Context date October 2009 A12Authentication Access Authentication for Evolution Data Optimized 1xEV DO is a Challenge handshake authentication protocol CHAP based mechanism used by a CDMA2000 Access Network AN to authenticate a 1xEV DO Access Terminal AT . A12authentication occurs when an AT first attempts to access the AN and is repeated after some authentication timeout period. The element in the AN that performs this authentication is the Radio Network Controller RNC using its Access Network AAA protocol AAA AN AAA . In order to support A12authentication, matching A12 credentials i.e., an A12 Network Address Identifier NAI and A12 CHAP key must be provisioned into the AT and the user s home AAA server. Since these credentials are only shared between the AT and its home AAA, the AN AAA forwards A12 challenge responses received from an AT to its home AAA to determine whether they are correct. A12authentication is separate from packet data authentication that may occur later when a data session is being established. A12authentication is important for roaming since all participating operators in the IRT have agreed to support it. If A12 credentials are not provisioned into an AT, that AT will not be able to access any visited network that performs A12authentication. In addition, the Mobile Node Identifier MN ID is obtained from the AN AAA during successful A12authentication. This MN ID is used by the AN on the A8 A9 and A10 A11 interfaces to enable handoffs of Packet Data Serving Node PDSN packet data sessions between ANs and between 1xEV DO and CDMA2000 1xRTT systems. If A12authentication is not performed, the MN ID must be somehow derived and such handoffs may not be possible without establishing a new Point to Point Protocol PPP session. A12authentication is defined in TIA 878 3GPP2 A.S0008 . For information about A12authentication in roaming, see CDG Reference Document 136. Category Code division multiple access ... more details
A12 , A.12 or A 12 may refer to Aviation A 12 Avenger II , a Cold War era, American aircraft project that was canceled prior to production A 12 Shrike , a World War 2 era American attack aircraft Abrial A 12 Bagoas , a French, experimental glider of the 1930s Aero A.12 , a Czechoslovak light bomber built after World War 1 Lockheed A 12 , codenamed Oxcart , a high altitude, high speed reconnaissance aircraft, manufactured for the CIA Military Aggregate rocket family A12 Aggregate 12 , a German rocket design in World War 2 that was never constructed Matilda II tank , built to General Staff specification A12, a British tank of World War 2 Science and Technology A12Authentication , a CHAP based mechanism used by a CDMA2000 Access Network to authenticate a 1xEV DO Access Terminal ATC code A12 Mineral supplements , a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System British NVC community A12 Potamogeton pectinatus community , a British Isles plant community Other A12 road , in several countries Fiat A.12 , a 1916 Italian, 6 cylinder, liquid cooled in line engine HMS A12 HMS A12 , a British A class submarine of the Royal Navy LSWR A12 class , a 1887 British steam locomotive model Route A12 WMATA , a bus route in Washington, USA and also One of the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings codes for the English Opening in chess a Rhodopsin like receptors subfamily Letter NumberCombDisambig de A12 es A 12 fr A12 hr A12 it A12 lt A12 nl A12 ja A 12 pl A12 pt A 12 ru A 12 sv A12 zh A 12 ... more details
For other uses of the terms authentication , authentic and authenticity Authenticity disambiguation Authenticity Refimprove date September 2010 cleanup reason Discusses only entity authentication and no other aspects of authentication regarding communication security. Authentication methods and History ... 2010 Authentication from Lang el real or genuine, from authentes author ... packaging and labeling claims to be, or assuring that a computer program is a trusted one. Authentication ... type authentication is accepting proof of identity given by a credible person which has evidence .... The second type authentication is comparing the attributes of the object itself to what is known ... an object of interest and value. Certificates can, however, also be forged and the authentication ... the incentive for falsification, depending on the risk of getting caught. The third type authentication ... type of authentication method. Bills, coins, and cheque s incorporate hard to duplicate physical ... clothing can use either type of authentication method to prevent counterfeit goods from taking advantage ... of genuine brand name goods. Authentication factors and identity The ways in which someone may be authenticated fall into three categories, based on what are known as the factors of authentication something you know, something you have, or something you are. Each authentication factor covers a range ... http www.ffiec.gov pdf authentication guidance.pdf title Authentication in an Internet Banking Environment ... identifier . Two factor authentication Main Two factor authentication When elements representing two factors are required for identification, the term two factor authentication is applied. . e.g. a bankcard ... factor elements , but this is still a two factor authentication. Product authentication File GatewayTracingHologramLabel.jpg thumb A Security hologram label on an electronics box for authentication Counterfeit ... s, however, is subject to counterfeiting. Information content The authentication of information ... more details
