October 2009 An adaptivesystem is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract ... in the interacting parts. Feedback loops represent a key feature of adaptive systems, allowing the response to changes examples of adaptive systems include natural ecosystems , individual organisms , human communities , human organizations , and human families . Some artificial systems can be adaptive as well for instance, robots employ control system s that utilize feedback loop s to sense new conditions in their environment and adapt accordingly. The Law of Adaptation quote Every adaptivesystem ... S E P t S rightarrow S math Benefit of Self Adjusting Systems In an adaptivesystem, a parameter changes slowly and has no preferred value. In a self adjusting system though, the parameter value depends on the history of the system dynamics . One of the most important qualities of self .... 14 4 , 8 11. 2008 ref See also Portal Evolutionary biology Adaptive immune system Artificial neural network Complex adaptivesystem Diffusion of innovations Ecosystems Neural adaptation References ... Given a system math S math , we say that a physical event math E math is a stimulus for the system math S math if and only if the probability math P S rightarrow S E math that the system suffers ... E math math P S rightarrow S E P S rightarrow S math Let math S math be an arbitrary system subject to changes in time math t math and let math E math be an arbitrary event that is a stimulus for the system math S math we say that math S math is an adaptivesystem if and only if when t tends to infinity math t rightarrow infty math the probability that the system math S math change its behavior ... that the system change its behavior independently of the occurrence of the event math E ... more details
2010 DEFAULTSORT Complex AdaptiveSystem Category Complex systems theory Category Systems ca Sistema ...Incomplete date July 2010 Original research date October 2010 Complex adaptive systems are special cases of complex system s. They are complex in that they are dynamic networks of interactions and relationships not aggregations of static entities. They are adaptive in that their individual and collective ... Intentional behaviour as a complex system publisher MIT Press year 2000 isbn 9780262100816 ref ... within the system but we need to see the source claim to support it either way. Overview The term complex adaptive systems , or complexity science , is often used to describe the loosely organized academic ... of complex adaptive systems include the stock market , social insect and ant colonies, the biosphere and the ecosystem , the brain and the immune system , the cell biology cell and the developing embryo ... and social system such as political party political parties or community communities . There are close ... of interacting adaptive agents. The study of CAS focuses on complex, emergent and macroscopic properties of the system. Various definitions have been offered by different researchers John Henry Holland John H. Holland Cas complex adaptive systems are systems that have a large numbers of components ... Complex Adaptive Systems. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 19 1 1 8. http hdl.handle.net 2027.42 41486 ref General properties What distinguishes a CAS from a pure multi agent system MAS is the focus ... organization . A MAS is simply defined as a system composed of multiple interacting agents. In CASs, the agents as well as the system are adaptive the system is self similar . A CAS is a complex, self similar collectivity of interacting adaptive agents. Complex Adaptive Systems are characterised by a high degree of adaptive capacity , giving them resilience in the face of wiktionary perturbation perturbation ... and cooperation take place on all levels, from the agent to the system level. The forces driving ... more details
See also Immune system Passive immunity Innate immune system Image SEM Lymphocyte.jpg thumb right 200px A scanning electron microscope SEM image of a single human lymphocyte . The adaptive immune system ... time the pathogen is encountered. It is adaptive immunity because the body s immune system prepares itself for future challenges. The system is highly adaptation adaptable because of somatic hypermutation ... imm.TOC&depth 10 doi isbn 0 8153 4101 6 . ref The major functions of the adaptive immune system include ... of the adaptive immune system are a type of leukocyte, called a lymphocyte . B cell s and T cell ..., symptoms. Alternative adaptive immune system Although the classical molecules of the adaptive immune ... response. This is adaptive because the body s immune system prepares itself for future challenges ... to note that the innate and adaptive portions of the immune system work together and not in spite ... ic challenges. Thought to have arisen in the first Gnathostomata jawed vertebrates , the adaptive or specific immune system is activated by the non specific and evolutionarily older innate immune system which is the major system of host defense against pathogens in nearly all other living things . The adaptive immune response provides the vertebrate immune system with the ability to recognize and remember ... to long lived specific immunity. Immune network theory is a theory of how the adaptive immune system works, that is based on interactions between the variable regions of the receptors of T cells, B cells and of molecules made by T cells and B cells that have variable regions. Functions Adaptive immunity is triggered in vertebrates when a pathogen evades the innate immune system and generates ... move within the lymphatic system . ref name Alberts B cells and T cells are derived from the same ... the lymphatic system, but that have yet to encounter their cognate antigen, effector cell s that have ... Adaptive immunity relies on the capacity of immune cells to distinguish between the body s own ... more details
