In visual perception ocular physiology , adaptation is the ability of the human eyeeye to adjust to various levels of darkness and light. Efficacy The human eye can function from very dark to very bright .... ref name eye, human Insufficiency Insufficiency of adaptation most commonly presents as insufficient ... adaptation Photopic vision Purkinje effect Scotopic vision Accommodation eye References reflist External ... physiology Category Eye de Adaptation Auge et Silma adaptatsioon hr Adaptacija oka ja no Adaptasjon ... . This means that the brightest and the darkest light signal that the eye can sense are a factor of roughly 1,000,000,000 apart. However, in any given moment of time, the eye can only sense a contrast vision contrast ratio of one thousand. What enables the wider reach is that the eye adapts its definition ... of magnitude a factor of one million. The eye takes approximately 20 30 minutes to fully adapt ... than at full daylight. In this process, the eye s perception of color changes as well. However, it takes approximately five minutes for the eye to adapt to bright sunlight from darkness. This is due ... take over after five or more minutes. ref name eye, human Sensory Reception Human Vision Structure and Function of the Human Eye Encyclopaedia Brtinnica, vol. 27, 1987 ref Mechanisms A minor mechanism of adaptation is the pupillary light reflex , adjusting the amount of light that reaches the retina. A dilation of the pupil from 2mm to 10mm only increases the area of light entering the eye by a factor of 25. Changes in the sensitivity of rods and cones in the eye are the major contributors to dark adaptation. Rods are more sensitive to light and so take longer to fully adapt to the change ... for about half an hour. ref name eye, human ref cite book last Passer and Smith title Psychology The Science ... 9 10 minutes to adapt to the dark. ref name eye, human Sensitivity to light is modulated by changes ... last Hurley first JB title Shedding Light on Adaptation journal Journal of General Physiology volume ... more details
About the evolutionary process Evolutionary biology An adaptation in biology is a Phenotypic trait trait ... evolved by means of natural selection . An adaptation refers to both the current state of being adapted and to the dynamic evolutionary process that leads to the adaptation. Adaptations contribute ... norm of reaction for any given trait is essential to the concept of adaptation as it affords ... The significance of an adaptation can only be understood in relation to the total biology of the species .... p449 ref Adaptation is, first of all, a process , rather than a physical part of a body. ref cite ... 483 quote Adaptation... could no longer be considered a static condition, a product of a creative past ... the organism is highly adapted to its specific environment. From this we see that adaptation .... The evolutionary biology of parasites . Princeton. ref However, as a practical term, adaptation is often ... function is in doubt. By using the term adaptation for the evolutionary process , and adaptive trait ... The Oxford Dictionary of Science defines adaptation as Any change in the structure or functioning ... Museum, London. p1 ref ref cite book last1 Williams first1 George C year 1966 title Adaptation and natural selection a critique of some current evolutionary thought quote Evolutionary adaptation ... Press url http books.google.com books?id p UrcAAACAAJ ref Adaptation is one of the two main ... of adaptation and speciation is the evolution of cichlid fish in African lakes, where the question ... ref Adaptation is not always a simple matter, where the ideal phenotype evolves for a given ... aspects of homeostasis . Adaptation, then, affects all aspects of the life of an organism. Definitions The following definitions are mainly due to Theodosius Dobzhansky . 1. Adaptation is the evolutionary ...&f false pages 33&ndash 51 chapter Fitness and adaptation isbn 0 691 08387 8 publisher Princeton ... T 1968 Elliott Sober commented that adaptation was a retrospective concept since it implied something ... more details
Wiktionarypar adaptationAdaptation is the process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. Adaptation may also refer to Arts Adaptation film Adaptation film , a 2002 film by Spike Jonze Film adaptation , a story from another work, adapted into a film Literary adaptation , a story from a literary source, adapted into another work Theatrical adaptation , a story from another work, adapted into a play Biology and Medicine Adaptationeye , the eye s adjustment to light Neural adaptation , the responsiveness of a sensory system to a constant stimulus Control and Information theory Adaptation computer science by which interactive systems adapt to individual users and environments Adaptive system , a set of interacting entities that enable the whole to improve its response Human sciences Adaptation to global warming Adaptive behavior Behavioral adaptation , an adjustment to another type of behavior or situation Hedonic adaptation , the tendency to remain at a stable level of happiness despite changes in fortune Psychological adaptation , a mental aspect that results from evolutionary pressures Preconditioning adaptation , a general concept in which an entity is exposed to a form of some stress or stimulus in order to prepare that entity to be more resilient against the stimulus when and if the stimulus is encountered in the future. disambig cs Adaptace rozcestn k de Anpassung et Adaptatsioon es Adaptaci n fr Adaptation gl Adaptaci n he it Adattamento disambigua nl Aanpassing nn Adapsjon fleirtyding pl Adaptacja pt Adapta o ru sq Adaptimi sk Adapt cia sv Adaption olika betydelser ... more details