Autoroute A12 , formerly known as the Autoroute de Bretagne Motorway of Brittany administrative region Brittany , is a French Autoroutes of France autoroute located in Yvelines , near Paris. It branches off from A13 autoroute A13 also known as the Motorway of Normandy at an exchange known as the Triangle de Roquencourt located in the town of Bailly, Yvelines Bailly and merges with RN12 and RN10 at Bois d Arcy, Yvelines Bois d Arcy . Its total length is 8.5 km 5.3 mi . Access is free. It is interesting to note that it has not been made any longer since its construction, which makes it the oldest French motorway to have remained on its original route. Its history started in 1934 with the publication of Plan Prost , which envisaged a network, already dense, of motorways in le de France region le de France . The A12 was then known as the Autoroute de Bretagne , which is a reference to its proximity to the nearby Route nationale 12 RN12 route which extends to Brittany. Its construction began in 1936 with the first deforestation on the site of the Triangle de Rocquencourt . Work ceased at the outbreak of war in 1939, with only earthworks having been executed. Work began again in the post war period and lasted until 1950. The motorway has not undergone any significant changes ... the A12 in the medium term 2015 2020 up to Ablis, France Ablis and the A11 autoroute A11 . It is anticipated ... A12 plan.png 500px thumb center Plan of the A12. List of junctions border 1 cellpadding 2 style ... nationale 12 N12 Route nationale 12 N12 Motorway exit 4 A12 SUP SMALL B SUP entrance only SMALL ... a12&lang en A12 autoroute in Saratlas fr icon http www.debatpublic a12.org Public consultation on extension of the A12 fr icon http www.a12non.org A12 NON , a website in protest of the motorway extension Autoroutes Coord 48.838152 N 2.191211 E display title Category Autoroutes in France A12 de Autoroute A12 fr Autoroute A12 France nl A12 Frankrijk ... more details
counties Zagreb County cities Vrbovec The A12 motorway lang hr Autocesta A12 is a partially built ... of public roads as motorways date January 23, 2009 ref ref name HAC A12 2009 cite web publisher Croatian Motorways Ltd language Croatian url http www.hac.hr docs brosure A12 brosura.pdf title A12 motorway brochure date April 27, 2009 ref The A12 motorway represents the western arm of the so ... is planned to branch off from the A12 at the Vrbovec 2 interchange, which is generally completed at this time, although it may not be used by motorists driving on the A12 at the moment as that exit ... of the Podravina Y A12 and A13 date April 24, 2009 ref Designation See also D28 Croatia At the moment, the A12 motorway is physically marked as the D28 Croatia D28 state road , as the designation was moved ..., the route has been detailed by legislation as the A12 motorway, while Hrvatske ceste and Hrvatske ... to the latter for maintenance and further development. ref name HAC A12 2009 It may therefore ... strictly, it would follow that the A12 motorway and the D28 Croatia D28 state road are Road concurrency ... ceste . Future construction The A12 motorway is scheduled to be extended towards Koprivnica ..., ref name BBZ 2009 A12 A13 cite news newspaper Bjelovar Bilogora County language Croatian url ... were announced once again and scheduled to start by autumn. ref name KCNET 2010 A12 cite news newspaper ... been scheduled yet. The subsequent A12 sections are planned to bypass Koprivnica to the east of the city ... Concessionaires Association publications. ref name HAC A12 2009 ref name HUKA 2009 16 Criticism The A12 ... wikitable colspan 5 bgcolor f2f2f2 align center style margin top 15 font big A12 traffic volume ... A12.svg 25px A12 2030 Vrbovec bypass align center 7,008 align center 7,272 Between the D41 Croatia ... de A12 Kroatien eo Kroata a tovojo A12 hr Autocesta A12 hu A12 es aut p lya Horv torsz g nl A12 Kroati pl Autostrada A12 Chorwacja ru A12 sk Dia nica A12 Chorv tsko ... more details
armor Ship aircraft Ship aircraft facilities Ship notes HMS A12 was an early Royal Navy submarine ... DEFAULTSORT A12 Category British A class submarines Category World War I submarines of the United Kingdom ... stub WWI stub sl HMS A12 fi HMS A.12 ... more details