Adaptive control is the control method used by a controller which must adapt to a controlled system with parameters ... Adaptive Controllers MIACs perform System identification while the system is running Cautious Adaptive Controllers use current SI to modify control law, allowing for SI uncertainty Certainty Equivalent Adaptive Controllers take current SI to be the true system, assume no uncertainty Nonparametric Adaptive Controllers Parametric Adaptive Controllers Explicit Parameter Adaptive Controllers Implicit Parameter Adaptive Controllers Some special topics in adaptive control can be introduced as well Adaptive Control Based on Discrete Time Process Identification Adaptive Control Based on the Model Reference Technique Adaptive Control based on Continuous Time Process Models Adaptive Control of Multivariable Processes Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Processes Applications When designing adaptive ... conditions. Adaptive control is different from robust control in that it does not need a priori ... that if the changes are within given bounds the control law need not be changed, while adaptive control is concerned with control law changes themselves. Classification of adaptive control techniques In general one should distinguish between Feedforward Adaptive Control Feedback Adaptive Control There are several broad categories of feedback adaptive control classification can vary Dual Adaptive ... Dual Controllers Nondual Adaptive Controllers Gain scheduling Model Reference Adaptive Controllers ... computer science robustness issues. Typical applications of adaptive control are in general Self ... due to ageing, drift, wear etc. Adaptive control of linear controllers for nonlinear or time varying processes Adaptive control or self tuning control of nonlinear controllers for nonlinear processes Adaptive control or self tuning control of multivariable controllers for multivariable processes ... cases the adaptation can be limited to the static behavior alone, leading to adaptive control ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove March 2009 orphan February 2009 Adaptive architecture is a Complex adaptivesystemsystem which changes its structure, behaviour or resources according to demand . The adaptation made is usually always? to Non functional requirement non functional characteristics rather than Functional requirement functional ones. Something of a misnomer, because the thing that adapts is the working system, rather than the more abstract Systems architecture architecture which defines the adaptability that is required of that system. Adaptive software architecture Used by programmers in relation to a program. An adaptive algorithm is an algorithm which changes its behavior based on the resources available. For example in the C Standard Library , the stable partition program acquires as much memory as it can get up to what it would need at most and applies the algorithm using that available memory. Adaptive infrastructure architecture Used by infrastructure engineers in relation to the configuration of processors. The computing resources used by applications the Disk partitioning partition size, or the number of server computer servers in a cluster computing cluster , or the share of a processor, or the number of processes are configured so that they shrink or grow with demand. Adaptive business architecture Could also be used for example in connection with a workflow system that assigns human resources to a task or service to match the demand for that task or service. Or an Organizational structure organisation structure that flexes in response to business changes. Category Reconfigurable computing ... more details
Image Complex adaptive system.jpg 350px right thumb A system with high adaptive capacity exerts complex adaptive behavior in a changing environment. Adaptive capacity is the capacity of a system to adapt if the environment where the system exists is changing. It is applied to e.g., ecology ecological systems and human social system s. As applied to ecological systems, the adaptive capacity is determined by genetic diversity of species biodiversity of particular ecosystem s heterogeneity heterogeneous ecosystem mosaics as applied to specific landscape s or biome regions. As applied to human social systems, the adaptive capacity is determined by the ability of institutions and Social network networks to learning learn , and store knowledge and experience. creativity creative flexibility in decision making and problem solving the existence of political power power structures that are responsive and consider the need s of all Project stakeholder stakeholders . Adaptive capacity is associated with R K selection theory r and K selection strategies in ecology and with a movement from explosive positive feedback to sustainable negative feedback loops in social systems and technologies. The