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Encyclopedia results for Actor model implementation

Actor model implementation





Encyclopedia results for Actor model implementation

  1. Actor model implementation

    Copy to Wikibooks In computer science , Actor model implementation concerns implementation issues for the Actor model . Cosmic Cube The Cosmic Cube was developed by Chuck Seitz et al. at Caltech providing architectural support for Actor systems. A significant difference between the Cosmic Cube and most ... expression is 5, 7 or 9. See also Actor model and process calculi Actor model theory Forth ... SS 06 08. AAAI Press. March 2006. Category Actor model ... model is reflected in the hardware structure and operating system, and is also the explicit message ... bandwidth achieved across the many concurrent communication channels and the feasibility of the implementation ... messaging A uniform space of Actor addresses to which messages could be sent concurrently regardless of whether the recipient Actor was local or nonlocal A form of Actor pipelining see Actor model Concurrent Smalltalk which can be modeled using Actor model Actors was developed to program the J Machine. Prototype Actor Programming Language Hewitt 2006 presented a prototype Actor programming language ... language are defined by defining each program construct as an Actor with its own behavior ... Actors Each Eval message has the address of an Actor that acts as an environment with the bindings ... Bind identifier value customer is received by an Actor Environment, a new environment Actor is created such that when the new environment Actor receives Request Lookup identifier customer then if identifier ... Lookup identifier customer . The above builds on an Actor EmptyEnvironment which when it receives Request ... environment evalCustomer sub 1 sub where evalCustomer sub 1 sub is a new Actor such that when evalCustomer ... Request Eval environment evalCustomer sub 2 sub where evalCustomer sub 2 sub is a new actor such that when ... customer a new actor theReceiver such that when theReceiver receives a communication com, then create ... is received, send customer a new actor theReceiver such that when theReceiver receives Request message ...   more details



  1. Implementation maturity model assessment

    The implementation maturity model IMM is an instrument to help an organization in assessing and determining the degree of maturity of its implementation processes . This model consists of two important components, namely the five maturity levels, adopted from Capability Maturity Model capability maturity model CMM of the Software Engineering Institute Software Engineering Institute SEI . By assessing the maturity of different aspects of implementation processes, it becomes clear what their strengths and weaknesses are, and also where improvements are needed. Implementation maturity matrix, which is an adjusted version of the test maturity matrix found in the test process improvement TPI model ... Determine implementation maturity model elements levels After all dependencies and checkpoints have ... situation of its implementation processes, and how it should pursue the desirable situation i.e. ... and indicates both the richness of an organization s implementation process and the consistency with which ... 0 Initial At this level, the organization lacks a stable environment for the implementation. Values are given to implementation aspects and implementation factors in an ad hoc fashion and there is no interconnection ... centrally during implementation projects and communication hardly takes place. The overall implementation lacks structure and control and its efficiency depends on individual skills, knowledge ... of the current one. Implementation aspects are considered during implementation projects ... are carried out under guidance of project operation standards and an implementation strategy. Each ... is focusing on the continuous improvement of the implementation processes. The organization possesses the means to detect weaknesses and to strengthen the implementation process proactively. Analyses ... maturity for the implementation processes within an organization can be assessed and determined. In this section ... below Figure 1 depicts the process of determining the maturity level of the implementation process ...   more details



  1. Actor model

    , 2011 ref It has been used both as a framework for a Actor model theory theoretical understanding of Concurrency computer science computation , and as the theoretical basis for several Actor model implementation .... See Actor model implementation . Research on the Actor model has been carried out at Caltech ... also freed the Actor model from implementation details, e.g. , the Smalltalk 72 token stream interpreter ... by the Actor model require extensive optimization. See Actor model implementation for details. Modeling ...Cleanup date June 2010 Citation style date September 2009 In computer science , the Actor model is a mathematical .... The Actor model originated in 1973. ref cite journal ref harvid Hewitt et al. 1973 author Carl Hewitt ... Intelligence publisher IJCAI year 1973 ref ref http www.robust11.org Actor Model of Computation ... work is discussed in Indeterminacy in concurrent computation and Actor model and process calculi . History Main History of the Actor model Unlike previous models of computation, the Actor model was inspired ... multi core computer architectures has revived interest in the Actor model. Following Hewitt, Bishop ... William Clinger s dissertation, in 1981, introducing a Denotational semantics of the Actor model ... publisher MIT Press year 1986 ref This resulted in the full development of actor model theory ... Laboratory and elsewhere. Fundamental concepts The Actor model adopts the philosophy that everything ... is typically executed sequentially, while the Actor model is inherently concurrent. An actor is a computational ... of the Actor model enabling asynchronous communication and control structures as patterns of message ... itself created. The Actor model is characterized by inherent concurrency of computation within and among ... about systems in the Actor model. These include Operational semantics ref name greif1975 ref name ... that are not fully faithful to the Actor model in that they do not formalize the guaranteed delivery of messages including the following See Actor model later history Attempts to relate Actor ...   more details