Context date October 2009 Access Authentication in CDMA networks a.k.a. CAVE based Authentication IS 95 1xRTT , A12Authentication 1xEV DO Authentication of a mobile device by the serving access network. The access authentication mechanism employed depends upon the type of service being used CAVE based Authentication Used for access authentication in CDMA 1xRTT Authentication and Key Agreement AKA 3G successor to CAVE based authenticationA12Authentication Used for access authentication in 1xEV DO Note that 1xEV DO Hybrid MS AT devices may employ both CAVE based and A12authentication since these devices connect to both the 1xRTT and 1xEV DO networks. Category Code division multiple access ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An authentication protocol is a type of cryptographic protocol with the purpose of authentication authenticating entities wishing to communicate securely. There are many different authentication protocols such as AKA security AKA CAVE based authentication Challenge handshake authentication protocol CHAP CRAM MD5 Diameter protocol Diameter Extensible Authentication Protocol EAP Host Identity Protocol HIP Kerberos protocol Kerberos MS CHAP and MS CHAPv2 variants of CHAP LAN Manager NTLM , also known as NT LAN Manager Password authenticated key agreement protocols Password Authentication Protocol PAP Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol PEAP RADIUS Secure Remote Password protocol SRP TACACS and TACACS RFID Authentication Protocols Woo Lam 92 protocol DEFAULTSORT Authentication Protocol Category Computer access control protocols computer security stub Compu network stub ... more details
ref improve date November 2011 Mutual authentication or two way authentication sometimes written as 2WAY authentication refers to two parties authenticating each other suitably. In technology terms, it refers to a client or user authenticating themselves to a server and that server authenticating itself to the user in such a way that both parties are assured of the others identity. When describing online authentication processes, mutual authentication is often referred to as website to user authentication, or site to user authentication. Typically, this is done for a client process and a server process without user interaction. Mutual Secure Sockets Layer SSL provides the same things as SSL, with the addition of authentication and non repudiation of the client authentication, using digital signatures. However, due to issues with complexity, cost, logistics, and effectiveness, most web applications are designed so they do not require client side certificates. As the Financial Services Technology Consortium put it in its January 2005 report, Better institution to customer authentication would prevent attackers from successfully impersonating financial institutions to steal customers account credentials and better customer to institution authentication would prevent attackers from successfully ... Computer security Secure channel Digital signature Mobile signature Two factor authentication Pharming ... authentication.html more New Generation of Mutual Phone Authentication http developers.sun.com prodtech appserver reference techart mutual auth.html Mutual Authentication for Web Services A Live Example http www.howtoforge.com prevent phishing with mutual authentication How to prevent phishing with mutual authentication How to stop phishing with mutual authentication http www.solidpass.com authentication methods mutual authentication.html Mutual Authentication as a mobile application based security token. Category Authentication methods Category Computer access control computer security ... more details
Mergeto multi factor authentication date November 2009 Strong authentication is a notion with several unofficial definitions is not standardized in the security literature. Often, strong authentication is associated with two factor authentication or more generally multi factor authentication. Soliciting multiple answers to challenge questions may be considered strong authentication but, unless the process also retrieves something you have or something you are , it would not be considered multi factor. The FFIEC issued supplemental guidance on this subject in August 2006, in which they clarified, By definition true multifactor authentication requires the use of solutions from two or more of the three categories of factors. Using multiple solutions from the same category ... would not constitute multifactor authentication. Another commonly found class of definitions relates to a cryptographic process, or more precisely authentication based on a challenge response protocol. This type of definition is found in the Handbook of applied cryptography. ref Handbook of applied cryptography, Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot and Scott A. Vanstone, CRC Press. Available in electronic format at http www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca hac ref This type of definition does not necessarily relate to two factor authentication, since the secret key used in a challenge response authentication scheme can be simply derived from a password one factor . A third class of definitions says that strong authentication is any form of authentication in which the verification is accomplished without the transmission of a password . Citation needed date October 2009 This is the case for example with the definition found in the Fermilab