TOC right In biology , co adaptation , or coadaptation refers to the mutual adaptation of Species see Mutualism biology mutualism , symbiosis Organ anatomy organs see the evolution of the eye . Gene s or gene complex es see Linkage disequilibrium , epistasis Co adaptation may be indicative of co evolution . Examples The ficus fig and the fig wasp . Myrmica sabuleti and the Large Blue butterfly See also Portal Evolutionary biology Evolutionary biology References Reflist External links http www.blackwellpublishing.com ridley a z Coadaptation.asp Coadaptation entry in a dictionary on evolution . Evolution stub Category Evolutionary biology tr Birlikte adaptasyon ... more details
. The sites of neural adaptation induced by resistance training in humans. The Journal of Physiology 544 2 641 652. ref Visual Adaptation is considered to be the cause of perceptual phenomena like afterimages and the motion aftereffect. In the absence of fixational eye movements, visual perception may fade out or disappear due to neural adaptation. See Adaptationeye . . ref http neuralcorrelate.com ...Neural adaptation or sensory adaptation is a change over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system ... they may not respond at all this is neural adaptation. Weight training Studies have shown that there is neural adaptation after as little as one weight training session. Strength gains are experienced ... adaptation include agonist antagonist muscle decreased co activation, motor unit synchronization ... increases of 20 . ref Aagaard, P., E. B. Simonsen, et al. 2002 . Neural adaptation to resistance training ... that neural adaptation accounts for changes to functional properties of the spinal cord circuitry ... direction as that experienced during adaptation, imagined speed is slowed when imagined motion is in the opposite direction, its speed is increased when adaptation and imagined motions are orthogonal, imagined speed is unaffected. ref Gilden, D., R. Blake, et al. 1995 . Neural Adaptation ... al. 2004 . Temporal Dynamics of Neural Adaptation Effect in the Human Visual Ventral Stream. J. Neurosci ... adaptation, smaller type IV group C nociceptive neurons do not. As a result, pain does not usually ... . Neural Adaptation in the Generation of Rhythmic Behavior. Annual Review of Physiology 62 1 723 753 ... for uphill walking. The rate of neural adaptation is affected by the area of the brain and by the similarity ... . Stimulus Similarity Contingent Neural Adaptation Can Be Time and Cortical Area Dependent. J. Neurosci ... for them to function optimally. Neural adaptation has been observed in these movements in response to training or altered external conditions. ref Pearson, K. G. 2000 . Neural Adaptation ... more details
Chromatic adaptation is one aspect of Human visual system vision that may fool someone into observing a color based optical illusion , such as the same color illusion . An object may be viewed under various conditions. For example, it may be illuminated by sunlight, the light of a fire, or a harsh electric light. In all of these situations, human vision perceives that the object has the same color an apple always appears red, whether viewed at night or during the day. On the other hand, a camera with no adjustment for light may register the apple as having varying color. This feature of the visual system is called chromatic adaptation, or color constancy when the correction occurs in a camera it is referred to as white balance . Though the human visual system generally does maintain constant perceived color under different lighting, there are situations where the relative brightness of two ... of the human eye shifts toward the blue end of the spectrum at lower light levels. Von Kries transform The von Kries chromatic adaptation method is a technique that is sometimes used in camera image ... Colour constancy in context Roles for local adaptation and levels of reference author Hannah E. Smithson ... 16147525 pmc 1609194 ref or the von Kries Ives adaptation. ref Cite book title Color Vision From Genes ... by appropriate choice of diagonal adaptation matrices D sub 1 sub and D sub 2 sub ref Cite ... adaptation in LMS color space responses of long , medium , and short wavelength cone response space ... matrix D maps cone responses, or colors, in one adaptation state to corresponding colors in another when the adaptation state is presumed to be determined by the illuminant, this matrix is useful as an illuminant adaptation transform. The elements of the diagonal matrix D are the ratios of the cone ... url http www.cie.co.at publ abst 160 04.html title A Review of Chromatic Adaptation Transforms author ... Working examples of Chromatic Adaptation. Appearance phenomena Category Color appearance ... more details
