2 text CO 3 2 math Alkalinity is commonly expressed as mg L CaCO sub 3 sub because CaCO sub 3 sub has an equivalent weight of 50. For water with a pH below 8.5, the carbonate CO sub 3 sub sup 2 sup will be less than 1 of the bicarbonate HCO sub 3 sub sup sup . See also Col begin Carbonate hardness Col end DEFAULTSORT Carbonate Alkalinity Category Acid base chemistry Chemistry stub ... more details
Image Carbonate ester.png thumb Chemical structure of the carbonate ester group. A carbonate ester organic carbonate, organocarbonate is a functional group in organic chemistry consisting of a carbonyl group flanked by two alkoxy groups. The general structure of these carbonates is R sub 1 sub O C O OR sub 2 sub and they are related to ester s R sub 1 sub O C O R and ether s R sub 1 sub OR sub 2 sub and also to the inorganic chemistry inorganic carbonate s. Carbonate esters are used as protecting group for diol s. A classic reagent is phosgene but more user friendly reagents exist such as carbonyl diimidazole . Ethylene carbonate and Propylene carbonate are used as solvent s. Dimethyl carbonate is used as a methylation methylating reagent. In many applications a carbonate group replaces an ester group for example in Cholesteryl oleyl carbonate . Polycarbonate s are an important class of polymers. The chemistry of carbonate esters has been reviewed. ref name Shaikh1996 cite journal last Shaikh first Abbas Alli G. coauthors Swaminathan Sivaram year 1996 title Organic Carbonates journal Chemical Reviews publisher American Chemical Society volume 96 issue 3 pages 951 976 doi 10.1021 cr950067i ... of carbonate ester in the laboratory are from the corresponding diols. by double oxidation of ketone ... carbonate with melting point 55 C and boiling point 240 C. Other advantages are low ecotoxicity ... is circumvented by using carbonate mixtures for example mixtures of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and dimethoxy ethane. Gallery gallery caption Carbonate esters perrow 5 File Propylene carbonate.png Propylene carbonate File 1,2 Butylene carbonate.png 1,2 Butylene carbonate File Cis 2,3 Butylene carbonate.png Cis 2,3 Butylene carbonate File Trans 2,3 Butylene carbonate.png trans 2,3 Butylene carbonate File Ethyl carbonate.svg Diethyl carbonate gallery References reflist DEFAULTSORT Carbonate Ester Category Carbonate esters Category Functional groups Category Oxygen compounds de Kohlens ureester ... more details
Polypropylene carbonate PPC , also called poly propylene carbonate , is a polyalkylene carbonate plastic material, a copolymer of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide . It is made by reacting the monomers in presence of eg. a zinc glutarate catalyst . Its CAS number is CASREF CAS 50862 75 4 or CASREF CAS 25511 85 7 . Polypropylene carbonate is soluble in chemical polarity polar solvent s, eg. acetone , methyl ethyl ketone , ethyl acetate , dichloromethane and chlorinated hydrocarbon s. It is insoluble in ethyl alcohol , ethylene glycol s, water, and aliphatic hydrocarbon s. Stable emulsion s in water are available commercially only from Empower Materials Inc., Newark DE USA. http www.empowermaterials.com Polypropylene carbonate is used eg. as a binder material binder , and to increase the toughness of some epoxy resin s. It is unsuitable as an oxygen barrier, and therefore is used in applications where diffusion of oxygen through the plastic is desired. In ceramics industry, polypropylene carbonate and polyethylene carbonate are used as sacrificial binder material binder s, especially alumina and silicon carbide the polymers evaporate during sintering as they decompose completely above 300 ° C. Together with plasticizer s they account for the most of the volumes of the ceramic additives a typical amount of binder in the ceramic is 2 3 weight . Due to their low content of sodium ... news 20article 202.htm . Polyethylene carbonate or PEC, is commercially available from Empower Materials Inc. under the trade name QPAC 25. Polypropylene carbonate binders are amorphous , with glass transition temperature of 40 ° C. Polyethylene carbonate has glass transition temperature of 25 ° C. Monomeric propylene carbonate is used as an organic solvent . It can be used as a plasticizer , to lower the glass transition temperature of polypropylene carbonate and polyethylene carbonate. It is also a byproduct of manufacture of PPC. Composites of polypropylene carbonate with starch ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