documentation. ref Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy . http www.fnal.gov docs strongauth ref Thus, the term strong authentication ... For Open Authentication References reflist DEFAULTSORT Strong Authentication Category Theory of cryptography ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Authentication servers are Server computing server s that provide authentication services to user computing users or systems other systems via networking. Remotely placed users and other servers authenticate to such a server, and receive cryptographic tickets. These tickets are then exchanged with one another to verify digital identity identity . Authentication is used as the basis for authorization determining whether a privilege will be granted to a particular user or process computing process , privacy keeping information from becoming known to non participants , and non repudiation not being able to deny having done something that was authorized to be done based on the authentication . The major authentication algorithm s utilized are password s, Kerberos protocol Kerberos , and public key encryption . See also TACACS RADIUS Multi factor authentication DEFAULTSORT Authentication Server Category Computer network security Category Servers Compu network stub ... more details
BSD Authentication , otherwise known as BSD Auth, is an authentication software framework framework and software API employed by some Unix like operating system s, specifically OpenBSD and BSD OS , and accompanying System software system and Application software application software such as OpenSSH and Apache HTTP Server Apache . It originated with BSD OS and although the specification and implementation were donated to the FreeBSD project by BSDi , ultimately OpenBSD chose to adopt the framework in release 2.9. Pluggable Authentication Modules PAM serves a similar purpose on other operating systems such as Linux , FreeBSD and NetBSD . BSD Auth performs authentication by executing scripts or programs as separate Process computing process es from the one requiring the authentication. This prevents the child authentication process from interfering with the parent except through a narrowly defined inter process communication API, a technique inspired by the principle of least privilege and known as privilege separation . This behaviour has significant security benefits, notably improved Fail safe fail safeness of software, and robustness against malicious and accidental software bug s. ref name privsep cite conference author Niels Provos , CITI, University of Michigan Markus Friedl, GeNUA mbH Peter Honeyman, CITI, University of Michigan date 2003 url http www.usenix.org events sec03 tech provos et al.html title Preventing Privilege Escalation booktitle Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Security Symposium pages 231 242 ref PAM uses an alternative system where the modules providing authentication are Library computer science dynamically linked into the requesting process. This method is considered to be more flexible than BSD Auth Fact date February 2007 , but does not provide privilege ... Authentication system man 3 bsd auth OpenBSD interface to the BSD Authentication system Category BSD Category Computer access control frameworks Category Unix authentication related software ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 E authentication is a shorthand for electronic authentication . Authentication ... to support e authentication is regarded as an important component in successful e Government. ref http www.agimo.gov.au infrastructure authentication Australian Government Information Management Office . ref Poor coordination and poor technical design might be major barriers to electronic authentication ... there has been established nationwide common e authentication schemes to ease the reuse of digital ... e auth v07.pdf An overview of International Initiatives in the field of Electronic Authentication ... for electronic authentication, in order to establish common levels of trust and possibly interoperability between different authentication schemes. ref http www.finance.gov.au e government security and authentication Australia , http e com.ic.gc.ca epic site ecic ceac.nsf en h gv00090e.html Canada , http www.whitehouse.gov omb memoranda fy04 m04 04.pdf US M04 04 . ref In the US E Authentication ... people to access. The E Authentication service enables you to get access to government services online ... credential issuers such as Web sites and digital certificate issuers , E Authentication is providing ... the Internet. E Authentication is a government wide partnership that is supported by the agencies that comprise ... agency partner. E Authentication works through an association with a trusted credential issuer, making it necessary for the user to login into the issuer s site to obtain the authentication credentials. Those credentials or E Authentication ID are then transferred the supporting government web site causing authentication. E Authentication was created in response of an inter governmental memorandum ... and agencies when implementing E Authentication. See also E democracy E participation E Government Unit Electronic authentication Electronic services delivery eRulemaking Online consultation ... US government E Authentication Web Site http www.whitehouse.gov omb memoranda fy04 ... more details