The Adaptation Fund is an international fund that finances projects and programs aimed at helping developing countries to adapt to the harmful effects of climate change. It is set up under the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC . History The Adaptation Fund was officially launched in 2007 ref http www.adaptation fund.org system files Decision 1 CMP.3.pdf Decision 1 CMP.3 Adaptation Fund ref , although it was established in 2001 at the 7th Conference of the Parties COP7 to the UNFCCC in Marrakech, Morocco ref http unfccc.int resource docs cop7 13a01.pdf page 52 Decision 10 CP.7 Funding under the Kyoto Protocol ref , to finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes that reduce the adverse effects of climate change facing communities, countries, and sectors. It is intended to finance the full costs of adaptation in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol ref http www.adaptation fund.org system files AFB.Operational Policies ... the Adaptation Fund ref . Funding Mechanism The Adaptation Fund is mainly financed with a share of proceeds ... activity. At the end of July 2010, the AFB had around USD 160 million available to support adaptation ... 20 20Final.pdf Financial status of the Adaptation Fund Trust Fund as of 31 July 2010 ref . Other funding ... 31, 2010. The Adaptation Fund is managed by the Adaptation Fund Board AFB with the Global Environment ... of the Adaptation Fund. The AFB is composed of 16 members and 16 alternates representing Annex ... decisions on procedural issues and project approvals ref http www.adaptation fund.org Adaptation Fund ... on the Adaptation Fund Board MoU Signed with the Government of Germany ref it is expected to be signed by the President of Germany and subsequently to enter into force in early 2011. The Adaptation ... references Reflist External links http adaptation fund.org Adaptation Fund official website http unfccc.int ... List of Adaptation Fund Board members Category Climate change organizations ... more details
Confusing date September 2008 lowercase Functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation fMRIa is an increasingly used method of functional magnetic resonance imaging which takes advantage of the brain changes which occur in response to long exposure to some evocative stimulus. If Stimulus 1 S sub 1 sub excites a certain neuronal population, repeated exposure to S sub 1 sub will result in subsequently attenuated responses. This Neural adaptationadaptation may be due to neural fatigue or may be due to coupled hemodynamic processes. However, when S sub 1 sub is followed by a unique stimulus, S sub 2 sub , the response amplitudes should not be attenuated as a fresh sub population of neurons is excited. Using this technique can allow researchers to determine if the same or unique neuronal groups are involved in processing two stimuli. ref name Krekelberg Krekelberg, B, Boynton, G.M., & van Wezel, R.J.A. 2006 . Adaptation from single cells to BOLD signals. Trends in Neuroscience . ref Usage This technique has been used successfully in examination of the visual system, particularly orientation, motion, and face detection. ref name Krekelberg See also Functional magnetic resonance imaging Neural adaptation References references Category Magnetic resonance imaging ... more details
Orphan date July 2011 Niche adaptation refers to the ability of some organisms to adapt to changing environments, or niche s. Genetic and mechanisms of this adaptation include horizontal gene transfer , gene duplication , and gene shuffling . ref name pmid17083272 cite journal title The evolution of two component systems in bacteria reveals different strategies for niche adaptation journal PLoS Computational Biology volume 2 issue 11 pages e143 year 2006 month November pmid 17083272 pmc 1630713 doi 10.1371 journal.pcbi.0020143 url http www.ploscompbiol.org article info doi 10.1371 journal.pcbi.0020143 author1 Alm E author2 Huang K author3 Arkin A author separator , ref References reflist Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
Refimprove date April 2008 Content adaptation is the action of transforming Content media and publishing content to adapt to device capabilities. Content adaptation is usually related to mobile devices that require special handling because of their limited computational power, small screen size and constrained keyboard functionality. Content adaptation could roughly be divided to two fields Media content adaptation that adapts media files Browsing content adaptation that adapts Web site to mobile devices. Browsing content adaptation Advances in the capabilities of small, mobile devices such as mobile phone s cell phone s and Personal Digital Assistant s has led to an explosion in the number of types of device that can now access the World Wide Web Web . Some commentators refer to the Web that can be accessed from mobile devices as the Mobile Web . The sheer number and variety of Web enabled ... . Content adaptation is one approach to a solution. Rather than requiring authors to create pages explicitly for each type of device that might