distinguish alteration wiktionary alternationAlternation may refer to Alternation card game Alternation linguistics , a variation in the phonological form of a morpheme Diathesis alternationAlternation complexity , a resource in computational complexity theory R N alternation, see Rhotacism AlterNation, a show on NE1 FM Alternation geometry , a geometric operation for deriving polytopes from other polytopes. disambig de Alternanz nds Alternanz pl Alternacja sk Altern cia ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 In linguistics the term diathesis alternation or verb alternation ref Levin, B. 1993 English Verb Classes and Alternations A Preliminary Investigation, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL ref refers to the fact that verbs can be used in different subcategorization frame s where they slightly change their semantic meaning. It is a hard problem for theoretical linguistics how to encode constraints on the diathesis alternation of a specific verb to a lexicon . It is also claimed that the manner in which verbs undergo diathesis alternation can be used to identify the semantic class they belong to e.g. in a machine learning task. Examples Fred ate the pizza vs. Fred ate Mary broke the window vs. The window broke Mary presented the flowers to John vs. Mary presented John with the flowers References Reflist See also Voice grammar DEFAULTSORT Diathesis Alternation Category Syntax Syntax stub ... more details
In linguistics , causative alternation is the phenomenon in which a verb has both a transitivity grammar transitive specifically causative and an intransitive verb intransitive meaning. A causatively alternating verb, such as open , has both a transitive meaning I opened the door and an intransitive meaning The door opened . Since in the transitive use of the verb, the subject grammar subject is causing the action denoted by the intransitive version, the transitive version is called causative . ling stub Category Verb types ... more details
IPA notice In linguistics , an alternation is the phenomenon of a phoneme or morpheme exhibiting variation in its phonology phonological realization. Each of the various realizations is called an alternant . The variation may be conditioned by the phonological, morphology linguistics morphological , and or syntax syntactic environment in which the morpheme finds itself. Alternations provide linguists with data that allow them to determine the allophone s and allomorph s of a language s phonemes and morphemes and to develop analyses determining the distribution of those allophones and allomorphs. Phonologically conditioned alternation Seealso Allomorph An example of a phonologically conditioned alternation is the English language English plural marker commonly spelled s or es . ref cite book last Cohn first Abigail chapter Phonology pages 202 203 title The Handbook of Linguistics editor in Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees Miller eds. , year 2001 publisher Blackwell Publishers location Oxford isbn 0 631 20497 0 ref This morpheme is pronounced IPA s , IPA z , or IPA z , depending on the nature of the preceding sound. If the preceding sound is a sibilant consonant one of IPA s , z , , , t , or IPA d , the plural marker takes the form IPA z . Examples mass IPA m s , plural masses IPA m s z fez IPA f z , plural fezzes IPA f z z mesh IPA m , plural meshes IPA m z mirage IPA m r , plural mirages IPA m r z church IPA t rt , plural churches IPA t rt z bridge ... doll IPA d l , plural dolls IPA d l z toe IPA to , plural toes IPA to z Alternation related to meaning main Apophony Morphologically conditioned alternation An example of a morphologically conditioned alternation is found in French language French , where many adjective s have a consonant at the end ... bonne IPA b n good Syntactically conditioned alternation Syntactically conditioned alternations ... Sandhi Allophone References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Alternation Linguistics Category Linguistic morphology ... more details
Unreferenced stub date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Infobox Patience Game Name Alternation AltNames NamedVariants DeckNumber Double DeckType 52 card Family Fan Alternation is a Patience game Patience game which is played using two decks of playing card s. Its tableau or playing area is similar to that of another solitaire game, Stonewall solitaire Stonewall . Rules Forty nine cards are set up into seven columns of seven cards each. In each column, the top card, the third and fifth cards from the top and the bottom card are face up. The second, fourth, and sixth cards from the top are face down. This results in an alternating OXOXOXO pattern. The object of the game is to release the Ace s as they become available, creating foundations, and to then build up each suit from the Ace. The top cards of each column are available for play, to be built up by suit on the foundations, or on each other down by alternating colors. A sequence or part of a sequence can be moved as a unit. When no more cards can be moved, the stock the remaining cards is dealt one card at a time. A card that cannot be built on the tableau or on the foundations is placed on the waste pile, the top card of which is available for play. The game is won when all cards are built onto the foundations. If this is not achieved, the game ends after the entire stock has run out. There is no redeal. DEFAULTSORT Alternation Card Game Card game stub ... more details