Cleanup date March 2008 unreferenced date March 2008 Transaction authentication generally refers to the Internet based security method of securely identifying a user through two or three factor authentication Two factor authentication something you know plus something you have and or something you are at a transaction level, rather than at the traditional Session or Logon level. An internet banking application may allow a customer to perform numerous transactions within the single session and hence each, or selected transactions, will require the user to re authenticate themselves using the appropriate two or three factor authentication method see Two factor authentication . Authentication, no matter how strong the method s used cannot protect against so called Man in the Middle MitM or Man in the Browser Man in the Browser MitB attacks. This differs from Transaction verification , also an Internet based security method, which is specifically designed to combat so called Man in the Middle MitM and Man in the Browser Man in the Browser MitB attacks through not only authenticating the identity of the user, but also verifying the integrity of the actual content of the transaction, i.e. ensuring it has not been altered by one of these fraudulent techniques. Category Computer access control computer security stub ... more details
Geospatial Authentication A software package that has been designed to allow authentication for determining if the rover s is are within a set of boundaries or a specific area to access critical geospatial information by using GPS signal structures as a means to authenticate mobile devices into a network wirelessly and in real time has been developed. The advantage lies in that the system only allows those with designated geospatial boundaries or areas into the server. The Geospatial Authentication software has two parts Server and Client. The server software is a virtual private network VPN developed in Linux operating system using Perl programming language. The server can be a stand alone VPN server or can be combined with other applications and services. The client software is a GUI Windows CE software, or Mobile Graphical Software, that allows users to authenticate into a network. The purpose of the client software is to pass the needed satellite information to the server for authentication. This work was done by Stacey D. Lyle of Geospatial Research Innovation Design for John C. Stennis Space Center NASA s Stennis Space Center . External links Wiktionary http www.techbriefs.com component content article 5170 NASA Tech Briefs Source of Research Category Authentication methods ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Evidence law Authentication , in the law of evidence law evidence , is the process by which documentary evidence and other physical evidence is proven to be genuine, and not a forgery. Generally, authentication can be shown in one of two ways. First, a witness can testify as to the chain of custody through which the evidence passed from the time of the discovery up until the trial. Second, the evidence can be authenticated by the opinion of an expert witness examining the evidence to determine if it has all of the properties that it would be expected to have if it were authentic. For handwriting handwritten documents, any person who has become familiar with the purported author s handwriting prior to the cause of action from which the trial arose can testify that a document is in that handwriting. There are several kinds of documents which have generally been deemed to be self authenticating documents . These include commercial labels, newspapers and other periodicals, and official publications of an arm of the government. A special category of evidence called an ancient document will be deemed authentic if it can be shown to be more than twenty years old, and found in a place and condition that a document of that age would likely be found. DEFAULTSORT Authentication Law Category Evidence law see Classification of Authentication ... more details