request them, content adaptation transforms an author ... guidelines for responsive web design this article RWD Content adaptation requires a processor that performs ... adaptation. WURFL is an XML based Device Description Repository with APIs to access the data in Java ... techradar.com retrieved 8 October 2009 ref using the Novarra Vision solution. Novarra s content adaptation ... Data . http www.InfoGin.com InfoGin , the 9 year old content adaptation company with customers like Vodafone, Orange, Telefonica and PCCW. The patented Web to Mobile adaptation , Mobile Matrix Transcoder, Multimedia and Documents transcoders, Video adaptation supporte. Launched in 2007, Bytemobile ... content adaptation to Mobile computing mobile subscribers on their existing mass market handsets ... is layer technologies starting to most available to allows everyone to access the basic. Adaptation ... Content Adaptation Category Web development ... more details
The maintenance of proper cell membrane fluidity is of critical importance for the function and integrity of the cell biology cell , essential for the mobility and function of embedded proteins and lipids , diffusion of proteins and other molecules laterally across the membrane for signaling reactions, and proper separation of membranes during cell division . A fundamental biophysical determinant of membrane fluidity is the balance between saturated fat saturated and saturated fat unsaturated fatty acids . Regulating membrane fluidity is especially important in poikilothermic organisms such as bacteria , fungi , protists , plants , fish and other Poikilotherm cold blooded animals that cannot regulate their own body temperatures. The general trend is an increase in unsaturated fatty acids at lower growth temperatures and an increase in saturated fatty acids at higher temperatures. This compositional adaptation of membrane lipids, called homeoviscous adaptation , serves to maintain the correct membrane fluidity at the new conditions. References cite journal author Sinensky M title Homeoviscous adaptation a homeostatic process that regulates the viscosity of membrane lipids in Escherichia coli journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 71 issue 2 pages 522 5 year 1974 month February pmid 4360948 pmc 388039 doi 10.1073 pnas.71.2.522 url DEFAULTSORT Homeoviscous Adaptation Category Membrane biology ... more details
In a theatrical adaptation , material from another artistic medium, such as a novel or a film is re written according to the needs and requirements of the theatre and turned into a play theatre play or musical theatre musical . Appropriation in the Arts Theatre stub Category Theatre sk Adapt cia zmena nru sl Dramatizacija ... more details
Main Adaptation Climate adaptation refers to specific adaptations in a living organism that develop in response to changes in climate and habitat. Such adaptations could include physical changes, such as skin or fur color and composition changes, or the adaptations could be behavioral, such as burrowing into the ground or spending more time in water. See also Portal Evolutionary biology Evolution Evolutionary biology Climate change http www.safecoast.org Safecoast Knowledge exchange on coastal flooding and climate change in the North Sea region Melanism , in relation to industrial melanism References Reflist Category Evolution by phenotype evolution stub ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Cleanup date August 2009 Literary adaptation is the adapting of a literary source e.g., a novel , short story , poem to another genre or mass media medium , such as a film , a stage play , or even ace video game . It can also involve adapting the same literary work in the same genre or medium, just for different purposes, e.g., to work with a smaller Casting performing arts cast , in a smaller Theater structure venue or on the road , or for a different demographic group such as adapting a narrative story for children . Literature Prevalence of adaptation An adapted work appeals to a writer , publisher , or Film producer producer initially because it gains his interest, both because it has become popular and for the underlying reasons it has become popular. Citation needed date July 2007 The encounter with the work, with its presumed success, simply sparks the imagination as to its possibly application in other genres or media. Sometimes the editing of these works without the approval of the author can lead to a court case. It also appeals because it obviously works as a story it has interesting characters, who say and do interesting things. This is particularly important when adapting to a dramatic work , e.g., film, stage play , teleplay , as dramatic ... franchise in and of themselves already. Process of adaptation From a legal standpoint, when a literary source has not passed into the public domain , rights must be arranged for the adaptation to be performed ... , meaning their preferences need to be considered when selecting a work for adaptation, but also when ... so on stage. See also Film adaptation Remake Main menu External links http www.writingstudio.co.za page62.html The Writing Studio The Art of Adaptation http web.cocc.edu humanities hir film filmadaptation.htm Central Oregon Community College Film Adaptation of Literature sources Appropriation in the Arts DEFAULTSORT Literary Adaptation Category Literature Adaptation Category Film Category Video ... more details