example is the uniform antiprisms. A uniform n gonal antiprism can be constructed as an alternation ... Dynkin diagram s are given as well. The omnitruncation actives all of the mirrors ringed . The alternation ... icosahedron Higher dimensions This alternation operation applies to higher dimensional polytopes and honeycombs ..., ISBN 0 486 61480 8 pp.154 156 8.6 Partial truncation, or alternation Norman Johnson mathematician ... urlname Snubification title Snubification External links GlossaryForHyperspace anchor Alternation title Alternation http www.georgehart.com virtual polyhedra naming.html Polyhedra Names, snub Category ... more details
Alternation of generations also known as alternation of phases or metagenesis is a term primarily used ... gametophyte. There is no alternation between diploid and haploid forms. Other organisms, such as fungi, can have life cycles in which different kinds of organism alternate. The term alternation of generations ... of alternation of generations above treats the alternation of a multicellular diploid form with a multicellular ... sporophyte the free swimming spores germinate into a haploid gametophyte. Alternation of generations ... Dimichele 1994 p 403 ref The alternative term alternation of phases may then be more appropriate. ref name Stewart Rothwell 1993 Harvnb Stewart Rothwell 1993 ref Alternation of generations in plants Fundamental elements The diagram below shows the fundamental elements of the alternation of generations ... Alternation of generations.svg 360px right Alternation of generations Two single celled haploid gametes ... for reaching another gamete in order to fuse with it. The alternation of generations in the life ... variations on the fundamental elements of a life cycle which has alternation of generations. Each ... and Dimichele say ... the alternation of generations has become a terminological morass often, one ... dominant sporophytes and gametophytes, although some theories of the evolution of alternation of generations ... and its retention within the sporophyte means that when applied to seed plants the term alternation ... organism . ref name Bateman 1994 403 Some authors have preferred the term alternation of phases ... only sperm producing antheridia. ref name Bateman 1994 350 1 A complex life cycle Image Alternation of generations complex.svg 500px right Caption The diagram shows the alternation of generations in a species ... , i.e. the glaucophyte s, red algae red and green algae and land plants . Alternation ... living. Some species of red algae have a complex triphasic alternation of generations, in which there is a gametophyte ... Reproduction Red algae Reproduction . Land plants all have heteromorphic anisomorphic alternation of generations ... more details
The Bloc for Democracy and African Integration lang fr Bloc des alternances pour le renouveau, l int gration et la coop ration africaine is a political party in Mali . In the 1 July and 22 July 2007 Mali an parliamentary Malian parliamentary election, 2007 elections , the party won 2 out of 160 seats. The party is affiliated to the Alliance for Democracy and Progress Mali Alliance for Democracy and Progress , that supports president Amadou Toumani Tour . Malian political parties Category Political parties in Mali Mali party stub fr Bloc des alternances pour le renouveau, l int gration et la coop ration africaine ... more details
Yauna refers to variously a Tucanoan language spoken in Colombia Yauna language an alternation spelling of Yona Persian language Persian name of the Greeks , extended from the name Ionia, see names of the Greeks . disambig ... more details
Logarithmic Hierarchy is the complexity class of all computational problem s solvable in a Logarithmic growth logarithmic amount of computation time on an alternating Turing machine with a bounded number of alternation. It is a special case of hierarchy of Alternating Turing machine Bounded alternation bounded alternating Turing machine . It is equal to FO complexity FO and to FO complexity FO uniform AC0 ref N. Immerman Descriptive complexity 1999 Springer , page 85. ref . The math i math th level of the Logarithmic Time Hierarchy is the set of languages recognised by alternating Turing machine in logtime with Random access Turing machine random access and math i 1 math alternation, beginning with existantial state. LH is the union of all levels. References Reflist ComplexityClasses Category Complexity classes Comp sci theory stub ... more details
