Refimprove date October 2008 Airfuelratio AFR is the mass ratio of air to fuel present in an internal combustion engine . If exactly enough air is provided to completely burn all of the fuel, the ratio ... and high load conditions, a richer mixture lower airfuelratio is used to produce cooler combustion ... sensor s enable the airfuelratio to be monitored by means of an airfuelratio meter . Other types ... world. Airfuelratio AFR The airfuelratio is the most common reference term used for mixtures in internal combustion engines. math AFR frac m air m fuel math It is the ratio between the mass of air .... Fuelairratio FAR Fuelairratio is commonly used in the gas turbine industry as well as in government studies of internal combustion engine , and refers to the ratio of fuel to the air. fact date ... of oxygen O sub 2 sub . fuel oxidizer ratio of this mixture based on the mass of fuel and air is math ... to oxidizer ratio of this mixture based on the number of moles of fuel and air is math frac n rm ... AFR sensor Airfuelratio meter Lean burn Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor References Reflist External ... just enough air to completely burn the available fuel. In practice this is never quite achieved, due ... if the engine is placed under high load at this fuelair mixture. Due to the high temperatures at this mixture, detonation of the fuelair mix shortly after maximum cylinder pressure is possible under ... damage as the uncontrolled burning of the fuelair mix can create very high pressures in the cylinder ... to achieve in light load cruise situations. For gasoline fuel, the stoichiometric airfuel mixture is approximately 14.7 i.e. the approximate mass of air is 14.7 mass of fuel. Any mixture less than 14.7 ... at time of combustions for MTBE laden fuel, a stoichiometric ratio can be as low as 14.1 1 . Vehicles using an oxygen sensor s or other feedback loop to control fuel to air ratios usually by controlling ... the opposite flow feedback into the limiting control of the respective gas air or fuel .This assures ... more details
An airfuelratio meter monitors the airfuelratio of an internal combustion engine . Also called airfuelratio gauge , airfuel meter , or airfuel gauge . It reads the voltage output of an oxygen sensor ... in housings. Nearly all of these show the airfuelratio on a numeric display, since the wide ... are more expensive. Benefits of airfuelratio metering Determining the condition of the oxygen sensor A malfunctioning oxygen sensor will result in airfuel ratios which respond more slowly to changing engine conditions. A damaged or defective sensor may lead to increased fuel consumption ... Keeping the airfuel mixture near the stoichometric ratio of 14.7 1 for gasoline engines allows the catalytic converter to operate at maximum efficiency. Fuel economy in automobiles Fuel economy An airfuel mixture leaner than the stoichiometric ratio will result in near optimum fuel mileage ... manifold , the oxygen sensor sensor measures the ratio of the airfuel mixture. As mentioned ... 0 oxygen thus a stoichiometric balance , wherein the airfuel mixture is approximately 14.7 times the mass of air to fuel for gasoline. This ratio maintains a neutral engine performance lower fuel ..., and is not temperature dependent. Which type of airfuelratio meter to be used If the purpose of the airfuelratio meter is to detect also an existing or possible problem with the sensor above of checking the general mixture and performance, a narrow band airfuelratio meter is sufficient. In high .... Car tuning Engine performance Carefully mapping out airfuel ratios throughout the range of rpm and manifold ... damaged by burning too lean for too long. The leaner the airfuel mixture, the higher ... increasing air flow into the engine. Cold engines also typically require more fuel and a richer mixture ... and therefore requires more fuel to properly saturate the air. Rich mixtures also burn slower and decrease ... the factory, cars are designed to operate at the stoichiometric ratio rather than as lean as possible ... more details
The air to cloth ratio is the volumetric flow rate of air m minute Systeme International SI m second flowing through a dust collector s inlet duct divided by the total cloth area m in the filters. The result is expressed in units of velocity . math v V Delta t over A math The air to cloth ratio is typically between 1.5 and 3.5 metres per minute , mainly depending on the concentration of dust loading. External links http www.usairfiltration.com dust collectors dust collector terminology.htm Details on how to calculate air to cloth ratio Category Filters Category Engineering ratios ... more details
