Confusing date June 2010 Image Aequorin 1EJ3.png thumb 200px Aequorin ribbon diagram from Protein Data Bank PDB database with prosthetic group coelenterazine in blue Aequorin is a photoprotein isolated from luminescent jellyfish like various Aequorea species, e.g., Aequorea victoria and a variety of other marine organisms. ref cite journal author Shimomura O title A short story of aequorin. journal Biol Bull. volume 189 pages 1 5 year 1995 pmid 7654844 doi 10.2307 1542194 issue 1 url http jstor.org stable 1542194 publisher Biological Bulletin, Vol. 189, No. 1 ref It was originally isolated from the coelenterate by Osamu Shimomura . ref cite journal author Shimomura O, Johnson FH, Saiga Y title Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea. journal J Cell Comp Physiol volume 59 pages 223 239 year 1962 pmid 13911999 doi 10.1002 jcp.1030590302 ref Structure Aequorin is composed of two distinct units, the apoprotein apoaequorin , with an approximate molecular weight of 22 Atomic mass unit kDa , and the prosthetic group coelenterazine , a luciferin . Mechanism of Action The two components of aequorin reconstitute spontaneously ... in Biology and Medicine Since the emitted light can be easily detected with a luminometer , aequorin .... Cultured cells expressing the aequorin gene can effectively synthesize aequorin However, Recombinant ... eukaryotes, making aequorin suitable as a calcium in biology Ca sup 2 sup reporter in plants ... EMBO J volume 14 pages 5467 75 year 1995 pmid 8521803 pmc 394660 issue 22 ref Aequorin has a number ... limitation of aequorin is that the prosthetic group coelenterazine is irreversibly consumed ... http ca.expasy.org uniprot P07164 Swiss Prot Aequorin entry cite journal author Mith fer A, Mazars C title Aequorin based measurements of intracellular Ca sup 2 sup signatures in plant cells journal ... Category Oxidoreductases Category Bioluminescence de Aequorin he ja ru zh ... more details
Photoproteins refer to bioluminescent proteins from luminous organisms. These proteins do not exhibit a luciferin luciferase reaction, ref http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 458121 photoprotein Encyclop dia Britannica photoprotein Retrieved on 6 Mars, 2009 ref that is, a normal enzyme Substrate biochemistry substrate reaction. Instead, these proteins display luminescence proportional to the amount of the protein. Such proteins are stable as a luciferin photoprotein complex, often until the addition of another required factor, such as calcium in biology Ca sup 2 sup for the photoprotein aequorin . The term was first used to describe the unusual chemistry of the Chaetopterus luminescent system. ref Shimomura, O. Bioluminescence Chemical Principles and Methods World Scientific Publishing Co., 2006. ref References reflist Category Bioluminescence protein stub ... more details
, Luc, and aequorin . For other bioreporters, the signal must be activated by an external light source .... Sci. 48 1 , 55 66. http toxsci.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 48 1 55 ref . AequorinAequorin is a photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria . Upon addition ... light in the 460 470 nm range. Aequorin has been incorporated into human B cell lines for the detection ... Imaging Symposium. ref . The B cells are genetically engineered to produce aequorin. Upon exposure ... isolated from the sea pansy Renilla reniformis . GFP, like aequorin, produces a blue fluorescent ... more details
enzyme Name Renilla luciferin 2 monooxygenase EC number 1.13.12.5 CAS number 61869 41 8 IUBMB EC number 1 13 12 5 GO code 0050248 image width caption In enzymology , a Renilla luciferin 2 monooxygenase EC number 1.13.12.5 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction Renilla luciferin O sub 2 sub math rightleftharpoons math oxidized Renilla luciferin CO sub 2 sub hnu Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are Renilla luciferin and oxygen O sub 2 sub , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are oxidized Renilla luciferin , carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub , and hn . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on single donors with O sub 2 sub as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate oxygenases . The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O with incorporation of one atom of oxygen internal monooxygenases o internal mixed function oxidases . The systematic name of this enzyme class is Renilla luciferin oxygen 2 oxidoreductase decarboxylating . Other names in common use include Renilla type luciferase , aequorin , and luciferase Renilla luciferin . Structural studies As of late 2007, 7 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1QV0 , PDB link 1QV1 , PDB link 2PSD , PDB link 2PSE , PDB link 2PSF , PDB link 2PSH , and PDB link 2PSJ . References reflist 1 cite journal author Cormier MJ, Hori K, Anderson JM date 1974 title Bioluminescence in coelenterates journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 346 pages 137&ndash 64 pmid 4154104 issue 2 cite journal author Hori K, Anderson JM, Ward WW, Cormier MJ date 1975 title Renilla luciferin as the substrate for calcium induced photoprotein bioluminescence. Assignment of luciferin tautomers in aequorin and mnemiopsin journal Biochemistry. volume 14 pages 2371&ndash 6 pmid 237531 doi 10.1021 bi00682a016 issue 11 cite journal author Shimomura O, Joh ... more details
Context date October 2009 Calcium microdomains are small aggregates, microdomains, of calcium channel s located in presynaptic terminal s. They are used to create a small area of high calcium concentration to activate various calcium dependent proteins within the microdomain. This leads to the release of vesicles from the presynaptic terminal, neurotransmission . Transmitter release at chemical synapses, as well as other calcium dependent events triggered by calcium influx via plasmal calcium channels, result from the generation of high calcium concentration microprofiles next to the inner pore of the ionic channel. Such microprofiles have been defined as calcium concentration microdomains Llinas et al. 1992 . These microdomains have been directly visualized at the squid giant synapse using aequorin a photoprotein in conjunction with a high speed single photon video recording system Llinas et al. 1992 or using total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy in conjunction with calcium indicator dyes Serulle et al. 2006 , This visualization demonstrate the apposition of calcium concentration microdomains and synaptic release sites at single synaptic terminals. These findings demonstrate the close apposition of calcium entry and release sites and the dynamics of such site locations over time. References Llinas, R., Sugimori, M. and Silver, R.B. Microdomains of high calcium concentration in a presynaptic terminal. Science. 256, 677 679, 1992. Serulle, Y.,Sugimori, M., Llinas, R. Imaging synaptosomal calcium concentration microdomains and vesicle fusion by using total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 1697 1702, 2007 Category Cellular neuroscience biochemistry stub ... more details
orphan date March 2010 primarysources date March 2010 iLCD Lighting Cell Display is a device developed by a research team from Universidad Politecnica de Valencia , a Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT educated Bioengineering bioengineer , undergraduated students of the Universidad Polit ctica de Valencia and Universitat de Val ncia and several members of the faculty and research staff from Universidad de Val ncia Manuel Porcar, Albert Ferrando, Juli Pereto , UPV Pedro De Cordoba and University of Malaga Emilio Navarro . It is based on yeast cell s expressing aequorin protein sensitive to change in intracellular calcium . Upon electrical stimulation , the transient calcium wave emerges inside the yeast cells and translates into a measurable light signal. Assembly of multiple electrode s over lawn of yeast cells yields Thanks to electronic control and sub second timescale it is one of the first examples of bioelectronic devices capable of bi directional communication between a computer and a living system. It is also one of the first examples of design of simple synthetic biology circuits operating on orders of magnitude faster timescale than those based on gene expression . Fast response to a stimulus is essential in variety of applications such as Biosensor biosensing , medical technology , or as stated before bioelectronics . The project has been awarded a third place in 2009 IGEM iGEM competition References Empty section date July 2010 External links http 2009.igem.org Team Valencia home Official website Category Biotechnology ... more details
Ca sup 2 sup which interacts with the photoprotein aequorin . The blue light produced is in turn transduced to green by the now famous green fluorescent protein GFP . Both aequorin and GFP are important tools used in biological research. In 1961, Shimomura and Johnson isolated the protein aequorin ... Harbor Laboratories. ref name pmid7654844 cite journal author Shimomura O title A short story of aequorin ... Shimomura . ref name pmid7654844 In 1967, Ridgeway and Ashley, microinjected aequorin into single ... more details