  1. History of the Actor model

    . Abstracting away implementation details An important challenge in defining the Actor model was to abstract away implementation details. For example, consider the following question Does each Actor have ...Use mdy dates date October 2010 Copy to Wikibooks In computer science , the Actor model , first published in 1973 harv Hewitt et al. 1973 , is a mathematical model of concurrent computation . This article is about the early history of the Actor model. See Actor model middle history and Actor model later ... in defining the Actor model is that it did not provide for global states so that a computational step ... of time. In this respect, the situations of McCarthy are not suitable for use in the Actor model ... in the Actor model and their relationship to physics explored see Actor model theory . Relationship to physics According to Hewitt 2006 , the Actor model is based on physics in contrast with other models ... the Actor model in many ways, especially quantum indeterminacy quantum physics and Theory of relativity ...? Carl Hewitt argued against including such queues as an integral part of the Actor model ... would not use such queues in their actual implementation. E.g., an Actor might have a network of Arbiter ... computing interpretation Should interpretation be an integral part of the Actor model? The idea .... Hewitt argued against making interpretation integral to the Actor model. One consideration was that to process ..., not the concurrency expressed in the Actor model. On the other hand, the Actor model is capable ... model, Hewitt and Baker proved that any Actor that behaves like a function is Scott continuity continuous ... see Denotational semantics of the Actor model Clinger.27s Model Clinger s model . Subsequently Hewitt .... See History of denotational semantics . See also Actor model and process calculi history History ..., Organizational, and Social COIN AAMAS. April 27, 2006. Category Actor model Category History of computing Actor model Category History of software Actor model ...   more details



  1. Actor model later history

    Seitz developed the Actor model implementation Cosmic Cube Cosmic Cube which was one of the first message passing Actor architectures. Subsequently at MIT researchers under the leadership of Bill Dally developed the Actor model implementation J Machine J Machine . Attempts to relate Actor semantics ...Copy to Wikibooks In computer science , the Actor model , first published in 1973 harv Hewitt et al. 1973 , is a mathematical model of concurrent computation . This article reports on the later history of the Actor model in which major themes were investigation of the basic power of the model, study ... on article to Actor model middle history which reports on the initial implementations, initial applications, and development of the first proof theory and denotational model. Power of the Actor Model Investigations began into the basic power of the Actor model. Carl Hewitt 1985 argued that because of the use of Arbiter electronics Arbiters that the Actor model was more powerful than logic ..., like the Actor model, the Prolog like concurrent systems were based on message passing and consequently ... issues of compositionality in the Actor model. Actor configurations have receptionists that can receive messages from outside and may have the addresses of the receptionists of other Actor configurations. In this way two Actor configurations can be composed into another configuration whose subconfigurations can communicate with each other. Actor configurations have the advantage that they can ... of having to poll to get messages from multiple sources see Actor model and process calculi Issues ... see unbounded nondeterminism . Recent developments Recent developments in the Actor model .... Hewitt Hewitt 2006a, 2006b is attempting to use the Actor model to address these challenges ... and Carolyn Talcott 1998 , M. Gaspari and G. Zavattaro 1999 have attempted to relate Actor semantics to algebra. Also John Darlington and Y. K. Guo 1994 have attempted to relate linear logic to Actor ...   more details