Technical date June 2008 Tissue AirRatio TAR is a term used in radiotherapy treatment planning to help calculate absorbed dose to water in conditions other than those directly measured. Definition The TAR at a point in a water phantom irradiated by a photon beam is taken to be the ratio of the total absorbed dose at that point to the absorbed dose at the same point in a minimal scatter phantom with just sufficient build up ref Hendee W., Ibbott G. and Hendee E. 2005 . Radiation Therapy Physics . Wiley Liss Publ. ISBN 0 471 39493 9. ref . Tissue airratio is defined as the ratio of the dose to water at a given depth to the dose in air measured with a buildup cap. Measurements for each are taken using an ion chamber for identical source to detector distances and field sizes. ref Faiz M. Khan. 2010 The Physics of Radiation Therapy Lippencott, Wilkins and Williams Publ. ref See also Dosimetry Percentage depth dose curve References reflist DEFAULTSORT Tissue To AirRatio Category Radiation oncology Category Medical physics ... more details
A Magnesium AirFuel Cell MAFC is a type of fuel cell which uses a magnesium anode , oxygen from air as a cathode and a salt water electrolyte . ref cite web url http www.physorg.com news191259549.html title Magnesium Alternative Power Source author Messina, John date 2010 04 23 ref Research and commercialization of the technology by http www.magpowersystems.com MagPower Systems has shown an efficiency of 90 and an operating range of 20 to 55 degrees Celsius. ref cite web url http www.magpowersystems.com mafc hfc title MAFC verses HFC Hydrogen Fuel Cell ref Fuel cells References Reflist Category Fuel cells Category Sustainable technologies Energy stub ja ... more details
A fuelair explosive FAE device consists of a container of fuel and two separate explosive charges. After the munition is dropped or fired, the first explosive charge bursts open the container at a predetermined height and disperses the fuel in a cloud that mixes with atmospheric oxygen the size of the cloud varies with the size of the munition . The cloud of fuel flows around objects and into structures. The second charge then detonates the cloud, creating a massive blast wave. For a demonstration of a FAE explosion, see the U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake China Lake, California , page at http www.nawcwpns.navy.mil clmf faeseq.html. The blast wave destroys unreinforced buildings and equipment and kills and injures personnel. The antipersonnel effect of the blast wave is more severe in foxholes, on personnel with body armor, and in enclosed spaces such as caves, buildings, and bunkers. Fuelair explosives were first developed, and used in Vietnam , by the United States . USSR Soviet scientists, however, quickly developed their own FAE weapons, which were reportedly used against China in a 1969 border conflict and in Afghanistan . Since then research and development has continued and currently Russian forces field a wide array of third generation FAE warheads. See also Thermobaric weapon Category Explosives ... more details
Summary Information Description Hot air balloon fuel tanks Source self made Date 2008 05 08 Author User AndrewDressel AndrewDressel User talk AndrewDressel talk other versions none Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
The A S ratio is the proportion of the brain not directly connected with either receptor inputs or motor outputs, where A is the association cortex and S is the sensory cortex . The A S ratio can be measured for any organism with a brain, and the higher the A S ratio, the more complex the brain is. It was proposed by Donald Olding Hebb Donald Hebb in 1949. References cite book last Lerner first Dr. Richard M. title Concepts and Theories of Human Development year 2002 publisher L. Erlbaum location Mahwah, N.J. isbn 0585387362 9780585387369 oclc 49569701 DEFAULTSORT A S Ratio Category Central nervous system Category Cerebrum Category Neuroanatomy neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Otheruses4 the mathematical concept the Swedish institute Ratio Institute the academic journal Ratio journal the philosophical concept Reason the legal concept Ratio decidendi File Aspect ratio 4x3.svg thumb The ratio of width to height of standard definition television . In mathematics , a ratio is a relationship ... an integer . ref Penny Cyclopedia, p. 307 ref In layman s terms a ratio represents, simply, for every ... of socks for every pair of shoes then the ratio of shoes socks would be 1 10 and the ratio of socks shoes would be 10 1 Notation and terminology The ratio of numbers A and B can be expressed as ref New International Encyclopedia ref the ratio of A to B A is to B A B A rational number which is the quotient ... to trace the origin of the concept of ratio, since the ideas from which it developed would .... 