Resilience Alliance, as illustrated by the work of C. S. Holling and L. H. Gunderson ref Gunderson, L.H. and C.S. Holling, editors. Panarchy Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Island Press, Washington. ref , shows how the logistic curve of the r phase positive feedback, becoming replaced by the K negative feedback strategy is an important part of adaptive capacity. The r strategy ... exceed certain limits, adaptive capacity may be exceeded and the system collapses ... of adaptive capacity Adaptive capacity confers resilience to wiktionary perturbation perturbation ... Adaptive capacity can be enhanced by Facts date September 2009 learning to live with change and uncertainty ... References No footnotes date December 2007 refs DEFAULTSORT Adaptive Capacity Category Environmental ... more details
s, adaptive hypermedia AH tailors what the user sees to the learner s goals, abilities, interests, knowledge, etc. Adaptive hypermedia is the answer to the lost in hyperspace syndrome, where the user ... the most appropriate ones to him her. Adaptive hypermedia thus offers a selection of links or content most appropriate to the current user. Moreover, adaptive hypermedia can also offer the most appropriate ... the information from e.g. hand held device versus desktop, etc. . Adaptive hypermedia is thus ... application field of adaptive hypermedia is adaptive educational hypermedia AEH , which tailors what ... to the learner. Of course, this requires the system to be able to effectively infer the learner s needs ... via adaptive hypermedia, where the items offered for purchasing are adapted to the user s detected ..., the use of adaptive hypermedia is not limited to formal or informal education or training endeavours ..., services, and experiences. Thus, systems like Amazon.com Amazon are also examples of adaptive ... of adaptive hypermedia, besides adaptive e learning and adaptive e commerce applications, can be adaptive e government applications. Generally speaking, adaptive hypermedia systems can be useful anywhere where hypertext and hypermedia are used. The most popular adaptive hypermedia systems are World ... commerce and computer engineering are contributing to the development of adaptive hypermedia. Unlike intelligent tutoring systems , however, adaptive educational hypermedia doesn t target stand alone systems, but hypermedia systems. Adaptivity versus adaptability An interesting aspect of adaptive hypermedia is that it makes distinction between adaptation system driven personalisation and modifications ..., a posteriori . In other words, any adaptable system, as it contains a human, is by default intelligent , whereas an adaptivesystem that presents intelligence is more surprising and thus more interesting. This conforms with the general preference of the adaptive hypermedia research community, which ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 An adaptive beamformer is a beamforming system which performs adaptive spatial signal processing with an array of radar antennas or phased array in order to transmit or receive signals in different directions without having to mechanically steer the array. The main distinction between an adaptive beamformer and a conventional beamforming system is the ability of the former to adjust its performance to suit differences in its environment. A particularly important feature, in military applications, is the potential for an adaptive beamformer to reduce sensitivity to certain directions of arrival so as to counteract jamming by hostile transmissions. Adaptive Beamforming Schemes Least mean squares filter Least Mean Squares Algorithm Sample Matrix Inversion Algorithm Recursive least squares filter Recursive Least Square Algorithm Conjugate gradient method Constant Modulus Algorithm See also Beamforming is spatial signal processing which makes spatial beam focused on the target direction and spatial beam nulled interference signal. Smart Antennas is multiple antenna systems having one of three structures which are single input and multiple output SIMO , multiple input and single output MISO , and multiple input and multiple output MIMO structures. MIMO is an advanced smart antenna system which has multiple transmit antennas at the transmitter and multiple receive antennas at the receiver. DEFAULTSORT Adaptive Beamformer Category Signal processing ... more details
Adaptive optimization is a technique in computer science that performs dynamic recompilation of portions of a computer program program based on the current execution profile. With a simple implementation, an adaptive optimizer may simply make a trade off between Just in time compilation and interpreting instructions. At another level, adaptive optimization may take advantage of local data conditions to optimize away branches and to use inline expansion to decrease context switch ing. Consider a hypothetical banking application that handles transactions one after another. These transactions may be checks, deposits, and a large number of more obscure transactions. When the program executes, the actual data may consist of clearing tens of thousands of checks without processing a single deposit and without processing a single check with a fraudulent account number. An adaptive optimizer would compile assembly code to optimize for this common case. If the system then started processing tens of thousands of deposits