  1. Actor model middle history

    Copy to Wikibooks In computer science , the Actor model , first published in 1973 harv Hewitt et al. 1973 , is a mathematical model of concurrent computation . This article reports on the middle history of the Actor model in which major themes were initial implementations, initial applications, and development of the first proof theory and denotational model. It is the follow on article to Actor model early history which reports on the early history of the Actor model which concerned the basic development of the concepts. The article Actor model later history reports on developments after the ones reported in this article. Proving properties of Actor systems Carl Hewitt 1974 published the principle of Actor induction which is Suppose that an Actor tt x tt has property tt P tt when it is created ... doctoral dissertation, Aki Yonezawa developed further techniques for proving properties of Actor systems including those that make use of Actor model and process calculi Migration migration . Russ ... Sassone 2004 . A denotational model of Actor systems In his doctoral dissertation, Will Clinger developed the first denotational model of Actor systems. See denotational semantics of the Actor model ... Actor model Category History of computing ... the automatic reclamation of unused storage was an important theme in the development of the Actor model. In his doctoral dissertation, Peter Bishop developed an algorithm for garbage collection in distributed ... generational garbage collection . Actor programming languages Henry Lieberman, Dan Theriault, et al. developed Act1, an Actor programming language. Subsequently for his masters thesis, Dan Theriault ... Metaphor in his doctoral disseration. William Athas and Nanette Boden 1988 developed Cantor which is an Actor ... to extend Smalltalk 80 for Actor computations. Christine Tomlinson, Mark Scheevel, Greg Lavender, Greg Meredith, et al. 1995 at MCC developed an Actor programming language for InfoSleuth agents in Rosette ...   more details



  1. Actor model theory

    of the Actor model The Timed Diagrams Model technically simpler denotational model that is easier to understand. See also Actor model early history Actor model and process calculi Actor model implementation ...Refimprove date August 2011 In theoretical computer science , Actor model theory concerns theoretical issues for the Actor model . Actors are the primitives that form the basis of the Actor model of concurrent digital computation. In response to a message that it receives, an Actor can make local decisions .... Actor model theory incorporates theories of the events and structures of Actor computations, their proof theory, and denotational semantics of the Actor model denotational models . Events and their orderings From the definition of an Actor, it can be seen that numerous events take place local ... and relativity theory . Therefore, since the Actor model is based on physics, the Law of Finite Chains Between Events in the Combined Ordering was taken as an axiom of the Actor model. Law of Discreteness ... semantics Clinger 1981 used the Actor event model described above to construct a Denotational semantics of the Actor model Clinger.27s Model denotational model for Actors using power domains ..., Organizational, and Social COINS AAMAS. 2006. Category Actor model Category Denotational semantics ... of a message sent to an Actor. This article reports on the results published in Hewitt 2006 . Law of Countability ... e sub 1 sub tt the set tt e e e sub 1 sub tt is finite. Arrival orderings The arrival ordering of an Actor ... circuit called an Arbiter electronics arbiter . The arrival events of an Actor are on its world line . The arrival ordering means that the Actor model inherently has indeterminacy see Indeterminacy in concurrent computation . Because all of the events of the arrival ordering of an actor tt x tt happen on the world line of tt x tt , the arrival ordering of an actor is relativistically invariant . I.e. ... to show that there is an Actor computation that satisfies the previously stated laws but violates ...   more details



  1. Actor model and process calculi

    Copy to Wikibooks In computer science , the Actor model and Process calculi process calculi are two closely ... . See Actor model and process calculi history . There are many similarities between the two approaches, but also several differences some philosophical, some technical There is only one Actor model ..., or constructs specific to application areas such as security analysis . The Actor model was inspired ... Actor model theory the process calculi were originally inspired by algebra harv Milner 1993 . Processes ... can also be used to model channel like communications harv Cardelli and Gordon 1998 . In contrast, actors in the Actor model possess an identity, and communicate by sending messages to the mailing addresses of other actors this style of communication can also be used to model channel like communications &mdash see below . The publications on the Actor model and on process calculi have a fair number of cross references, acknowledgments, and reciprocal citations see Actor model and process calculi ... both semantics and performance. Some process calculi differ from the Actor model in their use ... from multiple channels Again consider the program written in CSP discussed in Actor model and process ... protocol Actor model and process calculi A simple distributed protocol A simple distributed ...     process2 b As pointed out in Knabe 1992 , an issue with the above protocol Actor model ... 1992 , an issue with the above protocol Actor model and process calculi A simple distributed protocol ... section Actor model and process calculi Livelock on getting from multiple channels Livelock ... model using domain theory in denotational semantics of the Actor model Clinger s Model his dissertation in 1981. His semantics contrasted the unbounded nondeterminism of the Actor model with the bounded ... semantics of the Actor model The Timed Diagrams Model timed diagrams . Ugo Montanari and Carolyn ... AAMAS. 2006. Category Actor model Category Process calculi ...   more details