477 ref However, it is possible to trace the origin of the word ratio to the Ancient Greek logos . Early translators rendered this into Latin as wikt ratio Latin ratio reason as in the word rational ... Medieval writers used the word proportio proportion to indicate ratio and proportionalitas proportionality ... from earlier sources. The Pythagoreanism Pythagoreans developed a theory of ratio and proportion ..., nearly word for word, as definitions 3 and 5 in book VII. Definition 3 describes what a ratio is in a general ... p682. ref Euclid defines a ratio to be between two quantities of the same type , so by this definition the ratios of two lengths or of two areas are defined, but not the ratio of a length and an area. Definition 4 makes this more rigorous. It states that a ratio of two quantities exists when there is a multiple of each which exceeds the other. In modern notation, a ratio exists between quantities ... a rational value to a ratio, it is possible to compare a ratio with a rational number. Specifically, given two quantities, p and q , and a rational number m n we can say that the ratio of p to q ... ratio are proportional or in proportion . Euclid uses the Greek analogon , this has the same ... more details
September 2007 Fuel is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical ... a combustible substance releases energy after it ignites and reacts with the oxygen in the air. Other processes used to convert fuel into energy include various other exothermic reaction exothermic ... of fuel used by humans, but many other substances, such as radioactive metals, are currently used ... defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from biomass . Biomass can also be used directly for heating or power known as biomass fuel . Biofuel can be produced from any carbon source ... are used for biofuel manufacture. Perhaps the earliest fuel employed by humans is wood. Evidence shows ... 2007 09 11 ref As a fuel, wood has remained in use up until the present day, although it has been ... fuels Main Fossil fuel Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon s, primarily coal and petroleum liquid ... ref Cite web author Dr. Irene Novaczek title Canada s Fossil Fuel Dependency url http www.elements.nb.ca ... of years. ref Cite web title Fossil fuel url http oaspub.epa.gov trs trs proc qry.navigate term ... retrieved archive archivedate 12 March 2007 ref Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon ... sands . These latter sources are properly known as mineral fuels . Nuclear Main Nuclear fuel Nuclear fuel is any material that is consumed to derive Nuclear power nuclear energy . Technically speaking ... that will produce energy without being placed under extreme duress. Fission Image Nuclear fuel pellets.jpeg thumb right Nuclear fuel pellets are used to create nuclear energy. The most common type of nuclear fuel used by humans is heavy fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reaction s in a nuclear reactor nuclear fission reactor nuclear fuel can refer to the material or to physical objects for example fuel bundles composed of fuel rod s composed of the fuel material ... make up the nuclear fuel cycle , which is important for its relevance to nuclear power generation ... more details
the head or combustion chamber has been reduced to 100 cc, then the compression ratio would be proportionally described as 1000 100, or with fractional reduction, a 10 1 compression ratio. A high compression ratio is desirable because it allows an engine to extract more mechanical energy from a given mass of airfuel mixture due to its higher thermal efficiency . Citation needed reason this is not because ... supercharger already having compressed the fuelair mixture considerably before it enters ... heat ratio for the working fluid, which is about 1.4 for air, and 1.3 for methane air mixture ... ratio. This exponent is a polytropic value for the ratio of variable heats for air and similar gases ... near operating temperature . A running engine does not stop taking air & fuel into the cylinder ... is the ratio of specific heats for air approximately 1.4 . The values in the table above are derived ...For compression ratio in data compression data compression ratio Refimprove date May 2009 The compression ratio of an internal combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity. It is a fundamental specification for many common combustion engines. In a piston engine it is the ratio ... Compression ratio url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 130313 compression ratio accessdate 2009 ... containing 1000 cc of air 900 cc in the cylinder plus 100 cc in the combustion chamber . When ... of the compression. date April 2011 High ratios place the available oxygen and fuel molecules ... of the fuel droplets. Citation needed reason you should not say adiabatic heat of compression ... make gasoline engines subject to engine knocking if lower octane rated fuel is used, also ... of compression ignition, so that a fuel which resists autoignition will cause late ignition which will also lead to engine knock. Formula The ratio is calculated by the following formula math mbox ... more details