instead, the adaptive optimizer would recompile the assembly code to optimize the new common case. This optimization may include inlining code or moving error processing code to secondary cache. Deoptimization In some systems, notably the Java Virtual Machine , execution over a range of Java bytecode bytecode instructions can be provably reversed. This allows an adaptive optimizer to make risky assumptions about the code. In the above example, the optimizer may assume all transactions are checks and all account numbers are valid. When these assumptions prove incorrect, the adaptive optimizer can unwind to a valid state and then interpret the byte code instructions correctly. See also Java performance Adaptive optimization Adaptive optimization in Java External links http citeseer.ist.psu.edu arnold00adaptive.html CiteSeer for Adaptive Optimization in the Jalape o ... . Interesting code morphing system. Comp sci stub Category Compiler optimizations ar ... more details
orphan date August 2009 An Adaptive website is a website that builds a model of user activity and modifies the information and or presentation of information to the user in order to better address the user s needs. Overview An adaptive website adjusts the structure, content, or presentation of information in response to measured user interaction with the site, with the objective of optimizing future user interactions. Adaptive websites are web sites that automatically improve their organization and presentation by learning from their user access patterns. ref cite conference last Perkowitz first Mike coauthors Oren Etzioni. title Adaptive Web Sites an AI Challenge booktitle Proc. IJCAI 97 year 1997 url http www.cs.washington.edu research adaptive papers ijcai97.pdf ref . User interaction patterns may be collected directly on the website or may be data mining mined from Web server logs. A model ... content are not adaptive websites as they rely on the user to select rather than the automation ... filtering such as recommender system s, Trial and error generate and test methods such as A B testing ... that are used on a website do not make it an adaptive website. They are all tools and techniques that may be used toward engineering an adaptive website. See also Collaborative filtering Machine learning Notes reflist References J.D. Vel squez and V. Palade, Adaptive Web Sites A Knowledge Extraction ... research adaptive papers ijcai97.pdf Adaptive Web Sites an AI Challenge , in Proc. IJCAI 97, Nagoya, Japan, 1997. Mike Perkowitz, Oren Etzioni, http www.cs.washington.edu research adaptive papers aij.pdf Towards adaptive Web sites Conceptual framework and case study , Artificial Intelligence 118 1 2 , 2000 External links http www.puremango.co.uk 2009 06 adaptive web sites Adaptive Web Sites , puremango.co.uk, June 14, 2009 http www.adaptivewebsites.com Adaptive Web Site research , 2002 http ... www.snapads.com snapads DEFAULTSORT Adaptive Website Category Websites Category Collective intelligence ... more details
An adaptive grammar is a formal grammar that explicitly provides mechanisms within the Formal system formalism to allow its own production rules to be manipulated. Overview John N. Shutt defines adaptive grammars as follows ADAPTIVE GRAMMAR MODEL A grammatical formalism that allows rule sets aka sets ... system formal properties of adaptive grammars was uncoordinated between researchers, only first being ...., What is an Adaptive Grammar? Web page dated 28 March 2001, at the URL http www.cs.wpi.edu jshutt ... , Vol. 6, No. 8., pp. 456 460, August 1963. ref The next generally accepted reference to an adaptive ... index.php?cp 4 Adaptive Languages and Techniques Laboratory , specifically focusing on research and practice in adaptive technologies and theory. The LTA also maintains a page naming researchers in the field ... ref name Christiansen1990 ref John Shutt originally called his Recursive Adaptive Grammars by the name Recursive Adaptable Grammars, and notes his change to adaptive at this URL http web.cs.wpi.edu ... of the term adaptive or some variant such as adaptativa , ref name Iwai2000 Iwai, Margarete Keiko ... language of the literature . ref name Shutt1993 Iwai refers to her formalism as adaptive grammars , ref name Iwai2000 but this specific use of simply adaptive grammars is not typically currently ... categorizes adaptive grammar models into two main categories ref name Shutt1993 ref name Shutt2001b Shutt, John N., Imperative Adaptive Grammars Web page dated 28 March 2001, at the URL http web.cs.wpi.edu jshutt adapt imperative.html ref Imperative programming Imperative adaptive grammars vary ... grammar generation of a formal language language . Declarative programming Declarative adaptive grammars ... category ref name Jackson2006 Time space adaptive grammars hybrids vary their rules over either ... differentiated by the notation for such changes . Adaptive formalisms in the literature Adaptive formalisms may be divided into two main categories full grammar formalisms adaptive grammars ... more details
unreferenced date June 2009 bot yes Adaptive communications can mean any communications system , or portion thereof, that automatically uses feedback information obtained from the system itself or from the signals carried by the system to modify dynamically one or more of the system operational parameters to improve system performance or to resist Degradation telecommunications degradation . The modification of a system parameter may be discrete, as in hard switched diversity reception , or may be continuous, as in a predetection combining algorithm. See also Channel use CALM M5 telecomm term stub Category Telecommunications terms ... more details