  1. Denotational semantics of the Actor model

    Copy to Wikibooks The denotational semantics of the Actor model is the subject of denotational domain theory for Actor model Actors . The historical development of this subject is recounted in Hewitt 2008b . Actor fixed point semantics The denotational theory of computational system semantics is concerned ... are called Domain theory domains . The Actor model Actor uses the domain of event diagram scenarios ... sub 1 sub tt and tt expression sub 2 sub tt . The Actor model provides a modern and very general ... semantics for concurrent programming languages. One solution to this problem is to use the Actor model of computation. In Actor model, programs are Actors that are sent tt Eval tt messages with the address ... from the denotational semantics of the Actor model an idea published in Hewitt 2006 . Environments ... calculi and the Actor model provide a denotational semantics for tt expression sub 1 sub expression ... the first denotation semantics for the Actor model. The domain of Actor computations Clinger 1981 ... obeys all the laws of Actor model theory . The finite elements of TimedDiagrams are countable where ... scheduled event e and X e e sub 1 message sub e see Actor model theory , Flow d is defined to be the set ... Noriega .et. al. editors. LNAI 4386. Springer Verlag. 2007. Category Actor model Category Denotational semantics Actor model, denotational semantics zh ... computer science closure Actor process C that has an address called body for tt L tt and an address called environment for E . The Actor tt L 1 2 tt then sends C the message 1 2 . When C receives the message 1 2 , it creates a new environment Actor F which behaves as follows When it receives ... The Actor process C then sends an tt Eval tt message with environment F to the following actor process ... expressions For another example consider the Actor for the expression tt expression sub 1 sub expression ... expression sub 2 sub tt . When the composite expression Actor process receives an tt Eval tt message ...   more details



  1. Implementation

    Refimprove date December 2009 Wiktionary Implementation is the realization of an application, or execution of a plan , idea, scientific modelling model , design , specification , Standardization standard , algorithm , or policy . Computer Science In computer science , an implementation is a realization of a technical specification or algorithm as a computer program program , software component , or other computer system through programming and Software deployment deployment . Many implementations may exist for a given specification or standard. For example, web browser s contain implementations of World Wide Web Consortium recommended specifications, and software development tools contain implementations of programming languages . IT Industry In the IT Industry, implementation refers to post sales process of guiding a client from purchase to use of the software or hardware that was purchased. This includes Requirements Analysis, Scope Analysis, Customizations, Systems Integrations, User Policies, User Training and Delivery. These steps are often overseen by a Project Manager using Project Management Methodologies set forth in the Project Management Body of Knowledge. Software Implementations involve several professionals that are relatively new to the knowledge based economy such as Business ... , and Project Managers. IT Implementation and the Role of End users System implementation generally ... been a problem area for information systems implementation efforts. Users and information systems specialists ... Science In political science , implementation refers to the carrying out of public policy . Legislatures ... impacting implementation include the legislative intent, the administrative capacity of the implementing ... of implementation Direct changeover Hot standby Parallel running or as known as parallel Pilot .... fixed I think . Thank you See also Interface computer science Programming language implementation ... software ru sq Implementimi sv Implementation uk ...   more details



  1. File:Yash Gera- Model-Actor-DJ.jpg

    Summary Yash Gera Actor, Model & Disc jockey http www.flickr.com photos 57461414 N05 5292873137 sizes s in photostream Licensing cc by 3.0 ...   more details



  1. Actor model and process calculi history

    Copy to Wikibooks The Actor model and process calculi share an interesting history and co evolution. Early work The Actor model , first published in 1973, ref Carl Hewitt, Peter Bishop and Richard Steiger ... model of concurrent computation . The Actor model treats Actors as the universal primitives of concurrent .... As opposed to the previous approach based on composing sequential processes, the Actor model was developed as an inherently concurrent model. In the Actor model sequentiality was a special case that derived from concurrent computation as explained in Actor model theory . Robin Milner s initial ... on sequential processes. His work differed from the Actor model in the following ways There are a fixed number of processes as opposed to the Actor model which allows the number of Actors ... as opposed to the Actor model which allows the addresses of Actors to be passed in messages The processes have a fixed topology as opposed to the Actor model which allows varying topology Communication is synchronous as opposed to the Actor model in which an unbounded time can elapse between sending and receiving a message. The semantics provided bounded nondeterminism unlike the Actor model with unbounded ... some of these restrictions in his work on the Pi calculus see section Actor model and process calculi ... Communicating Sequential Processes was different from the Actor model which states ref C.A.R. .... The 1978 version of CSP differed from the Actor model in the following respects Clinger ... whereas the Actor model is based on asynchronous one way messaging. The fundamental unit of execution was a sequential process in contrast to the Actor model in which execution was fundamentally ... is the fundamental mechanism for generating parallelism in the Actor model sending more messages generates ... be far apart. Communication was between processes whereas in the Actor model communications are one ... to wait on multiple processes see Actor model and process calculi . Data structures consisted of numbers ...   more details