bypass ratio, for every 1 Kg of air passing through the combustion chamber, 10 Kg of air passes around the combustion chamber through the ducted fan alone. In a gas turbine engine, the stoichiometry of the fuelair mixture is limited to a fairly narrow range, with a tendency to a leaner fuel mixture ... small bypass ratio of only 0.3, but the improvement in fuel economy was notable as a result, it and its ... lower has a large fan that routes much air around the turbine, the low bypass engine upper has a smaller fan routing more air into the turbine. br The bypass air is shown in pink, whilst the core gases are shown in red. The term bypass ratio BPR relates to the design of turbofan engines, commonly used in aviation . It is defined as the ratio between the mass flow rate of air drawn through a fan disk which bypasses the engine core un combusted air , to the mass flow rate passing through the engine ... through a propelling nozzle the lesser part of the thrust is obtained by accelerating air in the compressor stage . Note that in a zero bypass engine all the air intaked is involved in combustion .... This excess power is used to drive a ducted fan to accelerate air from the front of the engine ..., one passing through the core combustion air and air passing through the ducted fan alone since in reality, most designs pass combustion air through the ducted fan first before passing into the compressor ... D. Zucker, Matrix Publishers, 1977, pp 322 333 ref A high bypass ratio provides a higher thrust specific fuel consumption for reasons explained below, especially at zero velocity at takeoff and at the cruise ... for military combat aircraft as a compromise between improved fuel economy and the requirements of combat, which values higher power to weight ratio s, supersonic perfomance, and the ability to use ... bypass ratios, the fuel burnt to travel any particular distance is largely independent of airspeed ... weight added. Alternately, increasing the compression ratio of the system, by adding to the compressor ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Image Low clouds.jpg thumb 150px A moisture ratio compares an amount of air to an amount of moisture. A moisture ratio is a ratio that compares the mass or volume of air to the mass or volume of moisture contained in that air. In construction , it is an important consideration when design ing a building for a certain climate . Nall as cited in References called it one of the most important climate variables for human comfort and building energy efficiency . References Nall, D. H. 2004 11 . Looking across the water Climate adaptive buildings in the United States & Europe. In The Construction Specifier, 57 , 50 56. Category Ratios climate stub ... more details
In chemistry and physics , the dimensionless mixing ratio is defined as the abundance of one component of a mixture relative to that of all other components. The term can refer either to mole ratio or mass ratio. ref GoldBookRef file M03948 title mixing ratio ref Mole ratio In atmospheric chemistry , mixing ratio usually refers to the mole ratio math r i math , which is defined as the amount of substance amount of a constituent math n i math divided by the total amount of all other constituents in a mixture math r i frac n i n tot n i math The mole ratio is also called amount ratio . ref http www.iupac.org publications pac 80 2 0233 ref If math n i math is much smaller than math n tot math which is the case for atmospheric trace constituents , the mole ratio is almost identical to the mole fraction . Mass ratio In meteorology , mixing ratio usually refers to the mass ratio math zeta i math , which is defined as the mass of a constituent math m i math divided by the total mass of all other constituents in a mixture math zeta i frac m i m tot m i math The mass ratio of water vapor in air can be used to describe Humidity Mixing ratio or humidity ratio humidity . References Reflist Category Analytical chemistry Category Chemical properties fr Rapport de m lange it Rapporto di mescolanza ... more details
in the golden ratio. Pearl Drums positions the air vents on its Masters Premium models based on the golden ...For the Ace of Base album The Golden Ratio album Distinguish Golden number time Portal Mathematics Featured article template File Golden ratio line.svg right thumb 225px The golden section is a line segment divided according to the golden ratio The total length span style color green a b span is to the length ... s, two quantities are in the golden ratio if the ratio of the sum of the quantities to the larger quantity is equality mathematics equal to the ratio of the larger quantity to the smaller one. The golden ratio is an irrational number irrational mathematical constant , approximately 1.61803398874989. ref name quadform Other names frequently used for the golden ratio are the golden section Latin ... Ratio The Story of Phi, The World s Most Astonishing Number publisher Broadway Books location ... NJ Associated University Presses, 1996 ref ref name dunlap Richard A Dunlap, The Golden Ratio and Fibonacci ... ratio , ref name Elements 6.3 Euclid, http aleph0.clarku.edu djoyce java elements toc.html Elements ... In this article