of Intelligent System around the turn of the century that adaptive learning systems got a voice. This was a major step in adaptive learning systems because it added another medium in communication ... of new adaptive learning system companies is growing steadily as more classroom are becoming computerized and other industries are finding use for the applications of adaptive learning such as professional development. Technology methodology Adaptive learning systems have traditionally been divided ... or an Adaptive Learning System. Intelligent Tutoring Systems operate upon three basic principals ref ... and logic programming to an Adaptive Learning System. Systems using ILP are able to create hypothesis ... to the system so it should adapt to the abilities of educators. Distance learning implementation Adaptive ...Adaptive learning is an educational method which uses computers as interactive teaching devices. Computers .... Adaptive learning has been partially driven by a realization that tailored learning cannot be achieved on a large scale using traditional, non adaptive approaches. Adaptive learning systems ... title Adaptive Learning Environments and e Learning Standards last Paramythis and Reisinger accessdate ... ref Adaptive learning systems primary application is in education, but another popular application .... Adaptive learning has also been known as adaptive educational hypermedia , computer based learning , adaptive instruction, intelligent tutoring systems , and computer based pedagogical agents. History Adaptive learning or Intelligent tutoring has its origins in the artificial intelligence movement ... would eventually achieve the human ability of adaptivity. In Adaptive learning, the basic premise is that the tool or system will able to adjust to the student user s best learning method, which ... Erlbaum Associates 1998 . ref ref cite web title What is an Intelligent Tutoring System? url ... actually conveys the information Instructional environment The user interface for interacting with the system ... more details
Adaptive expertise is a broad construct that encompasses a range of cognitive , motivational, and personality ... demonstrate adaptive expertise when they are able to efficiently solve previously encountered tasks ... few types over and over classic expertise , and one produces new menus frequently adaptive expertise ... may be able to break out of the routines easily given a different situation. However, the adaptive expert ... are interested in adaptive expertise, in part because they would like to understand the types of learning ..., a true dichotomy between adaptive and classic expertise. Expertise can be thought of as a continuum of adaptive ability. On one end, practitioners can be classified as routinely skilled ... System Designer In Singleton, W.T. Ed. The Analysis of Practical Skills. Baltimore, MD ... 1 51. ref The notion of adaptive expertise suggests that new problems can be viewed as a platform ... feature of adaptive expertise is the ability to apply knowledge effectively to novel problems or atypical cases in a domain. Holyoak characterized adaptive experts as being capable of drawing on their knowledge ..., P., Pokorny, A., Dibble, E., & Glaser, R. 1992 A naturalistic study of transfer Adaptive expertise ... adaptive experts greater tendency to enrich and refine their understanding on the basis of continuing experience to learn from problem solving episodes. ref name Bransford A Model of Adaptive Expertise One model of adaptive expertise ref name Schwartz looks at two dimensions along which a learner ... into a different situation, the adaptive expert may innovate. Schwartz, John D. Bransford Bransford ... and high innovation , and Adaptive Expert high efficiency and high innovation . As originally presented ... learning and trajectory to adaptive expertise. Schwartz and colleagues suggest that the trajectory ... and trajectories to adaptive expertise. Trajectories to Adaptive Expertise Schwartz and his colleagues suggest two possible trajectories to adaptive expertise 1 innovate and then become efficient ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Adaptive routing describes the capability of a system, through which routes are characterized by their destination, to alter the path that the route takes through the system in response to a change in conditions. The adaptation is intended to allow as many routes as possible to remain valid that is, have destinations that can be reached in response to the change. People using a transport system can display adaptive routing. For example, if a local railway station is closed, people can alight from a train at a different station and use another method, such as a bus, to reach their destination. The term is commonly used in data networking to describe the capability of a network to route around damage, such as loss of a node or a connection between nodes, so long as other path choices are available. There are several protocol computing protocols used to achieve this Routing Information Protocol RIP OSPF IS IS IGRP EIGRP Systems that do not implement adaptive routing are described as using static routing , where routes through a network are described by fixed paths statically . A change, such as the loss of a node, or loss of a connection between nodes, is not compensated for. This means that anything that wishes to take an affected path will either have to wait for the failure to be repaired before restarting its journey, or will have to fail to reach its destination and give up the journey. See also Static routing Convergence routing DEFAULTSORT Adaptive Routing Category Routing Compu network stub de Adaptive Routing Protocol ro Rutare dinamic ... more details