In cryptography , deniable authentication refers to authentication between a set of participants where the participants themselves can be confident in the authenticity of the messages, but it cannot be proved to a third party after the event. In practice, deniable authentication can be achieved through the use of message authentication code s MACs by making sure that if an attacker is able to decrypt the messages, they would also know the MAC key as part of the protocol, and would thus be able to forge authentic looking messages. For example, in the Off the Record Messaging OTR protocol, MAC keys are derived from the asymmetric decryption key through a cryptographic hash function . In addition to that, the OTR protocol also reveals used MAC keys as part of the next message, when they have already been used to previously received messages and will not be re used. ref name otr cite conference author Nikita Borisov , Ian Goldberg , Eric Brewer computer scientist Eric Brewer title Off the Record Communication, or, Why Not To Use PGP booktitle Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society date 2004 10 28 url http www.cypherpunks.ca otr otr wpes.pdf format PDF accessdate 2007 02 01 ref See also Deniable encryption Plausible deniability Malleability cryptography Malleability Off the Record Messaging References Reflist Category Cryptographic protocols crypto stub ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2007 Violin authentication is the process of determining the maker and date of a violin . Multiple references may be required to assist in the process of authentication. This is often employed to combat fraudulent practices such as violin forgery and other forms of misrepresentation. Motivation for authentication Much of the price of a fine violin is determined not just by the quality of the instrument, but by the maker. Names like Amati , Guarneri , and Stradivari have become synonymous with excellence in craftsmanship and tone. Relatively unknown makers, capable of producing above average violins, know that they might be able to command tremendous prices simply by affixing the label of one of these early makers to the instruments of their making. The temptation has been, at times, irresistible. In its newest incarnation, however, instrument fraud appears to have shifted away from the production of clever fakes. The practice of merely misrepresenting the quality of the instrument is on the rise. To combat these and other such practices, the buyer may do well to consult an authenticator to confirm the maker, date, quality and price before purchasing an instrument, particularly when there are huge sums of money at stake. Authentication process Authenticating a violin is a multifaceted process that addresses two issues surrounding the authenticity of an instrument the year in which it was manufactured, and the maker essentially the information found on the label . To confirm these two attributes, the authenticator may employ several different techniques. The key to authentication is the idea that there is no single feature of a violin that exists independently of another. This implies that knowing the date narrows the number of makers, just as knowing the maker narrows the field of dates. External links http www.si.edu Encyclopedia SI nmah violappr.htm General Information on Obtaining Authentication and Appraisal of Violins Smithsonian Institution ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Electronic authentication E authentication is the process of establishing confidence in user identities electronically presented to an information system . E authentication presents a technical challenge when this process involves the remote authentication of individual people over a network, for the purpose of electronic government and commerce. E Authentication Model E authentication is the process of establishing confidence in user identities electronically presented ... is authorized to perform an electronic transaction. In most cases, the authentication and transaction ... may be limited and access control decisions may take this into account. E authentication begins ... that the RA has verified. The token and credential may be used in subsequent authentication events ... successfully demonstrates possession and control of a token in an on line authentication to a verifier through an Challenge handshake authentication protocol authentication protocol , the verifier can ... decisions. Subscribers, RAs and CSPs In the conceptual e authentication model, a claimant in an authentication ... that may be used to authenticate the claimant s identity. In e authentication, the claimant authenticates to a system or application over a network. Therefore, a token used for e authentication ... key and learn the password to use the token. Authentication systems are often categorized by the number of factors that they incorporate. The three factors often considered as the cornerstone of authentication ... the subject of the credentials. When these paper credentials are presented in person, authentication ... authenticates his or her identity to a verifier by the use of a token and an authentication ..., with no knowledge of the token before the authentication protocol run, learns nothing about the token ... the verifier and the relying party are separate entities, the verifier must convey the result of the authentication ... is called an assertion. See also Guide to E payments DEFAULTSORT Electronic Authentication ... more details