the golden ratio is denoted by the Greek alphabet Greek lowercase letter Phi letter ... not contribute to understanding. Thank you. ref name quadform The golden ratio can be derived by the quadratic ... their works to approximate the golden ratio especially in the form of the golden rectangle , in which the ratio of the longer side to the shorter is the golden ratio believing this proportion to be aesthetics aesthetically pleasing see Golden ratio Applications and observations Applications and observations below . Mathematician s have studied the golden ratio because of its unique and interesting properties. The golden ratio is also used in the analysis of financial markets , in strategies such as Fibonacci ... frac 1 n 1 2n 1 n 2 n 4 2n 3 math br Two quantities a and b are said to be in the golden ratio ... in the name of Greek sculptor Phidias , phi , to symbolize the golden ratio. Usually, the lowercase ... more details
Astrodynamics navbar In aerospace engineering , mass ratio is a measure of the efficiency of a rocket . It describes how much more massive the vehicle is with propellant than without that is, it is the ratio of the rocket s wet mass vehicle plus contents plus propellant to its dry mass vehicle plus contents . A more specific impulse efficient rocket design requires less propellant to achieve a given goal, and would therefore have a lower mass ratio, however for any given efficiency a higher mass ratio typically permits the vehicle to achieve higher delta v . The mass ratio is a useful quantity for back of the envelope rocketry calculations it is an easy number to derive from either delta v math Delta v math numbers or from rocket and propellant mass numbers, and therefore serves as a handy bridge between the two. It is also a useful number to give an impression of the size of a rocket while two rockets with propellant mass fraction mass fraction s of, say, 92 and 95 may appear similar, the corresponding mass ratios of 12.5 and 20 clearly indicate that the latter system requires much more propellant. Typical multistage rocket s have mass ratios in the range from 8 to 20. The Space Shuttle , for example, has a mass ratio around 16. Derivation The definition arises naturally from the Tsiolkovsky s rocket equation math Delta v v e ln frac m 0 m 1 math where delta v v is the desired ... 1 e Delta v v e math The fraction on the left hand side of this equation is the rocket s mass ratio ... a mass ratio of math e n math . For instance, for a vehicle to achieve a math Delta v math of 2.5 times its exhaust velocity would require a mass ratio of math e 2.5 math approximately 12.2 . One could say that a velocity ratio A term used in http history.nasa.gov SP 4404 app a2.htm for instance of math n math requires a mass ratio of math e n math . Sutton defines the mass ratio inversely as ref ... 1999 isbn 0 87477 975 8 reflist See also Rocket fuel Mass fraction Payload fraction Category Astrodynamics ... more details
Articles on Pressure ratio include Compression ratio , for piston engines Overall pressure ratio , for gas turbine engines Pressure ratio may also refer to the compression ratio of a gas compressor disambig ... more details
In meteorology and hydrology , the Bowen ratio is used to describe the type of heat transfer in a water body. Heat transfer can either occur as sensible heat differences in temperature without evapotranspiration or latent heat the energy required during a change of state, without a change in temperature . The Bowen ratio is the mathematical method generally used to calculate heat lost or gained in a substance it is the ratio of energy fluxes from one state to another by sensible heat sensible and latent heat latent heating respectively. It is calculated by the equation math B frac Q h Q e math , where math Q h math is sensible heating and math Q e math is latent heating. The quantity was named by Harald Sverdrup after Ira Sprague Bowen 1898 1973 , an astrophysicist whose theoretical work on evaporation to air from water bodies made first use of it, and it is used most commonly in meteorology and hydrology . In this context, when the magnitude of math B math is less than one, a greater proportion of the available energy at the surface is passed to the atmosphere as latent heat than as sensible heat, and the converse is true for values of math B math greater than one. As math Q e rightarrow 0 math , however, math B math becomes unbounded making the Bowen ratio a poor choice of variable for use in formulae, especially for arid surfaces. For this reason the evaporative fraction is sometimes a more appropriate choice of variable representing the relative contributions of the turbulent energy fluxes to the surface energy budget. The Bowen ratio is related to the evaporative fraction ... date July 2010 References Bowen, I.S., 1926 The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation ... the Bowen Ratio. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 76, pp 2433 2443. http ams.allenpress.com ... http www.nsdl.arm.gov Library glossary.shtml bowen ratio National Science Digital Library Bowen Ratio ... 2433 The Story behind the Bowen Ratio Category Ratios Category Thermodynamics Category Atmospheric ... more details