of the cDNA coding for aequorin, a bioluminescent calcium binding protein. Biochem. Biophys ..., M., Cormier, M.J., Sequence comparisons of complementary DNAs encoding aequorin isotypes. Biochemistry ... biology of the Ca2 activated photoprotein, aequorin. Photochem. Photobiol. , 49 4 , 509 ..., K.B., Preparation and initial characterization of crystals of the photoprotein aequorin from Aequorea ... more details
Anthony J. Trewavas is a professor at the University of Edinburgh , best known for his research in the fields of plant physiology and molecular biology . He is the leader of the http homepages.ed.ac.uk ebot40 main.html Edinburgh Molecular Signalling Group , who are investigating the role of calcium in signal transduction during plant development. He is an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1993 , the Royal Society of Arts 1995 , the Royal Society of London 1999 , the http www.futurestudies.co.uk Centre for Future Studies 2001 , and received the corresponding membership award from the http www.aspb.org American Society of Plant Biologists in 1999, a prize given to one non US biologist per year. ref cite web url http www.aspb.org committees awards.cfm title American Society of Plant Biologists Awards Winners publisher American Society of Plant Biologists accessdate 2007 07 01 ref He is named by the Institute for Scientific Information as a highly cited author in the field of animal and plant Sciences ISI author number A0597 2002 C . He is a past or present member of the editorial boards of the publications, Trends in Plant Science , Botanica Acta , Plant Physiology , What s New in Plant Physiology , Biochemical Journal and Plant, Cell and Environment . His recent research used a flexible confocal fluorescence ratio aiming assembly to image calcium redistribution during contact sensing, stomate stomatal aperture control, pollen tube and rhizoid growth, moss development and photomorphogenesis . Plants were transformed with the gene for the calcium sensitive luminescent protein aequorin , allowing measurements of cytosolic calcium in plants and bacteria. Plants have also been transformed with genes for calmodulin to better assess the role of calcium in development. The group also cloned plant calcium channels and MARCKS, an actin calmodulin binding protein. Trewavas is one of the United Kingdom s strongest supporters of genetically modified food crops and i ... more details
chembox ImageFile Coelenterazine.png ImageSize 220px IUPACName 6 4 hydroxyphenyl 2 4 hydroxyphenyl methyl 8 phenylmethyl 7H imidazo 3,2 a pyrazin 3 one OtherNames Coelenterazine, Renilla luciferin Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 55779 48 1 PubChem 2830 ChemSpiderID 2728 SMILES C1 CC C C C1 CC2 C3N C C O N3C C N2 C4 CC C C C4 O CC5 CC C C C5 O InChI InChI 1S C26H21N3O3 c30 20 10 6 18 7 11 20 15 23 26 32 29 16 24 19 8 12 21 31 13 9 19 27 22 25 29 28 23 14 17 4 2 1 3 5 17 h1 13,16,27,30 31H,14 15H2 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 26 sub H sub 21 sub N sub 3 sub O sub 3 sub MolarMass 423.463 Appearance orange yellow crystals Density MeltingPt 175 178 C BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Coelenterazine is the luciferin , the light emitting molecule, found in many aquatic organisms across seven Phylum phyla . ref Shimomura, O. Bioluminescence Chemical Principles and Methods World Scientific Publishing Co., 2006. ref It is the substrate in many luciferase s and photoprotein s including Renilla reniformis luciferase Rluc , Gaussia luciferase Gluc , aequorin , and obelin . History Coelenterazine was simultaneously isolated and characterized by two groups studying the luminescent organisms Sea pansy Renilla reniformis and the coelenterate Aequorea victoria , respectively. ref cite journal author Hori K, Charbonneau H, Hart RC, and Cormier MJ title Structure of native Renilla reinformis luciferin journal Pnas USA volume 74 pages 4285 4287 year 1977 url http www.pnas.org content 74 10 4285.abstract doi 10.1073 pnas.74.10.4285 pmid 16592444 issue 10 pmc 431924 ref ref cite journal author Shimomura O, Johnson FH title Chemical Nature of Bioluminescence Systems in Coelenterates journal Pnas USA volume 72 pages 1546 1549 year 1975 pmid 236561 doi 10.1073 pnas.72.4.1546 issue 4 pmc 432574 ref Both groups unknowingly discovered that the same compound was used in both luminescent systems, however the name of the molecule was giv ... more details