SMTP Authentication , often abbreviated SMTP AUTH , is an extension of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol whereby an SMTP client may log in , using an authentication mechanism chosen among those supported by the SMTP server. The authentication extension is mandatory for Mail submission agent submission servers. ref The relevant RFCs for reference are specified in the Standards section ref . History Differently from mail access protocols, the original SMTP specified by Jon Postel in the 70s did not provide ... Extension for Authentication author John Gardiner Myers date April 1995 publisher IETF accessdate 2010 ... protocol, Extended SMTP , and Simple Authentication and Security Layer SASL . An older tt ESMTPA ... extensions, SMTP AUTH is advertised in the EHLO response, along with a list of supported authentication ... Authentication successful SMTP AUTH can be used also on port 25. Usually, servers reject RCPT TO commands that imply relaying unless authentication credentials have been accepted. The specification recommends that servers issue 530 5.7.0 Authentication required in response to most commands in case the server is configured to require authentication and the client hasn t done it yet. Only servers listening ... parameter to the MAIL FROM command, so as to allow to distinguish authentication from authorization .... While the authentication doesn t need to vary, once established, different messages may be sent ... Klensin John C. Klensin , April 2006. RFC 4422, Simple Authentication and Security Layer SASL , Alexey Melnikov and Kurt D. Zeilenga, June 2006. RFC 4954, SMTP Service Extension for Authentication , Robert Siemborski and Alexey Melnikov, July 2007. See also E mail authentication Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Mail submission agent Extended SMTP Email client Port numbers Simple Authentication ... authentication Category Internet mail protocols Category Computer access control protocols de SMTP Auth fr Internet message access protocol authentication pl SMTP AUTH ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Key authentication is a problem that arises when using public key cryptography . It is the process of assuring that the public key of person A held by person B does in fact belong to person A . In traditional symmetric key cryptography, this problem wasn t an issue as it was implicitly assumed that some secure method of key distribution guaranteed key authenticity. Of course, this merely moved the issue back a level, to that of security of key distribution. Crypto systems using asymmetric key algorithms do not evade a related problem. That a public key can be known by all without compromising the security of an encryption algorithm for some such algorithms, though not for all is certainly useful, but does not prevent some kinds of attacks. For example, a spoofing attack in which public key A is claimed publicly to be that of user Alice, but is in fact a private key belonging to attacker Mallory, is easily possible. No public key is inherently bound to any particular user, and any user relying on a defective binding including Alice herself when she sends herself protected messages will have trouble. The simplest solution for this problem is for the two users concerned to meet face to face and exchange keys, However, for systems in which there are a large number of users or in which the users do not personally know each other eg, Internet shopping this is not practicable. The most common solution to this problem is the use of Public key certificate key certificate s and certificate authorities for them in a public key infrastructure system, The certificate authority acts as a trusted third party for the communicating users and, using cryptographic ..., or some combination of the two. However, in a significant sense, this merely moves the key authentication .... Accordingly, key authentication methods are being actively researched. See also div style moz column ... Achmed asks for trust DEFAULTSORT Key Authentication Category Key management ... more details
Inappropriate tone date December 2007 Email authentication is the effort to equip messages of the email transport system with enough verifiable information, so that recipients can recognize the nature of each incoming message automatically. It differs from content filtering . Rationale Ensuring a valid identity on an email has become a vital step in stopping spam electronic spam as email can be filtered ... publisher openspf.org http www.openspf.org mailflows l.png PNG ref Image Email Authentication 01a.png ... 587 that should always require authentication, the number of existing Received Email Header headers ... Internet users. Authenticating senders Generalize section date September 2010 Email authentication ... to expect that the MTA, being authorized, represents a form of authentication. None exclude the use .... ref The simplest and by far most widely deployed authentication scheme begins with a reverse ... IP address, and look up the IP address of that name, and they must match. Image Email Authentication ... database to register authentication information for a domain is relatively new. The new information ... other DNS query. Publishing authentication records in DNS is voluntary, and many domains probably won ... to many receivers on behalf of one sender. Forwarders pose no problem for an end to end authentication ... of the mail in addition to the mandatory tt Received tt timestamp line. Image Email Authentication 03d.png ... to at least accurately record the incoming IP address and pass it on, so one can do their own authentication ... agencies have no authority, and the ISP s have no incentive. Authentication cannot stop spam ... be no spam to need authentication to stop spam and so need for a CA playing cop. As long as ISPs ... to play cop. Authentication involving TLS, SMTP AUTH, or S MIME cannot stop backscatter for the same ... References Cite web title Email Authentication first David last MacQuigg url http purl.net macquigg ... DEFAULTSORT E Mail Authentication Category Email authentication Category Internet fraud Category ... more details