nofootnotes date April 2011 The gear ratio of a gear train is the ratio of the angular velocity of the input gear to the angular velocity of the output gear, also known as the speed ratio of the gear train ... University Press, New York. ref The gear ratio can be computed directly from the numbers of teeth of the various gears that engage to form the gear train. The torque ratio of the gear train, also known as its mechanical advantage , is defined by the gear ratio. ref B. Paul, 1979, Kinematics and Dynamics ... of its pitch circle, this means that the ratio of the radii equals the ratio of the number ... that a simple gear train with two gears has the gear ratio R given by math R frac omega A omega ... I . math The speed ratio of this gear train is obtained by multiplying these two equations to obtain math R frac omega A omega B frac N B N A . math Notice that this gear ratio is exactly the same as for the case ... an idler gear. The same gear ratio is obtained for a sequence of idler gears and hence idler ... gear ratio 42 13 3.23 Example If we assume that in the photo the smallest gear is connected to the motor ... ratio is driven driver 21 13 1.62 or 1.62 1. The ratio means that the driver gear must make 1.62 ... turns more slowly. Now suppose the third gear in the picture has 42 teeth. The gear ratio between the idler and third gear is thus 42 21, or 2 1, and hence the final gear ratio is 1.62x2 3.23. For every ... reduction of about 1 3.23 Gear Reduction Ratio GRR 1 Gear Ratio GR . Since the intermediate idler ..., also giving a ratio of 42 13 3.23. Speed ratio The teeth of a gear are distributed on the circumference ... pi r B N B . math This equation shows that the ratio of the circumference, the diameters and the radii of two meshing gears is equal to the ratio of their number of teeth, math frac r B r A frac N B N A . math The speed ratio of two gears rolling without slipping on their pitch circles is given by, math ... In other words, the gear ratio, or speed ratio, is inversely proportional to ratio of the radii ... more details
The Wilson ratio is the dimensionless ratio of the zero temperature magnetic susceptibility and the coefficient of the linear temperature term in the specific heat . The value of the Wilson ratio can provide insight into the types of interactions present. See also portal Physics Kadowaki Woods ratio q ratio Category Condensed matter physics condensedmatter stub ... more details
up. An engine s airfuelratio must be accuracy and precision precisely controlled under all operating ... with respect to airfuelratio burning extra fuel in the rich cylinders does not reduce power nearly .... Deviations from perfect airfuel distribution, however subtle, affect the emissions, by not letting the combustion events be at the chemically ideal stoichiometric airfuelratio. Grosser ... engine management computer to determine and adjust the airfuelratio precisely and quickly. Fuel ... occur if the air and fuel is present in the exact stoichiometry stoichiometric ratio , which allows ... uses this information to adjust the air to fuelratio in real time. To achieve stoichiometry, the air mass flow into the engine is measured and multiplied by the stoichiometric airfuelratio 14.64 ... load, ambient air temperature, engine temperature, fuel octane level, and atmospheric pressure. A multipoint ... affect power. Increasingly poorer airfuel distribution affects emissions, efficiency, and power ... the fuel into the air stream. The flow loss caused by the venturi, however, is small compared to other ... air mass flow rate and thus fuel requirements. This system was adopted by Volkswagen VW , Mercedes ... air mixture be held within a very narrow range of stoichiometry . The open loop fuel injection ... a wide temperature range, but did not offer sufficient fuelair mixture control to enable effective ... the airfuel mixture control with an exhaust gas oxygen sensor . The O sub 2 sub sensor is mounted ... temperature to the ECM, which the engine uses to calculate the proper fuelratio required. In sequential ... acts as the fuel dispensing nozzle. It injects liquid fuel directly into the engine s air stream .... The minute air pressure differences both emulsify premix fuel with air the fuel, and then acts as the force ..., and controls engine operation by manipulating fuel and or air flow as well as other variables. The optimum ... stroke engine has discrete induction air intake events, the ECU calculates fuel in discrete amounts ... more details