A ta m lah lang ar is a type of instrumental piece in Arabic music . Often played by a Takht music takht ensemble, the tahmilah features the alternation between solo instruments and the full ensemble. See also Concerto grosso Category Arab music Category Musical forms music stub ... more details
the same year and died in 1887. Works Kruszewski s major work was in the theory of Alternation ... the fact that each alternation is influenced by two important factors. The first factor involves the changes ... that belong to this category are governed by four rules The cause of the alternation is determinate The alternation is general The alternation has no exceptions Alternations occur among sounds that do ... important conditions under which the alternations take place The cause of the alternation may be absent The alternation may have exceptions Alternations occur among sounds that differ markedly in phonetic ... On Sound Alternation 1881 and Outline of Linguistic Science 1883 Koerner, E.F.K., ed. , John Benjamins ... more details
Uniform tiles db Reg tiling stat table Uainfin In geometry , an apeirogonal antiprism or infinite antiprism is the arithmetic limit of the family of antiprism s it can be considered an infinite polyhedron or a tiling of the plane. If the sides are equilateral triangle s, it is a uniform tiling . In general, it can have two sets of alternating congruent isosceles triangle s, surrounded by two half planes. Related tilings It can be constructed by an Alternation geometry alternation operation applied to an apeirogonal prism Image Infinite prism tiling.png 320px References Thorold Gosset T. Gosset On the Regular and Semi Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions , Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900 cite book author Branko Gr nbaum Gr nbaum, Branko G.C. Shephard Shephard, G. C. title Tilings and Patterns publisher W. H. Freeman and Company year 1987 id ISBN 0 7167 1193 1 Category Prismatoid polyhedra geometry stub ... more details
wiktionary alteration In music, alteration is the use of a neighboring pitch in the chromatic scale in place of its diatonic neighbor. Alteration may also refer to in tailor ing, changing an existing garment in geology, the changing of minerals and rock fabrics chemically by processes similar to hydrothermal circulation The Alteration , 1976 alternate history novel by Kingsley Amis Alteration album Alteration album , by Altera Enigma See also Alter disambiguation Alternation disambiguation Change disambiguation Personalization Modification disambiguation dab ... more details
Heterogamy has a number of biological definitions In reproductive biology, heterogamy is the alternation of differently organized generations, applied to the alternation between parthenogenesis parthenogenetic and a sexual reproduction sexual generation. This type of heterogamy occurs for example in some aphid s. In cell biology, heterogamy is a synonym of anisogamy , the condition of having differently sized male and female gamete s produced by different sexes or mating types in a species. In botany, a plant is heterogamous when it carries at least two different types of flowers in regards to their reproductive structures, for example male and female flowers or bisexual and female flowers. Stamen s and carpel s are not regularly present in each flower or floret. In a sociology , heterogamy refers to a marriage between two individuals that differ in a certain criterion, and is contrasted with homogamy for marriage or union between partners that match according to that criterion. For example, ethnic heterogamy refers to marriages involving individuals of different ethnic groups. Age heterogamy refers to marriages involving partners of significantly different ages. Heterogamy and homogamy are also used to describe marriage or union between people of unlike and like sex or gender respectively. The terms heterogametic and homogametic are related to heterogamy, but distinct. Not to be confused with heterozygosity . disambig Category Plant reproduction Category Genetics ... more details
Image Diminished scales on Db, D, and Eb.PNG thumb right 300px 1 2 distance models on E music flat , D, and D music flat . Also known as octatonic scales. In music a distance model is the alternation of two different Interval music intervals to create a non diatonic musical mode such as the 1 3 distance model, the alternation of semitone s and minor third s C E music flat E G A music flat B C. This scale is also an example of polymodal chromaticism as it includes both the Tonic music tonic and Dominant music dominant as well as two of the most typical degrees from both major and minor E and B, E music flat and A music flat , respectively K rp ti 1975 p.132 . Wilson 1992, p. 8 9 The most common distance model is the 1 2, also known as the octatonic scale set type 8 28 , followed by 1 3 and 1 5, also known as set type 4 9, which is a subset of the 1 2 model. ibid, p. 25 26 See also generated collection Source K rp ti, J nos 1975 . Bart k s String Quartets . Translated by Fred MacNicol. Budapest Corvina Press. Cited in Wilson 1992. Wilson, Paul 1992 . The Music of B la Bart k . ISBN 0 300 05111 5. Category Music theory music theory stub ... more details