Autoplastic adaptation from the Ancient Greek Greek word auto is a form of adaptation where the subject attempts to change itself when faced with a difficult situation. The concept of autoplastic adaptation was developed by Sigmund Freud , S ndor Ferenczi , and Franz Alexander . They proposed that when an individual was presented with a stressful situation, he could react in one of two ways Autoplastic adaptation The subject tries to change himself, i.e. the internal environment. Alloplastic adaptation The subject tries to change the situation, i.e. the external environment. Autoplasticity, hysteria and evolution Hysteria Hysterical individuals appear to be turned inward. Their symptoms, instead of presenting actions directed outward alloplastic activities , are mere internal innervations autoplastic activities . ref Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis London 19460 p. 217 ref Freud , with his single minded Lamarckism Lamarckianism , speculated that behind Lamarck s idea of need was the power of unconscious ideas over one s own body, of which we see remnants in hysteria, in short, the omnipotence of thought . ref Peter Gay, Freud A Life for Our Time London 1989 p. 368 and p. 647 ref As a result, among his immediate followers, Insight into this regressive nature of the phenomenon of Conversion disorder conversion may be taken as a starting point for speculation about the archaic origin of the capacity for autoplastic conversion...according to which evolution took place through the autoplastic adaptation of the body to the demands of the environment . ref Fenichel ... 3S4yJ0C&pg PA64&lpg PA64&dq 22Autoplastic adaptation 22&source bl&ots U7qOuO Na&sig BaYWHiv0O9YHAHoqQrL0DyGomns ... L. Halleck, page 64 http books.google.com books?id NkSTx5oUfqgC&pg PA14&lpg PA14&dq 22Autoplastic adaptation ... http books.google.com books?id pAgK PyRlugC&pg PA158&lpg PA158&dq 22Autoplastic adaptation 22&source ... cms glossary glossary a autoplastic adaptation.html Psychology Glossary DEFAULTSORT Autoplastic Adaptation ... more details
Use mdy dates date September 2010 Film adaptation is the transfer of a written work to a feature film . It is a type of derivative work . A common form of film adaptation is the use of a novel as the basis of a feature film , but film adaptation includes the use of non fiction including journalism , autobiography ... days of cinema, adaptation has been nearly Citation needed date April 2008 as common as the development ... part, these adaptations attempt either to appeal to an existing commercial audience the adaptation of best sellers and the prestige adaptation of works or to tap into the innovation and novelty of a less ... von Stroheim attempted a literal adaptation of Frank Norris s novel McTeague in 1924 with his film ... from the author s own voice, a film adaptation may create a commenting, Greek chorus chorus like character to provide what could not be filmed otherwise. Thus, in the adaptation of John Fowles s The French ... have been used less and less with time. Interpretation as adaptation There have been several nominees for non plus ultra of inventive adaptation, including the Roland Joffe adaptation of The Scarlet Letter ... character and the film s villain. The Charlie Kaufman and Donald Kaufman penned Adaptation. Adaptation ... t fix this link by removing the period. , credited as an adaptation of the novel The Orchid Thief , was an intentional satire and commentary on the process of film adaptation itself. All of these cases ... of Book IV. In these cases, adaptation is a form of criticism and recreation, as well as translation. Change in adaptation is essential and practically unavoidable, mandated both by the constraints ... adaptation does is change to fit literally, adapt , and the film must be accurate to either the effect ... along one of these axes. Theatrical adaptation main Stage to film adaptation Movies sometimes use .... On one hand, theatrical adaptation does not involve as many interpolations or elisions as novel adaptation ... into a Broadway musical and then adapted again into a film. Television adaptation See ... more details
Alloplastic adaptation from the Ancient Greek Greek word allos is a form of adaptation where the subject attempts to change the environment when faced with a difficult situation. Criminality , mental illness , and activism can all be classified as categories of alloplastic adaptation. The concept of alloplastic adaptation was developed by Sigmund Freud , S ndor Ferenczi , and Franz Alexander . They proposed that when an individual was presented with a stressful situation, he could react in one of two ways Autoplastic adaptation The subject tries to change himself, i.e. the internal environment. Alloplastic adaptation The subject tries to change the situation, i.e. the external environment. Origins and development These terms are possibly due to Ferenczi, who used them in a paper on The Phenomenon of Hysterical Materialization 