and 1970s, GFP, along with the separate luminescent protein aequorin , was first purified from Aequorea ... author Shimomura O, Johnson F, Saiga Y title Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent ... occurs when aequorin interacts with calcium Ca sup 2 sup ions, inducing a blue glow. Some ... bioluminescence and GFP fluorescence in jellyfish is unknown. GFP is co expressed with aequorin in small ... does absorb some of the blue emission of aequorin , giving the bioluminescence a more green hue ... GFP a much more efficient partner of aequorin, A. victoria appears to evolutionarily prefer the less ... more details
This is a list of articles that describe particular biomolecule s or types of biomolecules. compactTOC8 side yes seealso yes nobreak yes A For substances with an A or prefix such as a amylase amylase , please see the parent page in this case Amylase . A23187 Calcimycin, Calcium Ionophore Abamectin Abietic acid Acetic acid Acetylcholine Actin Actinomycin D Adenosine Adenosine diphosphate ADP Adenosine monophosphate AMP Adenosine triphosphate ATP Adenylate cyclase Adonitol Adrenaline , epinephrine Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH Aequorin Aflatoxin Agar Alamethicin Alanine Albumins Aldosterone Aleurone Alpha amanitin Allantoin Allethrin Amanatin, see Alpha amanitin Amino acid Amylase also see a amylase amylase Anabolic steroid Anethole Angiotensinogen Anisomycin Antidiuretic hormone ADH Arabinose Arginine Ascomycin Ascorbic acid vitamin C Asparagine Aspartic acid Asymmetric dimethylarginine Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP Auxin Avidin Azadirachtin A &ndash C sub 35 sub H sub 44 sub O sub 16 sub B Bacteriocin Beauvericin Bicuculline Bilirubin Biopolymer Biotin Vitamin H Brefeldin A Brassinolide Brucine C Cadaverine Caffeine Calciferol Vitamin D calcitonin Calmodulin Calmodulin Calreticulin Camphor Cannabinol Capsaicin Carbohydrase Carbohydrate Carnitine Carrageenan Casein Caspase Cellulase Cellulose C sub 6 sub H sub 10 sub O sub 5 sub sub x sub Cerulenin Cetrimonium bromide Cetrimide C sub 19 sub H sub 42 sub BrN Chelerythrine Chromomycin A3 Chaparonin Chitin a chloralose Chloralose Chlorophyll Cholecystokinin CCK Cholesterol Choline Chondroitin sulfate Cinnamaldehyde Citral Citric acid Citrinin Citronellal Citronellol Citrulline Cobalamin Vitamin B12 vitamin B sub 12 sub Coenzyme Coenzyme Q Colchicine Collagen Coniine Corticosteroid Corticosterone Corticotropin releasing hormone CRH Cortisol Creatine Creatine kinase Crystallin Alpha cyclodextrin Cyclodextrin Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Cyclopamine Cyclopiazonic acid Cysteine Cystine Cytidine Cytochala ... more details
PBB geneid 5540 Neuropeptide Y receptor type 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPYR1 gene . ref name pmid9417917 cite journal author Lutz CM, Richards JE, Scott KL, Sinha S, Yang Feng TL, Frankel WN, Thompson DA title Neuropeptide Y receptor genes mapped in human and mouse receptors with high affinity for pancreatic polypeptide are not clustered with receptors specific for neuropeptide Y and peptide YY journal Genomics volume 46 issue 2 pages 287 90 year 1998 month Feb pmid 9417917 pmc doi 10.1006 geno.1997.5024 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene PPYR1 pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 5540 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text Selective Ligands Agonists Pancreatic polypeptide Neuropeptide Y endogenous agonist, non subtype selective Peptide YY GR 231,118 mixed NPY sub 1 sub antagonist NPY sub 4 sub agonist, CAS 158859 98 4 Antagonists UR AK49 ref name pmid17885919 cite journal author Ziemek R, Schneider E, Kraus A, Cabrele C, Beck Sickinger AG, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A title Determination of affinity and activity of ligands at the human neuropeptide Y Y4 receptor by flow cytometry and aequorin luminescence journal Journal of Receptor and Signal Transduction Research volume 27 issue 4 pages 217 33 year 2007 pmid 17885919 doi 10.1080 10799890701505206 url issn ref See also Neuropeptide Y receptor References reflist External links cite web url http www.iuphar db.org GPCR ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID 2370 title Neuropeptide Y Receptors Y sub 4 sub accessdate author authorlink coauthors date format work IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels publisher International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology pages language archiveurl archivedate quote Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal autho ... more details
, W. H. year 1998 title Connexin aequorin chimerae report cytoplasmic calcium environments along trafficking ..., A., Barrio, L. C. and Evans, W. H. year 1998 title Assembly of chimeric connexin aequorin proteins ... more details