, M.A. Zamani, H. Lesani, C. Lucas, M. Lehtonen, 2009. An Expert System Realization of Adaptive ..., M. Lehtonen, H. Lesani, C. Lucas, M. Nordman, 2007. Adaptive autonomy smart cooperative cybernetic ... of automation LOA to the changes in peripheral situations. This concept is known as adaptive automation ... Physical Agents FIPA . ref however, the term adaptive autonomy AA , ref A. Fereidunian, H. Lesani, C. Lucas, M. Lehtonen, 2008. A Framework for Implementation of Adaptive Autonomy for Intelligent ... like adaptive control and adaptive automation in systems control terminology. References ... interaction Automation Cybernetics Thomas B. Sheridan Caro Lucas DEFAULTSORT Adaptive Autonomy Category ... more details
contribute to a community value system often highlights the parallel to adaptive management practices ...What is Adaptive Management ? Adaptive management AM , also known as adaptive resource management ARM ... , with an aim to reducing uncertainty over time via System Monitoring system monitoring . In this way ... or actively, accrues information needed to improve future management. Adaptive management is a tool which should be used not only to change a system, but also to learn about the system Holling 1978 . Because adaptive management is based on a learning process, it improves long run management outcomes. The challenge in using adaptive management approach lies in finding the correct balance between gaining ... which are vital components of adaptive management these are Management is linked to appropriate temporal ... to include past, present and future Stakeholder corporate stakeholders . Adaptive management needs to at least maintain political openness, but usually aims to create it. Adaptive management must therefore ... . Adaptive management can proceed as either passive adaptive management or active adaptive management , depending on how learning takes place. Passive adaptive management values learning only insofar .... In contrast, active adaptive management explicitly incorporates learning as part of the objective .... Often, deriving actively adaptive policies is technically very difficult, which prevents it being more commonly applied. Key features of both passive and active adaptive management are Iterative ... Feedback between monitoring and decisions learning Explicit characterization of system uncertainty ... understanding Adaptive management is particularly applicable for systems in which learning via experimentation ... adaptive management decision making Elzinga et al. 1998 Alana & Michael, 2009 The monitoring is never ... of adaptive management techniques can be traced back to peoples from ancient civilisations. For example, the Yap people of Micronesia have been using adaptive management techniques to sustain high population ... more details
hand panel shows the slow motion movie of a star when the adaptive optics system is switched off. The right hand panel shows the slow motion movie of the same star when the adaptive optics system is switched on. The image of the star is much more compact, and breaks up less with adaptive optics switched on. However, the image of the star also changes shape much more quickly when the adaptive optics system is switched on. An adaptive optics system tries to correct these Optical aberration distortions ... that an adaptive optics system cannot work everywhere on the sky, but only where a guide star of sufficient ... Image stabilization Angular diameter Angular size ADONIS ADaptive Optics Near Infrared System ...refimprove date February 2010 File Adaptive optics correct.png thumb A deformable mirror can be used to correct wavefront errors in an astronomical telescope. Adaptive optics AO is a technology used to improve ... Roorda first1 A last2 Williams first2 DR chapter Retinal imaging using adaptive optics editor1 last ..., Inc. ref to reduce the impact of Optical aberration optical aberrations . Adaptive optics works by measuring ... during the 1990s made the technique practical. Adaptive optics should not be confused with active ... form of adaptive optics is tip tilt correction, which corresponds to correction of the Tilt optics ... sensor used for adaptive optics. The pupil plane aperture is subdivided using a lenslet array ... Large Telescope site in Chile use adaptive optics. When light from a star or another astronomical ... Meeting format pdf title Introduction to Adaptive Optics and its History ref see astronomical seeing ... without correction is of the order of 1 arcsecond . In order to perform adaptive optics ... for the shape or size of the astronomical object to be known &ndash even Solar System objects ... on the surface of the Sun is commonly used for adaptive optics at solar telescopes. The deformable ... observations. Another major limitation is the small field of view over which the adaptive ... more details