1919,24 . But he there appears to attribute them to Freud ref Angela Richards, Note, Sigmund Freud, On Psychopathology PFL 10 p. 224 ref who may have used them previously in private correspondence or conversation . Ferenczi linked the purely autoplastic tricks of the hysteric... to the bodily performances of artists and actors . ref http www.enotes.com psychoanalysis encyclopedia autoplastic Steven Wainrib, Autoplastic ref Freud s only public use of the terms was in his paper The Loss of Reality in Neurosis and Psychosis 1924 , where he points out that expedient, normal behaviour leads to work being carried out on the external world it does not stop, as in psychosis, at effecting internal changes. It is no longer autoplastic but alloplastic . ref Frued, On Psychopathology p. 224 ref A few years later, in his paper on The Neurotic Character 1930 , Alexander ...?id ycaSZ8z3kWwC&pg PA221&lpg PA221&dq 22Alloplastic adaptation 22&source bl&ots jV8IFXGHnN&sig TQIcgv4s6U6cQ3eSj ... adaptation 22&source bl&ots uQ0IyP0a31&sig NEKoLTq5fRmFY8ziRZNX91Eyp9c&hl en&ei NnvES8ylB9GIkAW05oCmDg ...&f false DEFAULTSORT Alloplastic Adaptation Category Social psychology bg ... more details
good article Infobox film name Adaptation. image Adaptation. film.jpg border yes caption Theatrical release ... US language English budget 19 million gross 32,801,173 Adaptation. is a 2002 American comedy drama ... finished in June 2001. Adaptation achieved critical acclaim, as well as outstanding success at the 75th ... simplistic formulaic script writing, wants to ensure that his script is a faithful adaptation of The Orchid ... Dana Harris url http www.variety.com article VR1117785470 title Cage has Adaptation. inclination publisher ... author Claude Brodesser url http www.variety.com article VR1117786034 title Streep eyes Adaptation ... s Preview Adaptation. publisher Yahoo url http movies.yahoo.com movie preview 1808402845 accessdate ... Spike Jonze and Charlie Kaufman Discuss Adaptation publisher IGN date 5 December 2002 accessdate 5 April 2008 ref The idea to do a film adaptation of Susan Orlean Susan Orlean s The Orchid Thief dates ... Kaufman url http www.beingcharliekaufman.com adaptation.pdf title Adaptation. Second Draft publisher ... Charlie Kaufman url http www.beingcharliekaufman.com adaptationnov2000.pdf title Adaptation. Revised ... Kaufman Talks Shop publisher IGN date 13 March 2002 accessdate 5 April 2008 ref Adaptation went on fast ... Kaufman s Adaptation publisher IGN date 8 June 2000 accessdate 8 April 2008 ref as did Drew McWeeny ... Moriarty McWeeny url http www.aintitcool.com node 7162 title Moriarty Rumbles About Adaptation , The Royal ... by Digital Domain , while Skywalker Sound was responsible for the audio mixing of Adaptation . Reception ... Schmitz Adaptation. opened on December 6, 2002 in the United States for a limited release . The film ... theaters. Adaptation. went on to gross 22.5 million in North America and 10.3 million in foreign countries ... movies ?id adaptation.htm title Adaptation. 2002 publisher Box Office Mojo accessdate 8 April 2008 ref Based on 193 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , Adaptation. received an average 91 overall approval rating ref name rotten tomatoes cite web url http www.rottentomatoes.com m adaptation title ... more details
Link adaptation , or adaptive coding and modulation ACM , is a term used in wireless communications to denote the matching of the modulation , Channel coding coding and other Signalling telecommunication signal and Communications protocol protocol parameters to the conditions on the radio link e.g. the pathloss , the Interference communication interference due to signals coming from other transmitters, the sensitivity of the receiver, the available transmitter power margin, etc. . For example, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution EDGE uses a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme MCS according to the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. The process of link adaptation is a dynamic one and the signal and protocol parameters change as the radio link conditions change for example in HSDPA in UMTS this can take place every 2 ms. Adaptive modulation systems invariably require some channel state information at the transmitter. This could be acquired in time division duplex systems by assuming the channel from the transmitter to the receiver Information Theory receiver is approximately the same as the channel from the receiver to the transmitter. Alternatively, the channel knowledge can also be directly measured at the receiver, and fed back to the transmitter. Adaptive modulation systems improve transmission rate rate of transmission , and or bit error rate s, by exploiting the channel state information that is present at the transmitter. Especially over fading channel s which model wireless propagation environments, adaptive modulation systems exhibit great performance enhancements compared to systems that do not exploit channel knowledge at the transmitter. Example In HSDPA link adaptation is performed by choice of modulation type the link can employ QPSK for noisy channels and Quadrature amplitude ... using QPSK and 1 3 coding rate but the information bit rate drops to about 2.4 megabit s. This adaptation ... more details