  1. Reference implementation

    In the software development process , a reference implementation or, less frequently, sample implementation or model implementation is the standard software standard from which all other implementations, with their attendant customizations, are measured, and to which all improvements are added. An improving reference implementation in turn reflects its unchanging specification technical standard specification , or else an attempt at an implementation may prove that the specification is impractical and needs improvement itself. Software testing Testing the implementation specification relationship further enhances the Product family engineering production s inter process efficiencies cquote A reference implementation is, in general, an implementation of a specification to be used as a definitive interpretation for that specification. During the development of the ... conformance test suite, at least one relatively trusted implementation of each interface is necessary to 1 discover errors or ambiguities in the specification, and 2 validate the correct functioning of the test suite. ref Dalci, Eric Fong, Elizabeth Goldfine, Alan 2003 . Requirements for GSC IS Reference Implementations . National Institute of Standards and Technology, Information Technology Laboratory. http xw2k.sdct.itl.nist.gov smartcard document ref imp51.pdf ref cquote Characteristics of a Reference Implementation 1 Developed concurrently with spec and test suite 2 Verifies that specification is implementable 3 Enables the test suite to be tested 4 Serves as Gold Standard against which other implementations can be measured 5 Helps to clarify intent of specification where conformance tests are inadequate ref Curran, Patrick 2003 . Conformance Testing An Industry Perspective . Sun Microsystems. http vote.nist.gov speeches 1 20 20Specification 20Panel 6 20 20Curran.pdf ref A reference implementation may or may not be production quality. For example, the Fraunhofer Society Fraunhofer reference implementation ...   more details



  1. Implementation intention

    An implementation intention II is a self regulatory strategy in the form of an if then plan If situation ... intentions as it specifies the when, where and how of a goal directed behavior. The concept of implementation ..., 1999 . ref Gollwitzer, P. M. 1999 . Implementation intentions Strong effects of simple plans ... ref Gollwitzer, P. M., & Brandstaetter, V. 1997 . Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 186 199. ref that implementation intentions help ... by using implementation intentions. This if then plan does not name a goal in its unspecific form e.g. ... resources available for other tasks or not easily becoming distracted. It is also assumed that an implementation ... important for the implementation intention to have an effect on people s behavior. Without commitment, an implementation intention will hardly have an effect on goal directed behavior. Speaking in terms of the phase model of action Gollwitzer, 1990 , ref Gollwitzer, P. M. 1990 . Action phases and mind ... of social behavior Vol. 2, pp. 53 92 . New York Guilford Press. ref the use of implementation ... force of setting goals . In the implemental mindset, a person is already committed to a goal and an implementation intention can be a good strategy to reach this goal. Implementation Intentions and Goal Shielding A lot of research concerning implementation intentions has been conducted to shed light ...., & Sheeran, P. 2006 . Implementation intentions and goal achievement A meta analysis of effects and processes ..., P. M., & Sheeran, P. 2008 . Implementation intentions and shielding goal striving from unwanted thoughts ... Study 1 and performance in sports Study2 , show a significant positive influence of implementation intentions on protecting ongoing goal striving. Participants who formed implementation intentions were ... and meaningfulness of implementation intentions for everyday life. Implementation Intentions and the Strategic ..., 96, 11 31. ref published another study, which was conducted to address the effectiveness of implementation ...   more details