in a complex system such as a stock market , Adaptive Modeler is said to be an illustration of simple ...Altreva Adaptive Modeler is a software application for creating agent based model agent based financial market simulation models for the purpose of forecasting prices of real world market traded stocks or other securities ref http www.econ.iastate.edu tesfatsi acedemos.htm ACE ACE Comp Labs and Demos . Department of Economics, Iowa State University. ref . The technology it uses is based on the theory of Agent Based Computational Economics ACE , the computational study of economic processes modeled as dynamic systems of interacting heterogeneous agents. Altreva s Adaptive Modeler and other agent based models are used to simulate financial markets to capture the complex dynamics of a large diversity of investors and traders with different strategies, different trading time frames, and different investment goals ref http readingthemarkets.blogspot.com 2009 10 agent based models.html Reading the Markets Insights from Financial Literature . Brenda Jubin, Ph.D. ref . Technology The software creates an agent based model that consist of a population of agents representing traders or investors that trade on a virtual market. The agents use real market data as input to their technical trading rules that evolve through an adaptive form of genetic programming . The forecasts are based on the behavior of the entire virtual market instead of only the best performing agent. This aims to increase ... testing of trading rules, genetic algorithms and neural networks , Adaptive Modeler does not optimize ... model ref http www.altreva.com models.html Example models Altreva ref , Adaptive Modeler ... 22 has been achieved, which is an excess annual return of 15 . Adaptive Modeler was used in a study ... marketsshowcase.html Financial Markets Show Case Adaptive Modeler from Altreva . Evil Solutions, Evil Ltd. ref . Origins Adaptive Modeler was created by Jim Witkam and was first released to the public ... more details
amazing Headlights System 38669 BMW 7 Series Headlights System DEFAULTSORT Adaptive Highbeam Category ...Adaptive highbeam is a new headlight control technology that automatically and continuously adapts the headlamp range to the distance of vehicles ahead or which are oncoming. Introduced in the new generation Mercedes Benz W212 e class in spring 2009 ref cite web url http media.daimler.com dcmedia 0 921 614216 1 1147521 1 0 0 0 0 0 11702 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.html title Daimler New headlamp and night view systems Adaptive Highbeam Assist selects the optimum light settings automatically accessdate 18 February 2010 ref . It practically eliminates the difference between high and low beam, fusing them into one continuous adapting beam. Unlike conventional automatic headlight dimmer s which simply switch between high beam and low beam, the new system continually adjusts the beam so that the headlamp cone falls just in front of other vehicles, at the same time always ensuring maximum possible range without dazzling other road users ref cite web url http www.daimler.com Projects c2c channel documents 1726878 HTR 0109 E Light System 58 65 web.pdf title Daimler HighTechReport 1 2009 Safety Night Sight Variable headlights for enhanced safety accessdate 18 February 2010 ref .The range of the beam can vary between 65 and 300 meters, depending on traffic conditions. Headlamps are adjusted every 40 milliseconds thanks to a camera on the inside of the front windscreen which can determine distance to other ... 2010 ref Vehicles 2011 Audi A8 Adaptive Light ref cite web url http www.audimedia.ca media assets ... and design accessdate 19 February 2010 ref 2010 Mercedes Benz W212 E Class Adaptive Highbeam Assist ... accessdate 17 February 2010 ref is the newest adaptive technology and will be introduced during 2010 in series production vehicles. Unlike the above mentioned standard adaptive high beams, the newest system continually adjusts not only the range of the high beam, but also its pattern. The beam ... more details
Infobox Journal title Adaptive Behavior cover editor discipline Adaptive behavior, ethology, cognitive science, robotics, neuroscience language English abbreviation publisher International Society for Adaptive Behavior country United States USA frequency bi monthly history openaccess impact impact year website http adb.sagepub.com link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1059 7123 eISSN Adaptive Behavior was founded in 1992 and is the official journal of the International Society for Adaptive Behavior . It specializes in research on adaptive behavior in both living and artificial systems. The journal is interdisciplinary in scope and publishes research in biologically inspired computing , computational neuroscience , evolutionary robotics , autonomous robotics , the animat approach, and embodied cognition . Adaptive Behavior is published online and in hard copy by SAGE Publications . External links http adb.sagepub.com Adaptive Behavior on the SAGE website http www.isab.org.uk International Society for Adaptive Behavior Category ethology journals Category Neuroscience journals Category Computer science journals Category Robotics journals Category English language journals Category Bimonthly journals ... more details