is reduced due to obstruction to air escape. Thus, the FEV1 FVC ratio will be reduced. ref name gp training.net More specifically, the diagnosis of COPD is made when the FEV sub 1 sub FVC ratio is less ...Pulmonary function The FEV1 FVC ratio , also called Tiffeneau index, is a calculated ratio used in the diagnosis of obstructive lung disease obstructive and restrictive lung disease . ref name pmid18786983 cite journal author Swanney MP, Ruppel G, Enright PL, et al title Using the lower limit of normal for the FEV1 FVC ratio reduces the misclassification of airway obstruction journal Thorax volume 63 issue 12 pages 1046 51 year 2008 month December pmid 18786983 doi 10.1136 thx.2008.098483 url http thorax.bmj.com cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 18786983 ref ref name pmid8989055 cite journal author Sahebjami H, Gartside PS title Pulmonary function in obese subjects with a normal FEV1 FVC ratio journal Chest volume 110 issue 6 pages 1425 9 year 1996 month December pmid 8989055 doi 10.1378 chest.110.6.1425 url http www.chestjournal.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8989055 ref It represents the proportion of the forced vital capacity exhaled in the FEV1 first second . ref name gp training.net http www.gp training.net protocol respiratory copd spirometry.htm ref See the Wikipedia article on spirometry for the definitions of FEV1 and FVC. Normal values are approximately 80 . ref name urlForced Expiration cite web url http oac.med.jhmi.edu res phys Encyclopedia ForcedExpiration ForcedExpiration.HTML title Forced Expiration work accessdate 2009 04 21 ref . Predicted normal values can be http www.dynamicmt.com dataform3.html calculated online and depend on age, sex, height, weight and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based upon. A derived value of FEV1 is FEV1 predicted ... . Thus, the FEV1 FVC ratio should be approximately normal, or even increased due to an increased ... Fev1 Fvc Ratio Category Respiratory physiology fr Coefficient de Tiffeneau it Indice di Tiffeneau ... more details
expert subject Genetics date May 2008 unreferenced date May 2008 The X A ratio is the ratio between the X chromosome and the number of sets of autosome s in an organism . This ratio is used primarily for determining sex of drosophila flies. Generally, a 1 1 ratio results in a female and a 1 2 ratio results in a male. When calculating the ratio, Y chromosomes are ignored. For example, for a triploid drosophila that has XXX, the ratio is 1 1 3 Xs to 3 autosomes, since it is a triploid . For a diploid drosophila that has XY, the ratio is 1 2 1 X to 2 autosomes, since it is diploid . Category Genetics ... more details
tables for airratio deco is predicated on the use of trimix although the same basic considerations ...Ratio decompression usually referred to in abbreviated form as ratio deco is a technique for calculating ... have exeeded No Decompression Limit s but remained asymptomatic. While Ratio Decompression is not a complete ... illustration of different ascent profiles. Ratio deco would be expected to give a slower ascent similar ... time graph of the ascent profile , ratio deco will allow a diver dynamically take a total ... a decompression schedule using ratio decompression is actually relatively simple and certainly ... ratio from whence the technique gets its name of the amount of total decompression time as a ratio to the total bottom time. ref For the purposes of ratio decompression, bottom time means time ... tables do. ref This ratio is fixed solely by reference to depth. Although on traditional tables the amount ... certain ratios a 1 1 ratio occurs at approximately convert 150 ft a 2 1 ratio occurs at approximately ... ratio depth, the diver will then add or subtract a specified number of minutes to their total ... the most proximate ratio, calculate the difference in depths, and add or subtract the appropriate number ... dive tables but on the same basis as dive computers , ratio deco is calculated by reference to average ... Ratio decompression has never been adopted by more mainstream technical diver training agencies ... Divers IANTD . Although the safety record of ratio deco appears to be good, it suffers from a number ... mixes of trimix breathing gas Trimix . The technique does not work for deep air diving, or if a diver ... time to bottom time ratio is 1 1 or less. Whilst the mathematical computations are manageable .... GUE has not been keen on the wider use of the technique, and has always stressed that ratio deco ... forensic review of ratio decompression as a decompression algorithm has been conducted, in his book Deco for Divers , Mark Powell considers ratio decompression, and analyses it in slightly simplistic ... more details
orphan date August 2008 Retention Ratio indicates the percentage of a company s earnings that are not paid out in dividends but credited to retained earnings . It is the opposite of the dividend payout ratio , so that also called the retention rate. Retention Ratio 1 Dividend Payout Ratio Retained Earnings Net Income Retention ratio is also called plowback ratio . Category Finance finance stub ... more details
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