  1. Open implementation

    In computing , open implementation platform computing platforms are systems where the implementation is accessible. Open implementation allows developers of a program to alter pieces of the underlying software to fit their specific needs. With this technique it is far easier to write general tools, though it makes the programs themselves more complex to design and use. There are also open language implementation s, which make aspects of the language implementation accessible to application programmers. Open implementation is not to be confused with open source , which allows users to change implementation source code, rather than using existing application programming interface s. See also Aspect oriented programming for a successor concept in research Metaobject protocol for the primary implementation means Software architecture for organization of software in general External links http www2.parc.com csl groups sda projects oi site guide.html Links pertaining to open implementation Category Free software culture and documents compu stub ...   more details



  1. SAP implementation

    No footnotes date July 2011 SAP implementation is the whole of processes that defines a complete Method ... . The SAP implementation method described in this entry is a generic method and not a specific implementation method as such. It is based on best practice s and case study case studies from ... implementation method to allow any organization to plan and execute the implementation of SAP software. Introduction The implementation of SAP AG SAP software , such as SAP R 3 is almost always ... software. The resulting changes that the implementation of SAP generates are intended to reach high ... with the same information . It is therefore very important that the implementation process is planned and executed with the usage of a solid method. There are various SAP implementation methods. An example ... shows that designing IT architecture is very critical in SAP implementation practices. IEEE ... SAP R 3 implementation in an international fast moving consumer goods FMCG company during 2001 ... SAP IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT PLAN A comprehensive project plan that contains all products that are delivered whilst performing an SAP implementation project Anderson, 2003 SOLUTION STACK Set of software ... that are committed to implementation and management of SAP. Anderson, 2003 TSO CHART A chart that depicts ... of all of the activities that form the SAP implementation process. These activities will be described ... of the implementation, which are to develop and begin Installation computer programs installation implementation of the SAP data center . Execute training Train the various members of the SAP TSO ... related to the SAP implementation . Address SAP systems and operations management Create a foundation ... the actual go live colspan 2 Go Live Turn on the SAP system for the end users Implementation processes ... to put in on the right track towards implementation . Design and initially staff the SAP ... phase and forms the main chunk of the implementation process. The phase is illustrated below. Perform ...   more details



  1. Brand implementation

    marketing Brand implementation refers to the physical representation and consistent application of brand identity across visual and Brand language verbal identity carriers. In visual brand language visual terms, this can include signage , uniforms , liveries , interior design and branded merchandise. Brand implementation encompasses facets of architecture , product design , industrial design , quantity surveying , engineering , procurement , project management and retail design . Brand implementation means the continuous and consistent application of the brand s image in all business units, all ... whole. In that respect, brand implementation must be seen as a continuous process, one which will require ... or one s own company structure. ref Misof, Guenther 2007 . Brand Implementation. Managing & Controlling Brand Identity , Germany ref Background Brand implementation emerged as a discipline in the 1990s ..., brand implementation was handled by various parties, including shop fitters, interior designers and sign ... meant suppliers had too much control over brand issues. Brand implementation was thus coined .... Today Brand implementation is now a critical discipline focused on binding the relationship between the target audience and the brand. This allows brand implementation firms to identify the best possible ... Butterfly to BDO in the Best Implementation of a Rebrand category. ref http communicatemagazine.co.uk ... feasibility, consistent implementation and complete control are the key problems of brand implementation. Moreover there are five large stumbling blocks that stand in the way of effective implementation .... Brand Implementation Group, 2006 2011 ref Magic and Logic Brand implementation does not involve the design or creation of brand identity. Instead, brand implementation agencies work closely with branding ... look after the Magic creative and brand implementation agencies look after the Logic implementation ... Brand management Implementation Category Brands Implementation Category Branding companies Category ...   more details



  1. Implementation research

    Orphan date February 2009 Wikify date April 2010 Implementation research is the scientific study of methodology methods to promote the uptake of research findings. Often research projects focus on small scale pilot studies or laboratory based experiments, and assume that findings can be generalised to roll out into a practice based domain with few changes. Implementation research explores the challenges that are faced when generalising research findings in the real world , for example in the fields of healthcare or school based education. References Walker, Anne E., Grimshaw, J., Johnston, M., Pitts, N. Steen, N., and Eccles, M. PRIME PRocess modelling in ImpleMEntation research selecting a theoretical basis for interventions to change clinical practice. BMC Health Services Research 2003, 3 22doi 10.1186 1472 6963 3 22 http www.biomedcentral.com 1472 6963 3 22 Category Methodology Category Research methods ...   more details