Uniform tiles db Reg tiling stat table Uinfin In geometry , an apeirogonal prism or infinite prism is the arithmetic limit of the family of Prism geometry prisms it can be considered an infinite polyhedron or a tiling of the plane. It is also called an infinite square prism . Thorold Gosset called it a 2 dimensional semi check , like a single row of a checkerboard . If the sides are Square geometry square s, it is a uniform tiling . In general, it can have two sets of alternating congruent rectangle s. Related tilings An Alternation geometry alternation operation can create an apeirogonal antiprism composed of three triangles and one apeirogon at each vertex. Image Infinite antiprism.png 320px References Thorold Gosset T. Gosset On the Regular and Semi Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions , Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900 cite book author Branko Gr nbaum Gr nbaum, Branko G.C. Shephard Shephard, G. C. title Tilings and Patterns publisher W. H. Freeman and Company year 1987 id ISBN 0 7167 1193 1 Category Prismatoid polyhedra geometry stub ... more details
Non free use rationale Article Nunavut Arctic College Description Logo of Nunavut Arctic College Source http nac.nu.ca Portion all Low resolution yes Purpose Primary means of visual identification in the article about the College Replaceability no other information Fair use rationale in Nunavut Arctic College The image is used as is without any alternation It is in low resolution This image is the logo of Nunavut Arctic College , it is used in the article Nunavut Arctic College as visual identification subject. Source http nac.nu.ca Non free logo badJPEG Category University logos ... more details
Image Liverwort prothallus.jpg thumb right Liverwort Prothallus A prothallium , or prothallus from Latin pro forwards and Greek language Greek thallos twig is usually the gametophyte stage in the life of a fern or other pteridophyte , i.e. a spore bearing plant with vascular tissue . Occasionally the term is also used to describe the young gametophyte of a Marchantiophyta liverwort or Sphagnum peat moss as well. The prothallium develops from a Germination germinating spore . It is a short lived and inconspicuous heart shaped structure typically 2 5 millimeters wide, with a number of rhizoid s root like hairs growing underneath, and the sex organs archegonium female and antheridium male . Appearance varies quite a lot between species. Some are green and conduct photosynthesis while others are colorless and nourish themselves underground as saprotrophs . Image Dixonia prothallus.jpg thumb right 250px Prothallus of the tree fern Dicksonia antarctica note new moss plants for scale Alternation of generations Pteridophyte Spore bearing plants , like all plants, go through a life cycle of alternation of generations . The fully grown sporophyte , what the layman refers to as the fern , produces genetically unique spore s in the sori by meiosis . The haploid spores fall from the sporophyte and germinate by mitosis , given the right conditions, into the gametophyte stage, the prothallus. The prothallus then develops independently for several weeks it grows sex organs and produces ovum ova and sperm flagellated sperm . After rainfall, the sperm are able to swim to the ova for fertilization to form a diploid sporophyte cell. This cell divides by mitosis and grows out of the gametophyte into a new fern, which will produce new spores that will grow into new prothallia etc., thus completing the life cycle of the organism . Advantages of alternation of generations There are two important evolutionary advantages to the alternation of generations plant life cycle. Firstly, by ... more details
The S55 is a regional railway line of the S Bahn Z rich on the Z rcher Verkehrsverbund Z rcher Verkehrsverbund ZVV , Z rich transportation network, in the Canton Switzerland canton of Canton of Z rich Z rich in Switzerland . It runs from the northwest of the canton of Z rich from Niederweningen and heads for Oberglatt . Its only six train stations are the same as of the line S5 ZVV . The train frequency is usually 60 minutes in alternation to the S5 line and the trip takes 16 minutes. Stations Niederweningen Niederweningen Dorf Sch fflisdorf Oberweningen Steinmaur Dielsdorf Niederhasli Oberglatt Sources http www.zvv.ch en routes and zones ZVV official website Routes & zones Category Zurich S Bahn lines Category Canton of Zurich ... more details