occurs because of energy transfer from the luminescent molecule aequorin , which alone emits blue ... of aequorin bioluminescence to rapid changes in calcium concentration. Nature 222 1047 1050. Hastings ... more details
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry chemical processes in living organism s. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as protein s, carbohydrate s, lipid s, nucleic acid s and other biomolecule s. Articles related to biochemistry include compactTOC2 p NOTOC 0 9 2 amino 5 phosphonovalerate 3 end 5 end A ABC Transporter Genes abl gene acetic acid acetyl CoA acetylcholine acetylcysteine acid acidic fibroblast growth factor acrosin actin action potential activation energy active site active transport adenosine adenosine diphosphate ADP adenosine monophosphate AMP adenosine triphosphate ATP adenovirus adrenergic receptor adrenodoxin aequorin aerobic respiration agonist alanine albumin disambiguation albumin alcohol alcoholic fermentation alicyclic compound aliphatic compound alkali Allosteric site allostery allotrope allotropy alpha adrenergic receptor Alpha helix alpha 1 adrenergic receptor alpha 2 adrenergic receptor alpha beta T cell antigen receptor alpha fetoprotein alpha globulin alpha macroglobulin alpha MSH Ames test amide amine amino amino acid amino acid receptor amino acid sequence amino acid sequence homology aminobutyric acid disambiguation aminobutyric acid ammonia AMPA receptor amyloid anabolism anaerobic respiration analytical chemistry androgen receptor angiotensin angiotensin II angiotensin receptor ankyrin annexin II antibiotic antibody apoenzyme apolipoprotein apoptosis aquaporin archaea arginine argipressin aromatic amine aromatic compound arrestin Arrhenius equation aryl hydrocarbon receptor asparagine aspartic acid atom atomic atomic absorption spectroscopy atomic mass atomic mass unit atomic nucleus atomic number atomic orbital atomic radius Atomic weight ATP synthase ATPase atrial natriuretic factor atrial natriuretic factor receptor Avogadro s number axon B B cell bacteria bacterial conjugation bacterial outer membrane protein bacterial protein bacteriorhodopsin base chemistry base pair base sequence basic fibr ... more details
precursor to antioxidant glutathione ref http www.acetylcysteine.org glutathione.htm ref Apo aequorin ... loaded apo aequorin and apo obelin. Protein Sci., 14, 663 675. ref note that orally ingested proteins ... more details
This is part of the List of MeSH codes list of the D codes for MeSH . It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine . Source for content is http www.nlm.nih.gov mesh filelist.html here . File 2006 MeSH Trees . MeshNumber D12.776 Proteins proteins MeshNumber D12.776.034 Albumins albumins MeshNumber D12.776.034.145 C Reactive Protein c reactive protein MeshNumber D12.776.034.180 Conalbumin conalbumin MeshNumber D12.776.034.398 Lactalbumin lactalbumin MeshNumber D12.776.034.614 Ovalbumin ovalbumin MeshNumber D12.776.034.614.300 Avidin avidin MeshNumber D12.776.034.700 Parvalbumins parvalbumins MeshNumber D12.776.034.756 Ricin ricin MeshNumber D12.776.034.841 Serum Albumin serum albumin MeshNumber D12.776.034.841.350 Methemalbumin methemalbumin MeshNumber D12.776.034.841.450 Prealbumin prealbumin MeshNumber D12.776.034.841.540 Serum Albumin, Bovine serum albumin, bovine MeshNumber D12.776.034.841.665 Serum Albumin, Radio Iodinated serum albumin, radio iodinated MeshNumber D12.776.034.900 Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin technetium tc 99m aggregated albumin MeshNumber D12.776.037 Algal Proteins algal proteins MeshNumber D12.776.045 Amphibian Proteins amphibian proteins MeshNumber D12.776.045.500 Xenopus Proteins xenopus proteins MeshNumber D12.776.049 Amyloid amyloid MeshNumber D12.776.049.025 Amyloid beta Protein amyloid beta protein MeshNumber D12.776.049.025.150 Amyloid beta Protein Precursor amyloid beta protein precursor MeshNumber D12.776.049.790 Serum Amyloid A Protein serum amyloid a protein MeshNumber D12.776.049.800 Serum Amyloid P Component serum amyloid p component MeshNumber D12.776.053 Antifreeze Proteins antifreeze proteins MeshNumber D12.776.053.100 Antifreeze Proteins, Type I antifreeze proteins, type i MeshNumber D12.776.053.200 Antifreeze Proteins, Type II antifreeze proteins, type ii MeshNumber D12.776.053.350 Antifreeze Proteins, Type III antifreeze proteins, type iii MeshNumber D12.776.053.500 Antifreeze Proteins, Type IV ant ... more details
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