  1. Implementation shortfall

    unreferenced date May 2009 In financial markets , Implementation Shortfall is the difference between the decision price and the final execution price including commissions, taxes, etc. for a trade. This is also known as the slippage . Agency trading is largely concerned with minimizing implementation shortfall and finding liquidity . Decision Price The decision price is the price of the stock that prompted the decision to buy or sell. The most common decision prices is the close price or the arrival price. If we split the decision to buy a stock from the actual trading of the stock, as is often the case with fund managers decision makers and brokers trade executors , you can see why both are used. From the fund manager s point of view, his decision to trade is often based on the closing price of the day s trading along with the entire history of the stock and other signals indicators . When he decides to buy a particular stock the next day, it is because he believes that the price will go up from that closing price. Thus his decision price is the close price . However the broker, unless she is explicitly told what levels to buy at or what prompted the desire to buy, does not know when or why the decision was made. Her best guess is that the current price at the time the order is received is what prompted the decision and thus her decision price is the arrival price . There is no common definition of this price, but the broker normally uses the last traded price or the mid price equal to the average of the current bid and ask prices being quoted at the time the order was received. Brokerage firms specialize in developing algorithmic strategies, and providing them to the institutional investment community, that aid in the quest to outperform benchmarks such as Implementation Shortfall. See also Algorithmic Trading Algorithmic Trading Platforms Market Impact finance stub Category Financial economics Category Financial markets ...   more details



  1. Implementation theory

    Implementation theory is an area of game theory closely related to mechanism design where an attempt is made to add into a game a mechanism such that the equilibrium of the game conforms to some concept of social optimality for instance Pareto optimality . In a game where multiple agents are to report their preferences or their type , it may be in the best interest of some agents to lie about their preferences. This may improve their outcome game theory payoff , but it may not be seen as a fair outcome to other agents. In order to implement a more fair outcome, in a repeated game, the other players may choose to punish any cheaters . The conditions of a repeated game where an arbitrary outcome may be enforced are set out in theorems often known as folk theorem game theory folk theorems . If a game is not repeated, it may only be possible to implement outcomes which are Nash equilibrium Nash equilibria or satisfy some other equilibrium selection equilibrium concept. game theory Category Game theory ...   more details



  1. Phased implementation

    example farm date September 2011 ref cite web last Copley first Steve title IGCSE ICT url http www.igcseict.info theory 8 implem accessdate 13 August 2011 ref ref cite book last Wainwright first Stewart title IGSCE and O Level Computer Science Computer Studies and Information Technology year 2009 publisher Cambridge University Press pages 29 url www.cambridge.org 9780521545402 ref Phased implementation is a method of changing from an existing system to a new one. File Phased implementation.png right Phased implementation is a changeover process that takes place in stages. Think of a supermarket for example. Imagine that only the vegetable section is changed over to the new system while the rest carries on with the old. If the new system does not work properly, it won t matter too much because only a small part of the supermarket has been computerised. If it does work, staff can take turns working on the vegetables counters to get some practice using the new system. After the vegetables section is working perfectly, the meat section might be next, and so on. Eventually all the parts of the supermarket system would have been phased in and the whole thing would be running. This takes a long time and there are two systems working until the changeover is completed. However, the supermarket is never in danger of having to shut and the staff are all able to get plenty of training, so it is a much friendlier method. Other methods of system changeover include Direct changeover and parallel running . References Reflist Category Project management business stub ...   more details



  1. Joint Implementation

    Joint implementation JI is one of three flexibility mechanisms set forth in the Kyoto Protocol to help countries with binding greenhouse gas emissions targets so called United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Annex I countries Annex I countries meet their obligations. JI is set forth in Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol . ref For more on JI see http unfccc.int kyoto protocol mechanisms joint implementation items 1674.php ref Under Article 6, any Annex I country can invest in emission reduction projects referred to as Joint Implementation Projects in any other Annex I country as an alternative to reducing emissions domestically. In this way countries can lower the costs of complying with their Kyoto Protocol Kyoto targets by investing in greenhouse gas reductions in an Annex I country where reductions are cheaper, and then applying the credit for those reductions towards their commitment goal. A JI project might involve, for example, replacing a coal fired power plant with a more efficient combined heat and power plant. Most JI projects are expected to take place in so called economies in transition, noted in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol. ref Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol identifies 12 economies in transition Bulgaria , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , the Russian Federation , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Ukraine . ref Currently Russia and Ukraine are slated to host the greatest number of JI projects. ref http www.cdmpipeline.org ji projects.htm 1 For a list of JI projects currently in the pipeline see ref Unlike the case ... by the committee of the UNFFCC. External links http ji.unfccc.int UNFCCC Joint Implementation on the UNFCCC pages. http www.jiqweb.org Foundation Joint Implementation Network Host of the Joint Implementation Quarterly JIQ newsletter. http www.bmu.de klimaschutz internationale klimapolitik ... change policy Category Carbon finance de Joint Implementation et hisrakendus fr Application conjointe ...   more details