refimprove date May 2009 In cell biology and pathophysiology , cellular adaptation refers to changes made by a Cell biology cell in response to adverse environmental changes. ref Huether, S. E. & McCance, K. L. 2008 . Understanding Pathophysiology , Ed 4, p. 62 65. ref The adaptation may be physiologic al normal or pathologic al abnormal . Five major types of adaptation include atrophy , hypertrophy , hyperplasia , dysplasia , and metaplasia . Atrophy is a decrease in cell size. If enough cells in an organ atrophy the entire organ will decrease in size. Thymus atrophy during early Human development biology human development childhood is an example of physiologic atrophy. Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common pathologic adaptation to skeletal muscle disuse commonly called disuse atrophy . Tissue and organs especially susceptible to atrophy include skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, Secondary sex characteristic secondary sex organ s, and the brain . Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. If enough cells of an organ hypertrophy so will the whole organ. The heart and kidneys have increased susceptibility to hypertrophy. Hypertrophy involves an increase in intracellular protein rather than cytosol intracellular fluid . Hypertrophy may be caused by Biomechanics mechanical signals e.g., stretch or Tropic hormone trophic signals e.g., growth factors . An example of physiologic hypertrophy is in skeletal muscle with sustained weight bearing exercise. An example of pathologic hypertrophy is in cardiac muscle as a result of hypertension . Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells. It is the result of increased cell mitosis , or division. The two types of physiologic hyperplasia are Compensatory growth organ compensatory and hormonal . Compensatory hyperplasia permits tissue and organ regeneration. It is common in epithelial cells of the Epidermis skin epidermis and intestine ... adaptation rather, it is thought to be related to hyperplasia and is sometimes called atypical ... more details
Multiple issues orphan December 2010 essay November 2009 wikify November 2009 Perceptual adaptation is the means by which the brain accounts for the differences that the subject may witness, particularly alternations in the visual field . For example, if an individual s visual field is altered forty five degrees left, the brain accounts for the difference allowing the individual to function normally. ref name Myers2008 cite book last Myers first David G. title Exploring Psychology in Modules edition 7th location New York publisher Worth Publishers year 2007 isbn 978 1 4292 0589 4 Page needed date March 2011 ref Definition Perceptual adaptation is where the brain adapts to the perception that it receives. The brain plays a crucial role in the inner workings of vision. The world that one perceives is processed via the brain. Images sensed through the eyes is relayed to the visual cortex of the brain, and if vision is altered slightly, the brain accounts for the difference and will allow one to perceive the world as normal. For example, the brain responds to a change in perceived vision when glasses are worn to distort images any subject sees by forty five degrees. Over time, the brain processes the acute difference as normal. As a result of this adaptation the brain makes to this difference ... were applied. Contrary to perceptual adaptation, if the distortion in vision is repealed, then the brain ... support George M. Stratton , a psychologist, was intrigued by the idea of perceptual adaptation ... he tested the theory of perceptual adaptation. ref name Stratton1896 cite journal last1 Stratton first1 ... adaptation allows us to adapt to the world and live life as normal. Therefore, with an altered ... to safely navigate the aircraft with ease. ref name Myers2008 Conclusion Perceptual adaptation is an element ... of perceptual adaptation to be true. Perceptual adaptation is a theory that proves the notion ... first5 Toshihide last5 Imaruoka first6 Takara last6 Tashiro volume 98 year 2004 issue 1 3 title Adaptation ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Several animal groups have undergone aquatic adaptation , going from being purely terrestrial animals to living at least part of the time in water. The adaptation biology adaptation s in early speciation tend to develop as the animal ventures into water in order to find available food. As successive generations spend more time in the water, natural selection causes the acquisition of more adaptations. Animals of later generations may spend the majority of their life in the water, coming ashore for mating. Finally, fully adapted animals may take to mating and birthing in water. Anapsid main Anapsid Archelon is a type of giant sea turtle dating from the Cretaceous Period, now long extinct. Its smaller cousins survive as the sea turtles of today. Mesosaurus and other mesosaurids were another group of anapsid reptiles to secondarily return to the sea, eschewing shells, and are also long extinct. Diapsid main Diapsid Living at the same time