orphan date December 2008 The expression adaptive strategies is used by anthropologist Yehudi Cohen to describe a society s system of economic penalism. Cohen argued that the most important reason for similarities between two or more unrelated societies is their possession of a similar adaptive strategy. In other words, similar economic causes have similar sociocultural effects. For example, there are clear similarities among societies that have a foraging hunting and gathering strategy. Cohen developed a typology of societies based on correlations between their economies and their social features. His typology includes these five adaptive strategies foraging , horticulture , agriculture , pastoralism , and industrialism . Until 10,000 years ago people everywhere were foragers. However, ecosystem environmental differences did create contrasts among the world s foragers. Some, like the people who lived in Europe during the ice ages, were big game hunters. Today, hunters in the Arctic still focus on large animals and herd animals they have much less vegetation and variety in their diets than do tropical foragers. The foraging way of life held on in certain forest s, desert s, island s, and very cold areas places where food production was not practicable with simple technology . Horticulture and agriculture are the two types of cultivation found in nonindustrial societies. Both differ from the farming systems of industrial nations like the United States and Canada , which use large land areas, machinery, and petrochemical s. According to Cohen, horticulture is cultivation that makes intensive use of none of the factors of production land, labor, capital, and machinery. Agriculture is a type of cultivation that requires more labor than horticulture does, because it uses land intensively and continuously. The greater labor demands associated with agriculture reflect its use of domesticated animals, irrigation , and or terracing. Pastoralists live in North Africa , the Middle ... more details
Adaptive DPCM ADPCM is a variant of DPCM differential pulse code modulation that varies the size of the quantization step, to allow further reduction of the required bandwidth for a given signal to noise ratio . Typically, the adaptation to signal statistics in ADPCM consists simply of an adaptive scale factor before quantizing the difference in the DPCM encoder. ref cite book title Principles of Digital Audio author Ken C. Pohlmann publisher McGraw Hill Professional year 2005 isbn 978 0 07 144156 8 url http books.google.com books?id VZw6z9a03ikC&pg PA122&dq adpcm adaptive differential pulse code modulation&ei 4KNNSdbVB4fEkATAorS7BA PPA122,M1 ref ADPCM was developed in the early 1970s at Bell Labs for voice coding, by P. Cummiskey, N. S. Jayant, and James L. Flanagan . ref P. Cummiskey, N. S. Jayant, and J. L. Flanagan, Adaptive quantization in differential PCM coding of speech, Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 52, pp. 1105 1118, Sept. 1973. ref In telephony In telephony , a standard audio signal for a single phone call is encoded as 8000 analog samples per second, of 8 bits each, giving a 64 kbit s digital signal known as DS0 . The default signal compression encoding on a DS0 is either Mu law algorithm &mu law mu law PCM North America and Japan or A law PCM Europe and most of the rest of the world . These are logarithmic compression systems where a 13 or 14 bit linear PCM sample number is mapped into an 8 bit value. This system is described by international standard G.711 . Where circuit costs are high and loss of voice quality is acceptable, it sometimes makes sense to compress the voice signal even further. An ADPCM algorithm is used to map a series of 8 bit law or a law PCM samples into a series of 4 bit ADPCM samples. In this way, the capacity of the line is doubled. The technique is detailed in the G.726 standard. Some ADPCM techniques are used in Voice over IP communications ... ADPCM de Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation es ADPCM eu ADPCM fr Adaptive Differential Pulse ... more details
unreferenced date June 2007 Adaptive equipment are tool device s that are used to assist with completing activities of daily living . Bathing , dressing, Personal grooming grooming , toileting, and feeding are self care activities that are including in the spectrum of activities of daily living ADLs . Jennifer McLaughlin Maly a P.T. D.P.T. in her article located in the journal Exceptional Parent gives a more complete definition of adapative equipment Typically, a piece of adaptive equipment is utilized to increase a child s function. Examples of adaptive equipment or assistive technology are wheelchairs, lifts, standing frames, gait trainers, augmentative communication devices, bath chairs, and recreational items such as swings or tricycles. ref McLaughlin Maly, J. 2007 . My child needs a piece of adaptive equipment Now what? Well it depends The Exceptional Parent, 11 37 , 46 47 ref A growing market for adaptive equipment is in the use of mobility vans. In this case, adaptive equipment, also known as assistive technology, can help a person with a disability operate a motor vehicle when otherwise they would not be able to. ref http www.clockmobility.com assistive technology Adaptive Equipment ref References Reflist Category Tools disability stub ... more details
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