monasteries and five Premonstratensian monasteries functioned as places of authentication with authority ... titles of ownership was the most frequent task carried out by places of authentication . ref name ... First documents from the 14th century attest that places of authentication were frequently involved ... of authentication to a higher officer of the realm who then required the relevant religious institution ... any objections made at this time. ref name Rady 71 The representatives of places of authentication ... more details
This is a list of road designation roads designated A12 . Roads entries are sorted in the countries alphabetical order. A012 road Argentina , a road around the city of Rosario A12 motorway Austria , a road connecting Kufstein and the German Autobahn A 93 to Landeck A12 road Belgium , a road from the border with the Netherlands near Zandvliet to Brussels via Antwerp A12 motorway Croatia , a partially built road between the A4 motorway Sveta Helena interchange near Vrbovec and planned to be extended northward to Kri evci, Koprivnica and Gola border crossing to Hungary A12 motorway France , a road connecting Bailly and Bois d Arcy, Yvelines A 12 motorway Germany , a road connecting Berlin and the Polish border A12 motorway Italy , a road connecting Genoa and Rome A12 road Latvia , a road connecting J kabpils and the Russian border A12 highway Lithuania , a road connecting Ryga and Kaliningrad A12 road Malaysia , a road in Perak connecting A12 motorway Netherlands , a road connecting The Hague with the German border A12 road People s Republic of China may refer to A12 expressway Shanghai , a road connecting Wenshui Road Jiading and Taicang A 12 motorway Spain , a road connecting Pamplona and Burgos A 12 road Sri Lanka , a road connecting Puttalam and Trincomalee A12 motorway Switzerland , a road connecting Bern and Vevey A12 road United Kingdom may refer to A12 road England , a road connecting London to Great Yarmouth A12 road Isle of Man , a road connecting Derbyhaven and Castletown A12 road Northern Ireland , a road connecting the M1 to the M2 and M3 motorways A12 road United States of America may refer to A12 road California , a road connecting Old 99 Highway and US 97 near Weed See also list of highways numbered 12 A roads Category Lists of roads ... more details
Infobox road country BEL type A route 12 map Snelweg A12 Belgie.png length km 55 The A12 is an incomplete motorway in Belgium . The road starts at the Netherlands Dutch border near Zandvliet and goes to Antwerp . There the A12 goes onto the Antwerp ring road R1. Then the road goes via Wilrijk in the direction of Brussels the traffic coming from Ghent takes the A112 via the Jan De Vos Tunnel . From here on, it has frontage road s on both sides. Between Wilrijk and Schelle , the A12 is an Limited access road expressway with major at grade intersection s that contain also the frontage roads. There, from Schelle, it is again a motorway. Then, in Boom, Belgium Boom , a tunnel leads the A12 under the Ruppel river, where the frontage roads take a bridge and then fuse with the motorway itself. Between Breendonk and Meise Sint Brixius Rode , there are again at grade intersections, and then it is again a motorway, until Brussels, where it ends onto the Brussels Ring . There are plans to gradually convert the road into a full motorway. Therefore, exits would be built replacing the two intersections in Meise Westrode Londerzeel and a bridge replacing the intersection near Breendonk. However, in 2010, the intersections are being modernised instead and a frontage road is partially being built in the direction ... reservation . Pictures gallery widths 200px File Lijn11 a12.jpg Picture of the A12 and the railway line 11 File AutorouteA12.jpg The A12 in the direction of Willebroek File A12 Zandvliet.JPG The A12 near Zandvliet, in the direction of Bergen op Zoom gallery Links http www.autosnelwegen.net be ab12.html Complete track of the A12 on Autosnelwegen.net Commons inline Category A12 Belgium the Belgian road A12 br Motorways in Belgium coord missing Belgium Category Motorways in Belgium Belgium road stub de A12 Belgien fr Autoroute belge A12 nl A12 Belgi pl Autostrada A12 Belgia sk Dia nica A12 Belgicko sv A12 motorv g, Belgien ... more details
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