Summary album cover fur REQUIRED Article 21st Century Slave Use Infobox HIGHLY RECOMMENDED Source http alternation.eu article 503 Dope Stars Inc. 21st Century Slave.htm Alternation source ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name 21st Century Slave Artist Dope Stars Inc. Label Trisol Music Group , Subsound, Metropolis Records , Deathwatch Asia Graphic Artist Item Type Jewel Case Website Owner Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Portion Low resolution Purpose Replaceability other information Licensing Non free album cover ... more details
ablaut In linguistics , apophony also known as ablaut , gradation , alternation , internal modification , stem modification , stem alternation , replacive morphology , stem mutation , internal inflection etc. is the alternation of sounds within a word that indicates grammar grammatical information ... g u oo u se g u ee u se The vowel alternation between i and a indicates a difference between present ... . The particular function of a given alternation will depend on the language. Vowel apophony ... style background f2f2f2 Singular Plural gloss vowel alternation IPA dom IPA dum field fields IPA o u IPA kat IPA k t frame frames IPA a cite Bauer 2003 35 cite The vowel alternation may involve more ... alternation y here y there ngang tone s c tone b y gi now b y gi then ngang tone s c tone kia ... apophony mutation Main Consonant mutation Consonant alternation is commonly known as consonant mutation or consonant gradation . Bemba language Bemba indicates causative verbs through alternation of the stem final consonant. Here the alternation involves spirantization and palatalization border 1 cellpadding ... Indo European ablaut In Indo European studies Indo European linguistics, ablaut is the vowel alternation ... results from the alternation in the Proto Indo European language of the vowel e with the vowel ... vowel alternation sw u i u m sw u a u m sw u u u m i a u br phonetically IPA en f u a u ll f ... In Indo European linguistics, umlaut is the vowel alternation that produces such related words as f ... align center style background f2f2f2 Imperative Preterite br Past Participle vowel alternation br ... languages, as it indicates where and how a specific vowel alternation originates. It is also important ... conditioned e.g. the alternation appears in the plural or past tense, but not the singular or present ... vowel alternation generally which is unpredictable phonologically and umlaut to refer to any type ... by using alternative terms apophony , gradation , alternation , internal modification for ablaut ... more details
In mathematics , an alternating factorial is the absolute value of the alternating sum of the first n factorial s. This is the same as their sum, with the odd indexed factorials multiplied by 1 number &minus 1 if n is even, and the even indexed factorials multiplied by &minus 1 if n is odd, resulting in an alternation of signs of the summands or alternation of addition and subtraction operators, if preferred . To put it algebraically, math mathrm af n sum i 1 n 1 n i i math or with the recurrence relation math mathrm af n n mathrm af n 1 math in which af 1 1. The first few alternating factorials are 1, 1 number 1 , 5 number 5 , 19 number 19 , 101 number 101 , 619, 4421, 35899, 326981, 3301819, 36614981, 442386619, 5784634181, 81393657019 OEIS id A005165 For example, the third alternating factorial is 1 &minus 2 3 . The fourth alternating factorial is &minus 1 2 3 4 19. Regardless of the parity of n , the last n sup th sup summand, n , is given a positive sign, the n 1 sup th sup summand is given a negative sign, and the signs of the lower indexed summands are alternated accordingly. This pattern of alternation ensures the resulting sums are all positive integers. Changing the rule so that either the odd or even indexed summands are given negative signs regardless of the parity of n changes the signs of the resulting sums but not their absolute values. Miodrag Zivkovi proved in 1999 that there are only a finite number of alternating factorials that are also prime number s, since 3612703 divides af 3612702 and therefore divides af n for all n &ge 3612702. As of 2006 , the known primes and probable prime s are af n for OEIS id A001272 n 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 19, 41, 59, 61, 105, 160, 661, 2653, 3069, 3943, 4053, 4998, 8275, 9158, 11164 Only the values up to n 661 have been proved prime in 2006. af 661 is approximately 7.818097272875 × 10 sup 1578 sup . References MathWorld urlname AlternatingFactorial title Alternating Factorial Yves Gallot, http perso.wanado ... more details
in German, is spelled mordant . Although mordents are now thought of as just a single alternation ... than one alternation between the indicated note and the note below, making it a sort of inverted ... more details
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