  1. Model A

    Model A may refer to Ford Model A 1927 1931 , a model of car built by the Ford Motor Company Ford Model A 1903 1904 , a model of car built by the Ford Motor Company One of the letter series models of Farmall tractors One of the letter series models of John Deere tractors by Deere & Company A structural model of personality in Socionics see Socionics Model A Socionics Model A Model A band , an art rock band from California A character mode in the video game Mega Man ZX Advent Ritz Model A , ultralight aircraft disambig ...   more details



  1. Model

    TOC right Wiktionary model Model may refer to Physical Physical model , a physical representation of an object Scale model , a replica or prototype of an object 3D modelling , a 3D polygonal representation of an object, usually displayed with a computer Model aircraft Car model Model building , a hobby ... of the solid parts of an object, also called in vitro models Model organism , a simple organism used as model in biology Model product , an identifier of a product given by its manufacturer also called model number . Human models Model art , a person who poses to be depicted in art, for example in art school Model person , a person employed to display his or her looks or something such as a commercial product Fetish model , a model who wears the clothing and or devices of sexual fetishes Promotional model , a person who interacts with consumers to draw attention to and often inform them about a product Pseudo model , lang mo u a term coined in Hong Kong for young would be models Role model , a person who serves as a behavioural or moral example to others Nonphysical Abstract Conceptual model , a nonphysical model Interpretation logic , a model is part of an interpretation of facts in logic, a mapping of truth values to sentences. Mathematical model , an abstract model that uses mathematical language Structure mathematical logic , in model theory often called just a model or semantic model Applied Business model , a framework of the business logic of a firm Causal model , an abstract model that uses cause and effect logic Computer model , a computer program which attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system Molecular model , a physicochemical or mathematical description that models the behaviour of molecules Data model , a description of database structure Economic model , a theoretical construct representing economic processes Ecosystem model , a representation of components and flows through an ecosystem Graphical model , a probabilistic model for which ...   more details



  1. T-Model

    The T Model is a formula that states the returns earned by holders of a company s stock in terms of accounting ... the period book value The T Model connects fundamentals with investment return, allowing an analyst ... in, the T Model gives a close approximation of actually realized stock returns ref Estep, Tony, Security ..., it has the advantage of being correct in a mathematical sense see T Model Derivation derivation ... and Richard Lynn, Is The Estep T Model Consistently Useful? Financial Analysts Journal, November ... techniques such as price earnings or the simplified dividend discount model it is mathematically ... Estep published a T Model The Cash Flow T Model version of the T Model driven by cash items cash ... models such as the Capital Asset Pricing Model and its various descendants financial models attempt ... PB PB mathit 1 g math Substituting 3 and 4 into 2 gives 1 , the T Model. The Cash Flow T Model In 2003 Estep published a version of the T Model that does not rely on estimates of Return on Equity, but rather ... from the balance sheet. The Cash flow T Model is math mathit T frac mathit CF mathit P boldsymbol ..., and Investment Returns , The Journal Of Portfolio Management, Spring 2003 ref that this model is mathematically identical to the original T Model, and gives identical results under certain simplifying ... it may be preferable to the standard T Model, because the specific accounting items used as input values ... valuation formulas and techniques can be understood as simplified cases of the T Model. For example ... period. The third term of the T Model becomes zero, and the remaining terms simplify to math ... Gordon yield plus growth model. It will be a correct estimate of T if PB does not change ... and the required return, T . The T Model is also closely related to the P B ROE model of Wilcox ref Wilcox, Jarrod W., The P B ROE Valuation Model, Financial Analysts Journal, Jan Feb 1984, pp 58 66 ... dei rendimenti azionari il T model, Economia & Management 1988, v. 2, p.  93 104 http www.northinfo.com ...   more details




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