as, but not closely related to, dinosaurs, the Mosasaurs resembled crocodiles but were more strongly adapted to marine life. They became extinct within 65 million years ago, at the same time as the dinosaurs. Modern diapsids which have made their own adaptions to allow them to spend significant time in the water include marine iguana s and marine crocodile s. Sea snakes are extensively adapted to the marine environment, giving birth to live offspring in the same way as the Euryapsida see below and are largely incapable of terrestrial activity. The arc of their adaptation is evident by observing the primitive Laticauda genus, which must return to land to lay eggs. Euryapsida main Euryapsida These marine reptiles had ... to marine life and cannot survive on land at all. Their adaptation can be seen in many unique ... adaptation to swimming high levels of body fat and nostrils that are able to close , diving, and thermoregulation ... includes some aquatic adaptation, which has been said to explain human hairlessness, bipedalism ... more details
March 2009 Gaussian adaptation GA is an evolutionary algorithm designed for the maximization of manufacturing ... is valid also for those concepts. Altogether, this means that Gaussian adaptation may carry out a simultateous ... used for both ordinary optimization and yield maximization. Natural evolution and Gaussian adaptation ... for the natural evolution to be able to fulfill the theorem of Gaussian adaptation, with respect to all ... law . This is possible because the theorem of Gaussian adaptation is valid for any region of acceptability .... So, in this sense Gaussian adaptation may be seen as a genetic algorithm. How to climb ... equilibrium as suggested by Gould see Ridley . Computer simulation of Gaussian adaptation Thus ... theoretically. The implementation of normal adaptation on a computer is a fairly simple task. The adaptation ... of this adaptation is not very salient in a 2 dimensional case, but in a high dimensional case ... adaptation according to the last formula in the preceding section. Image Schematic of a neural network executing the Gaussian adaptation algorithm.GIF m and W are updated according to m sub ..., 1996, 1999 and 2002 . Gaussian adaptation and free will Gaussian adaptation as an evolutionary ... 1999. A theorem of efficiency for random search The efficiency of Gaussian adaptation relies on the theory ... adaptation. To the left the process is most chaotic when P 0, while there is perfect order ... of information. The Stauffer and Grimson algorithm Gaussian adaptation has also been used for other ... to Gaussian adaptation as used in the section Computer simulation of Gaussian adaptation above. In both cases the maximum likelihood method is used for estimation of mean values by adaptation at one ... information or manufacturing yield. The adaptation of the moment matrix also differs very much as compared ... content Simulated annealing Stochastic optimization CMA ES Covariance matrix adaptation evolution ...., Tax n, L. and Lindberg, P. O. Discrete Optimization of Digital Filters Using Gaussian Adaptation and Quadratic ... more details
nofootnotes date June 2010 A psychological adaptation , also called an Evolved psychological mechanism or EPM , is an aspect of a human or other animal s psychology that is the result of evolution ary pressures. It could serve a specific purpose, have served a purpose in the past see vestigiality , or be a side effect of another EPM see spandrel biology . Evolutionary psychology proposes that the human psychology mostly comprises psychological adaptations, in opposition to tabula rasa blank slate models of human psychology such as the standard social science model , http salmon.psy.plym.ac.uk Year1 psy150 sociobiology.htm debate Dead link date June 2008 popular throughout most of the twentieth century. Evolutionary psychologist, David Buss , lays out six properties of evolved psychological mechanisms EPM s An EPM exists in the form that it does because it solved a specific problem of survival or reproduction recurrently over evolutionary history. An EPM is designed to take in only a narrow slice of information The input of an EPM tells an organism the particular adaptation adaptive problem it is facing The input of an EPM is transformed through decision theory decision rules into output The output of an EPM can be physiological activity, information to other psychological mechanisms, or manifest behaviors The output of an EPM is directed toward the solution to a specific adaptive problem Further important properties include the following EPM s provide nonarbitrary criteria, i.e. adaptive function for carving the mind at its joints, i.e. evolved structure . EPM s tend to aid in solving specific adaptive problems, e.g. food selection, mate selection, intrasexual competition, etc. EPM s are believed to be numerous, which contributes to human behavioral flexibility. An analogy would be like a carpenter who, instead of having one tool that does everything, has many tools, each with a specific function for a specific task, e.g. a hammer for pounding nails, a saw for cutting ... more details
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